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A surveying instrument is an instrument for

measuring the positional relationship between


two points on a terrain. An instrument that
measures differences in elevation (a leveling
instrument) is known as a "level," while an
instrument that measures horizontal and
vertical angles (an angular-measurement
instrument) is known as a "theodolite." An
enhanced version of the theodolite is the "total
station," which can measure angles and
distance.
A level consists of a telescope for looking at a
leveling rod, which is a kind of ruler, and a
pedestal for rotating the telescope horizontally.
The compensator type, automatic
(engineer) level is made by various
manufacturers, and is a precision, self-leveling
instrument, equipped with a built-in
compensator that automatically maintains a
horizontal line of sight and has a telescope
with approximately 30-power magnification.
The level mounts on a standard surveying
tripod, or a fixed-leg tripod for more precise
leveling.
Differential leveling is the process of measuring vertical
distances from a known elevation point to determine
elevations of unknown points. The most common
methods to determine elevation are through the use of:
1) a compensator type, automatic (engineering level)
and level rod(s),
2) an electronic digital barcode leveling instrument with
barcode rod.
A thorough knowledge of leveling principles and
proper application of methods and equipment will
prevent costly delays and generate the needed results
and accuracy.
The method in the figure above uses the
difference in elevation between a known
elevation and the height of the instrument, and
then the difference in elevation from the height
of instrument to an unknown elevation point.
Key definitions:
1. Bench Mark (BM) a definite point on an
object of known elevation which serves as
reference for leveling work. Their elevations
are established by differential leveling.
2. Backsight (BS) a rod reading taken on a
point of known elevation and, is often
referred to as a plus (+) sight.
3. Foresight (FS) a minus (-) sight or a rod
reading taken on a point the elevation of
which is to be determined
4. Turning Point (TP) an intervening point
between two bench marks upon which point
foresight and backsight rod readings are taken.
5. Height of Instrument (HI) the height of
instrument is the elevation of the line of sight
of the telescope above a reference datum
when the instrument is set-up and leveled.
6. Elevation the vertical distance above or
below some arbitrarily assumed level surface
or datum (usually mean sea level).
In differential leveling, the following two
equations are repeatedly used
HI = Elev + BS
Elev = HI FS
Where:
HI = height of instrument above a reference
datum
BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a
point sighted
ARITHMETIC CHECK
TO CHECK THE ACCURACY OF THE
ARITHMETICAL COMPUTATIONS, ADD ALL
BACKSIGHTS AS WELL AS ALL THE FORESIGHTS.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SUMS
MUST BE EQUAL TO THE DIFFERENCE IN
ELEVATION BETWEEN THE INITIAL AND FINAL
POINTS OF THE LEVEL LINE.
SAMPLE. Complete the differential level notes
shown below and perform the customary
arithmetic check.
Level Notes from BM1 to BM4:
STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 127.133 m
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
BM2 1.189 2.246
BM3 1.070 2.017
TP3 1.831 2.656
BM4 2.765

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