by Runoko Rashidi Edited Co-Edited by Ivan Van SertimaAFRICANS in EARLY ASIA BU ame MILeA ECG yCoSe ee W ANS HUT as it is obsure. It covers a period of more than Tobe terete KOO ert beginning with the first Homo erectus migrations out of Africa. Both Peking and Java Man were only regional varieties of these early Africoid hominids. The story continues with the first modern human populations (Homo sapiens sapiens), the Di- minutive Blacks, who travelled and sojourned form one corner of Asia to the other, beginning perhaps 90,000 years ago. The Diminutive Blacks were followed by others of sl inecHi Na ne neuter tice Uri eat ates eed aceeT hair textures. Variously called Austrics, Austro-Asiat Mundas, Kolarians, and Veddas, these people were probably at DSrercer eaR UO Ree COMET Rene tor eater numbers throughout Asia. Tenth bios Oana ito Blacks were also the first in the development of Asia’s carly civilizations. The hard factual evidence has borne this out in case after case. Although the story of the black presence in early Asia is obscure, its documentation is by no means new, and the works of Drusilla D. Houston, Joel A. Rogers, and most recently, John G. Jackson, can be singled out for broadening CMe ROMA coe nC mrt tae MeN Cen Cette from which we can move forward. —Runoko Rashidi Cover design by Jacqueline Patten-Van SertimaAFRICAN PRESENCE EARLY ASIA Edited by Runoko Rashidi Co-Edited by Ivan Van Sertima From the Library ISACTION PUBLISHERS Brunswick (U.S.A.) and London (U.K.)Sixth printing 2007 Copyright © 1985 by Journal of African Civilizations Ltd., Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conven- tions, No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Transaction Publish- ers, Rutgers —The State University, 35 BerrueCircle, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8042. This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Stan- dard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ISSN: 0270-2495 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 85-8529 ISBN: 978-0-88738-717-3 (paper) Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Main entry under title: The African presence in carly Asia. (Journal of African Civilizations, 0270-2495; vol. 7, no. 1) 1, Africans — Asia— History — Addresses,essays, lectures. 2. Asia— Civilization — A fricaninfluences — Addresses,essays, lectures. 3 Asia— History — Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Van Sertima, Ivan. II. Series. DT14.J68 vol. 7, no. 1 [DS28.A35} 950 85-8529 ISBN: 0-88738-717-9 (pbk.)AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ASIA (TENTH ANNIVERSARY EDITION) porating Journal of African Civilizations August, 1995 (Vol. x, No. x) ko Rashidi to the Tenth Anniversary Edition Presence in Early Asia Rashidi Sertima and Tribute—The Passing of Giants: Jackson and Chancellor Williams u PRESENCE IN EARLY SOUTHWEST ASIA Civilization in Colchis on the Black Sea ique Ali Jairazbhoy AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY INDIA Script of the Indus Valley Civilization er A. Fairservis, Jr. in the Lotus: The Ethiopian Presence in the ed Buddha of India: Black Gods of Asia G. Jackson y Essay: Ancient Kushite Roots in India sy of the Works of Godfrey Higgins) Williams AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY FAR EAST ASIA. African Presence in Early China James E. Brunson AFRICAN BONDAGE IN EARLY ASIA c ntary: Black Bondage i in Asia Runoko Rashidi frican Bondage in Asian Lands Graham W. Irwin 10 13 2 59 65 81 107 113 121 138 1404 African Presence in Early Asia 14. Malik Ambar: African Regent Minister in India Joseph E. Harris 146 15. Research Note: The Case of the Habashis of the Dakan Omar Khalidi 153 16. African Dynasties in India: A Selected Bibliography of the Siddis Runoko Rashidi 155 THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ASIA — PART TWO 17. People of the First World: Small Blacks in Africa and Asia Runoko Rashidi and James E. Brunson 158 18. More Light on Sumer, Elam and India Runoko Rashidi 162 19, The Blackheads of Sumer: A Bibliography Compiled by Runoko Rashidi 172 20. Blacks and Jews in Historical Interaction: The Biblical/ African Experience 177 21. Africa and Palestine in Antiquity Charles S. Finch, III 186 22. Sitting at the Feet of the Forerunner: An April 1987 Interview with John G. Jackson Runoko Rashidi and James E. Brunson 197 23. Unexpected Faces in Barly Asia: A Photo Essay James E. Brunson 205 DALITS: THE BLACK UNTOUCHABLES OF INDIA 24. Cheikh Anta Diop and the Search for Cultural Roots of Dalits V.T. Rajshekar 233 25. The Black Untouchables of India: Reclaiming our Cultural Heritage V.T. Rajshekar 235 26. Dalits: The Black Untouchables of India Runoko Rashidi 243 27. The Historical Unity of Africans and Dalits A Selected Bibliography Compiled by Runoko Rashidi 246 THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ASIA — PART THREE 28. Researching the African Presence in Asia: The Challenge Ahead of Us. Chancellor James Williams 250bute to a Forerunner: A Selected Bibliography of John Glover Jackson (April 1, 1907-October 13, 1993) oneer Contributions to the Documentation of the African ence in Early Asia: 1833-1918 inoko Rashidi and James Brunson AND THE ISLAMIC WORK OF ASIA ny and Bronze: Race and Ethnicity in Early Arabia d the Islamic Works in Asia ayne B. Chandler earch Notes: Ancient Cities beneath the Arabian Sands oko Rashidi ‘African Presence in Early Arabia and the Islamic World ia: A Selected Bibliography piled by Runoko Rashidi FURTHER LIGHT ON THE FAR EAST ck Shogun: The African Presence in Japanese Antiquity es E. Brunson, Runoko Rashidi and Wallace Magsby Black Presence in Classical Southeast Asian Civilization oko Rashidi tive Africoids: First People of the Philippines oko Rashidi Principle of Polarity B. Chandler : Founder and First Patriarch of Zen Buddhism B. Chandler RESEARCH NOTES an Presence in the Art and Architecture of phical Notes on Contributors 252 254 E LIGHT ON THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ARABIA 270 312 314 316 331 354 360 378 379 380 382 391Acknowledgements In addition to the authors listed in the table of contents, as is the case with any major undertaking, it is the collective contributions of many people, organizations and institutions that guarantee a successful final product. Afri- can Presence in Early Asia is no exception, and although it would take an entire book to acknowledge everyone’s input, the Journal of African Civiliza- tions would like to formally recognize the following persons and organiza- tions for special work done or special permission given to make this book possible: Dr. Joseph E. Harris, for permission to reprint the chapter “Malik Ambar” from The African Presence in Asia: Consequences of the East African Slave Trade, published by Northwestern University Press in 1971. The Journal of the Interdenominational Theological Center, for permis- sion to reprint “Blacks and Jews in Historical Interaction,” by Dr. Charles B. Copher, which appeared in its Fall 1975 issue. Scientific American, for permission to reprint “The Script of the Indus Valley Civilization,” by Dr. Walter A. Fairservis, which appeared in its March 1983 issue. Lee Williams, Dorothy Retamar, Kenneth Mitchell, Danita Redd-Terry, Dr. Regina L. Blackburn, Dr. Omowale Fowles, Njeri Khan, Naeem Deskins and Jacquetta Y. Parhams, for assistance in critically reviewing and proofing, important sections of the text. Laurence Rozier, Pili-Masani Anwabwile and J. Montgomery Pratt, for technical assistance. Clara Mann, Cris T. Clay and the Amon-Rah: African People’s Commu- nity Church, for material support. Ndugu James Cage, for his assistance and cooperation in the John G. Jackson interviews. Rey. Raju Thomas, Rev. Masilamani Azariah, David Patrick, R. Elumalai, Bhagwan Das, Dr. Velu Annamalai and the Dalit Sahitya Akademy, for interviews and background materials on the Dalit. Shiho Fukui, for the translation of reference materials. Larry Obadele Williams, C. Martin, Jim Roberts, W. Paul Coates, Warren Jones II, Amani Anu, Peter E. Dawson, M.D., Jeff Jackson, Paris Williams, Osagyefo Kojo Ansante, Legrand H. Clegg Il, Roman Bunker, Lee Williams, Laurice Elaine Smith, Dr. Michael Hooser, Adisa Banjoko, Vulindlela I. Wobogo, Dr. Asa G. Hilliard Ill, Karen A. Johnson and the African Elders ‘Tribute Foundation, for reference materials, background information and bibliographic data.Acknowledgements 7 Larry Obadele Williams, Wayne Richardson, Gaynell Catherine and Naja L. Naji, for photographs. Black Classic Press, for allowing us to use an extract from Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, The Journal of African Civilizations is particularly grateful to art historian James E. Brunson and anthrophotojournalist Wayne B. Chandler for their research efforts, technical skills and invaluable photographic contributions to all three editions of this anthology. LaCheun L. Patten, our graphic design specialist, whose outstanding exper- tise and assistance for the past ten years has facilitated the production of its promotional materials. LaSarah R. Patten, secretarial assistant for the last 15 years, for completing i tasks expeditiously in spite of almost impossible time constraints. And last but certainly not least, the untiring contributions, too numerous to of my wife, Jacqueline, from the very beginning of the life of the Journal.PREFACE TO THE TENTH ANNIVERSARY EDITION The Essence and Evolution of the African Presence in Early Asia In 1984 at the Nile Vallcy Conference at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. Ivan Van Sertima, founder and editor of the Journal of African Civilizations and one of our greatest living scholars, requested that 1 coordi- nate and edit a special volume of the Journal of African Civilizations on the African presence in early Asia. It was to be the first of a trilogy of books on the Global African Community focusing on the African presence in carly Asia, Europe and America. It was also the first volume of the Journal of African Civilizations to be edited by anyone other than Dr. Van Sertima himself. I was honored by the request and set about my assignment with determination and vigor. The first edition of the African Presence in Early Asia, incorporating the Journal of African Civilizations Volume 7, Number |, consisted of 165 pages and was published in April 1985. A revised and expanded edition of 256 pages was published in 1988. The current product is the second revised and expanded edition. It is dedicated to departed scholars John Glover Jackson and Chancellor James Williams, and comes during the tenth anniversary year of the initial publication of African Presence in Early Asia. In his editorial to the 1985 volume, Ivan Van Sertima provided an excellent overview of the original essays by Runoko Rashidi, Drusilla Dunjee Houston, Walter A. Fairservis, R.A. Jairazbhoy, Wayne B. Chandler, John G. Jackson, James E. Brunson, Gershom Williams, Kilindi lyi, Graham W. Irwin and Joseph E. Harris. Unfortunately, however, no such overview was provided for the 1988 edition. This brief preface, therefore, is intended a highly capsuled synopsis of the evolution and expansion of the African Presence in Early Asia since its initial publication in 1985. It should be stated at the beginning that the coordination and editing of this text in three main phases was a formidable and sometimes daunting task, Presenting both advantages and dangers. Among the advantages was the opportunity for examination and inclusion of materials that previously were cither unavailable or unknown. On the other hand, from the editor’s perspec- tive, there was the difficult job of reducing and reconciling the inevitable unevenness and inconsistencies inherent in such a project. Part of this prob- Jem was stylistic, ranging from the use of B.C. for the recording of dates in the early editions of the text to the more consistent use of B.C.E. in the 1995 edition, changes from lower to upper case in the use of the word Black, relatively minor alterations and corrections in the spelling of proper names, the selection and utilization of source materials, and variations in the organi- zation and placement of end notes.Preface 9 At the same time, however, ten years allows for a considerable degree of retrospection on the nature, definition and complexities of our work. This factor, combined with new discoveries and developments in the field, in concert with our own evolution and maturation, has had a modifying effect on our viewpoints, even though it did not fundamentally alter our initial perspec- tives and conclusions. Our purpose here has been an earnest quest for truth, not the maintenance of dogma, and we readily admit honest mistakes. This anthology is not offered as, nor does it pretend to be, a flawless document, and ‘we openly invite and solicit constructive criticism. Although it has been no easy task, we have tried to be as scrupulous and careful in the overall process as well as in the harmonic weaving of all the strands of the text. In spite of our own limitations and the enormity of the subject itself, we believe that we have been generally successful in our efforts. Additions to the current volume of African Presence in Early Asia include works by Dr. Chancellor James Williams and Professor John Glover Jackson, Dr. Charles B. Copher, Runoko Rashidi, James E. Brunson, Wayne B. Chan- dler, Charles S. Finch III, M.D., V.T. Rajshekar, Dr. Omar Khalidi and Wallace Magsby, Jr. Both collectively and individually these scholars docu- ment African aspects within, and influences upon, classical Asian civiliza- tions. Their works underscore many of the African elements and underpin- nings of the major religious and philosophical movements of early Asia, and highlight and demonstrate many of the relationships that form the basis of the African presence in Asian antiquity. The new additions to the book (including materials on Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan and the Philippines, some- times taking the form of relatively brief research notes with extensive biblio- graphic references), have helped to make the text a truly continent-wide Survey. One of the most provocative aspects in the evolution of the anthology is the ‘Inclusion of background materials on the Dalit. The Dalit are arguably the descendants of India’s original settlers and civilizers and are sometimes ‘yelerred to as “the Black Untouchables of India.” Although it is a highly _ eontroversial thesis, our thrust is that the Dalit form a critically important but uufficiently known component of the Global African Community and are \onstrating a rapidly expanding awareness of their African roots. The oniribution of South Indian journalist V.T. Rajshekar is particularly critical ere, and helps to bring a measure of comprehensiveness to the text that wise might not have been realized. illy, we have placed great emphasis on the writings of many of the early sometimes unheralded scholars whose works illuminated critical ele- ts of the African presence in early Asia. This component of the book is enied in the form of commentaries, tributes, assessments, selected bibli- ies, interviews and extracts from their works. Runoko Rashidi May 1995INTRODUCTION TO THE TENTH ANNIVERSARY EDITION AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ASIA By Runoko Rashidi We now know, based on recent scientific studies of DNA, that modern humanity originated in Africa, that African people are the world’s original people, and that all modern humans can ultimately trace their ancestral roots back to Africa. Were it not for the primordial migrations of early African people, humanity would have remained physically Africoid, and the rest of the world outside of the African continent absent of human life. Since the first modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in Asia were of African birth, the African presence in ancient Asia can therefore be demonstrated through the history of the Black populations that have inhabited the Asian land mass within the span of modern humanity. But not only were African people the first inhabitants of Asia. There is abundant evidence to show that Black people within documented historical periods created or influenced some of ancient Asia’s most important and enduring high-cultures. African Presence in Early Asia, edited by Runoko Rashidi and Ivan Van Sertima, is the most comprehensive publication of its type in existence. It is a project involving the work of more than twenty contributors. It is ambitious in its scope, and pioneering in its approach, in the sense that there were few real blueprints or detailed guidelines to follow. It is an effort of reconstruction and definition. It is a distinct and essentially unique publication in the sense that by the African presence in Asia, we are referencing all of the Black popula- tions that have peopled Asia within both the prehistoric and historic ‘periods. We are using the words “African” and “Black” interchangeably, as syn- onyms. This includes African people as the first modern humans in Asia, the subsequent migrations and movements of African people impacting the es- sential character and content of classical Asian civilizations, and the later involuntary arrival of African people in Asia resulting from slavery. For well over a century, Western historians, ethnologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and other such specialists have generally and often arbitrarily used such terms as Negroid, Proto-Negroid, Proto-Australoid, Negritic and ‘Negrito in labeling populations in Asia with Africoid phenotypes and African cultural traits and historical traditions. This has especially been the case with Black populations in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Far East Asi: In Southwest Asia, on the other hand, terms like Hamites, Eurafricans,