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25. If an electron has orbital angular 31. The -meson has a charge of e, a
momentum equal to 4.714 1034 J s, what spin quantum number of 1, and a mass
is the orbital quantum number for the state 1 507 times that of the electron. What If?
of the electron? Imagine that the electrons in atoms were
replaced by -mesons. List the possible sets 37. (a) Scanning through Table 42.4 in
of quantum numbers for -mesons in the 3d order of increasing atomic number, note
subshell. that the electrons fill the subshells in such a
way that those subshells with the lowest
Section 42.7 The Exclusion Principle and values of n + are filled first. If two
the Periodic Table subshells have the same value of n + , the
one with the lower value of n is filled first.
32. (a) Write out the electronic Using these two rules, write the order in
configuration for the ground state of which the subshells are filled through n +
oxygen (Z = 8). (b) Write out a set of = 7. (b) Predict the chemical valence for the
possible values for the quantum numbers n, elements that have atomic numbers 15, 47,
, m , and ms for each electron in oxygen. and 86, and compare your predictions with
the actual valences (which may be found in
33. As we go down the periodic table, a chemistry text).
which subshell is filled first, the 3d or the 4s
subshell? Which electronic configuration 38. For a neutral atom of element 110,
has a lower energy: [Ar]3d44s2 or [Ar]3d54s1? what would be the probable ground-state
Which has the greater number of unpaired electronic configuration?
spins? Identify this element and discuss
Hunds rule in this case. (Note: The notation 39. Review problem. For an electron
[Ar] represents the filled configuration for with magnetic moment S in a magnetic
argon.) field B, Section 29.3 showed the following.
The electron can be in a higher energy state
34. Devise a table similar to that shown with the z component of its magnetic
in Figure 42.19 for atoms containing 11 moment opposite to the field, or in a lower
through 19 electrons. Use Hunds rule and energy state with the z component of its
educated guesswork. magnetic moment in the direction of the
field. The difference in energy between the
35. A certain element has its outermost two states is 2BB. Under high resolution,
electron in a 3p state. It has valence +3, since many spectral lines are observed to be
it has 3 more electrons than a certain noble doublets. The most famous of these are the
gas. What element is it? two yellow lines in the spectrum of sodium
(the D lines), with wavelengths of 588.995
36. Two electrons in the same atom both nm and 589.592 nm. Their existence was
have n = 3 and = 1. (a) List the quantum explained in 1925 by Goudsmit and
numbers for the possible states of the atom. Uhlenbeck, who postulated that an electron
(b) What If? How many states would be has intrinsic spin angular momentum.
possible if the exclusion principle were When the sodium atom is excited with its
inoperative? outermost electron in a 3p state, the orbital
motion of the outermost electron creates a 44. The K series of the discrete x-ray
magnetic field. The atoms energy is spectrum of tungsten contains wavelengths
somewhat different depending on whether of 0.018 5 nm, 0.020 9 nm, and 0.021 5 nm.
the electron is itself spin-up or spin-down The K-shell ionization energy is 69.5 keV.
in this field. Then the photon energy the Determine the ionization energies of the L,
atom radiates as it falls back into its ground M, and N shells. Draw a diagram of the
state depends on the energy of the excited transitions.
state. Calculate the magnitude of the
internal magnetic field mediating this so- 45. The wavelength of characteristic x-
called spin-orbit coupling. rays in the K line is 0.152 nm. Determine
the material in the target.
Section 42.8 More on Atomic Spectra:
Visible and X-Ray Section 42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated
Transitions
40. (a) Determine the possible values of Section 42.10 Lasers
the quantum numbers and m for the He+
ion in the state corresponding to n = 3. (b) 46. Figure P42.46 shows portions of the
What is the energy of this state? energy-level diagrams of the helium and
neon atoms. An electrical discharge excites
41. If you wish to produce 10.0-nm x- the He atom from its ground state to its
rays in the laboratory, what is the excited state of 20.61 eV. The excited He
minimum voltage you must use in atom collides with a Ne atom in its ground
accelerating the electrons? state and excites this atom to the state at
20.66 eV. Lasing action takes place for
42. In x-ray production, electrons are electron transitions from E3* to E2 in the Ne
accelerated through a high voltage V and atoms. From the data in the figure, show
then decelerated by striking a target. Show that the wavelength of the red HeNe laser
that the shortest wavelength of an x-ray light is approximately 633 nm.
that can be produced is
1240 nm V
min
V
55. The positron is the antiparticle to the 58. Astronomers observe a series of
electron. It has the same mass and a spectral lines in the light from a distant
positive electric charge of the same galaxy. On the hypothesis that the lines
magnitude as that of the electron. form the Lyman series for a (new?) one-
Positronium is a hydrogen-like atom electron atom, they start to construct the
consisting of a positron and an electron energy-level diagram shown in Figure
revolving around each other. Using the P42.58, which gives the wavelengths of the
Bohr model, find the allowed distances first four lines and the short-wavelength
between the two particles and the allowed limit of this series. Based on this
energies of the system. information, calculate (a) the energies of the
ground state and first four excited states for
56. Review problem. (a) How much this one-electron atom, and (b) the
energy is required to cause an electron in wavelengths of the first three lines and the
hydrogen to move from the n = 1 state to shortwavelength limit in the Balmer series
the n = 2 state? (b) Suppose the electron for this atom. (c) Show that the wavelengths
gains this energy through collisions among of the first four lines and the short
hydrogen atoms at a high temperature. At wavelength limit of the Lyman series for
what temperature would the average the hydrogen atom are all 60.0% of the
atomic kinetic energy 3kBT/2, where kB is the wavelengths for the Lyman series in the
Boltzmann constant, be great enough to one-electron atom described in part (b). (d)
excite the electron? Based on this observation, explain why this
atom could be hydrogen.
57. An example of the correspondence
principle. Use Bohrs model of the hydrogen
atom to show that when the electron moves
from the state n to the state n 1, the
frequency of the emitted light is
2 2 me k e 2 e 4 2n 1
f 3 2
n 1 2
h n