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THIER OPTIMIZATION
Posted on April 30, 2013 by TELNETWORK
I. Coverage Problem
Bad coverage :
A network facing coverage problems has bad RxLev. RxQual can be bad at the same time. Sometimes the RxLev can
look OK on the street (i.e. from drivetest) but coverage inside the buildings can be poor due to building losses.
Building losses can range from 10 to 30 dB or more.
Indications :
Customers complain about dropped calls and/or No Network
A interface indicators
Drive Test
Improve coverage by adding Macro site, Microcell site (Border or Shadow areas), or IBC site (In-building coverage).
Check prediction in the tool (EIRP, Clutter Type, Obstructing building?). Most of the time the prediction will be
incorrect, as it is only a computer simulation
Check BTS output power set in the OMC-R (BS_TXPWR_MAX: should always be set at 0)
RxQual > 4
A network facing interferences problems presents good RxLev and bad RxQual in the same time on some areas.
Indications:
Customers complain about bad speech quality (noisy calls) and/or call drops
SDCCH/TCH Drop
A interface indicators
Drive Test
RxQual > 4 with RxLev > -85 dBm
Typical causes:
Co-channel interference:
+12 dB is taken into account for Alcatel ( +9 dB according to GSM standard) (i.e. interference can be 9 12 dB
weaker than serving cell to cause poor RxQual).
Indications: Downlink and/or Uplink Interference, High rate of quality handover, call drop, and call setup failure.
Investigation: Drive test analysis, Lumpini: Co-channel checking, Check prediction to verify which cell could be
causing the interference, Frequency plan C/I < 12 dB.
Optimization: Antenna optimization, Change frequency, Reduce BTS power (not an option in TA Orange network),
Concentric cell.
Indications : Downlink and/or Uplink Interference, High rate of quality handover, call drop, and call failure
Investigation: Adjacent HO statistics (if they are defined as neighbors). If they often handover, then adjacent
channel interference could be a problem. Drive test analysis ; Lumpini: Adjacent channel checking ; Cell coverage
prediction; Frequency plan C/I < -6 dB.
Optimization : Antenna optimization, Change frequency, Reduce BTS power (not an option in TA Orange network),
use Concentric cell
Other RF interferers
Radar
Shop anti-theft mechanism
Medical devices
Illegal usage of GSM frequencies (e.g. illegal imported devices, illegal usage of other organization, )
Lower Rx diversity gain of cross polarized antenna in rural area compared to dense area
Crossed feeders
Loose connectors
Rule : try to have delta as small as possible to avoid access network possible only in 1 direction (usually BTS->MS :
OK and MS->BTS : NOK), i.e. uplink limited
Indicators:
OMC QoS indicators
A interface indicators
O&M Alarms
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
TMA
Investigation :
Abis monitoring: ABS(delta Path loss) > 10Check if problem is occurring for 1 TRX or all.
DL Path loss = BTS transmitted power combiner loss measured received DL level
RT11
Rule : try to meet the offered traffic (asked by users) by providing the right number of resources (TRX extension)
Indications:
Customers complain about Network busy
OMC QoS indicators: High TCH Congestion rate, RTCH Assignment fail-Congestion, Low incoming Intra/Inter
BSC HO success rate (no TCH available), High Directed Retry rate or Congestion Relief (Motorola) if activated, A
interface indicators: BSS Congestion failure in OC(High rate of Assignment Failure message, No radio resource
available)
Optimization:
Special events :
Foreseeable: (footballs match, important meeting, Exhibition, etc): Add some extra TRXs, Add special mobile BTSs
(Cell on Wheel), Activate HR (may not always be possible due to BSC capacity limitations)
Hardware solution: Add TRX(s), concentric cell, new site, Optimize cell boundaries (i.e. antenna optimization) to
share traffic with surrounding cells.
Software solution: Directed Retry, Traffic Handover, Half Rate (Alcatel), Congestion Relief (Motorola) Flow control
(Motorola).
Coverage problem :
Field Operation team to check physical configuration (tilt, azimuth, antenna height). Also check for faults in the
antenna system (VSWR, sweep antennas, DTF test, etc.)
If Field Operation find no problem, antenna optimization may be required (if necessary)
RF team to add new sites (tri-sector, micro cellular, indoor cells) to improve poor/no coverage area (Optimizer
requests for some new sites to RF team regarding to the drive test result).
Interference problem :
Optimization team to identify the interference source and request Spectrum Management team to correct it in case of
internal source (new frequency planning)
Field Operation team to check the impacted BTS (Antenna, TMA, RF cables, LNA, diversity system) according to
request from Optimizer.
TCH Congestion problem :
Significance :
RSRP is the most basic of the UE physical layer measurements and is the linear
average power (in watts) of the downlink reference signals (RS) across the channel
bandwidth for the Resource elements that carry cell specific Reference Signals.
Knowledge of absolute RSRP provides the UE with essential information about the
strength of cells from which path loss can be calculated and used in the algorithms
for determining the optimum power settings for operating the network. Reference
signal receive power is used both in idle and connected states
Range :- -44 to -140 dBm
Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB
RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.
SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.
SINR = S / I + N
S -- Average Received Signal Power
I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power
Significance :
Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the
wanted power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power
& other sources of noise
DDownlink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).
Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times
Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over 300 Mbps
downlink as compared to 14 Mbps in UMTS)
- The supported user throughput should scale with the spectrum
bandwidth.
Uplink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx
antennas at the E Node B.
- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx
antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- Significance-
Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced
Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G (Over 50 Mbps Uplink as
compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS).The user throughput should scale with the
spectrum bandwidth provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.
General
Talk about your current and previous projects, your responsibilities, design objectives, tools used,
activities involved, challenges, objectives met, etc.
Link Budget
21dBm.
Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output
of the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and required SNR. Thermo
noise power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is determined by modulation technique,
therefore the only variable is noise figure.
The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise figure on the
system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system provided the gains are
positive. Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss. A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS. A TMA
placed near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure improvement the
noise figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF2-1)/G1), and the remaining
blocks (main feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->What are the pros and cons (advantages and
disadvantages) of TMA?
On the upside, a TMA reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to longer UE battery
life. On the downside, TMA imposes an additional insertion loss (typically 0.5dB) on the downlink and
increases site installation and maintenance complexity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Why TMA are installed at the top near the
antenna and not the bottom near the NodeB?
Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder losses
(noise figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->What are the processing gains for CS and PS
services?
CS12.2: 25dB
PS-64: 18dB
PS-128: 15dB
PS-384: 10dB
HSDPA: 2dB
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for example:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%:
124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->What are the Eb/No targets in your design?
The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is
about 2dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB
PS is about 1dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->Why is Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for
CS?
PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF
link.
That is, Io is the total received power density including CPICH of its own cell, No is the total received
power density excluding CPICH of its own cell. Technically Ec/Io should be the correct measurement but,
due to equipment capability, Ec/No is actually measured. In UMTS, Ec/No and Ec/Io are often used
interchangeably.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->What is typical pole capacity for CS-12.2, PS-64,
PS-128 and PS-384?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover: when a UE is connected to cells owned by the
same NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft handover uplink: RNC performs selection combining, i.e.
RNC selects the better signal coming from multiple NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover uplink: NodeB performs maximum ratio
combining, i.e. NodeB rake receiver combines signals from different paths and forms a stronger signal.
Advantages:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reduced UE power (up 4dB), decreasing interference and
increasing battery life.
Disadvantages:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE using several radio links requires more channelization
codes, and more resources on the Iub and Iur interfaces.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading and slow fading?
Fast fading is also called multi-path fading, as a result of multi-path propagation. When multi-path
signals arriving at a UE, the constructive and destructive phases create a variation in signal strength.
Slow fading is also called shadowing. When a UE moves away from a cell the signal strength drops down
slowly.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading margin and slow fading
margin?
To factor in the fast fading and slow fading, we need to have a margin in the link budget and they are
called fast fading margin and slow fading margin.
In link budget, the fast fading margin is usually set to 2-3; slow fading margin is set to 7-10.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->What is a typical soft handover gain in your link
budget?
Typically a UE should be in soft handover mode at no more than 35 to 40% of the time; in softer handover
mode at about 5% of the time.
The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no
more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if
HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25
to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the CPICH may
sometimes go as low as 5% because:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->How much is your HSDPA (max) link power?
HSDPA link power is typically 4 to 5dB below the maximum NodeB maximum output power. For
example, for 43dBm maximum NodeB power the HSDPA link power is 39dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->Consider downlink only, what are the major
components in calculating maximum path loss, starting from NodeB?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->NodeB CPICH transmit power.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Jumper and feeder connector loss.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Antenna gain.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Over-the-air loss.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Building / vehicle penetration loss.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Body loss.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Etc.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->What is maximum path-loss?
The maximum path-loss is how much signal is allowed to drop from a transmitter to a receiver and
maintains as good signal.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Simple link budget: with a 30dBm CPICH and a
-100dBm UE sensitivity, ignoring anything in between, what is the maximum path loss?
125dB.
Yes, channelization codes are mutually orthogonal. Nonetheless, due to multi-path with variable time
delay, channels from the same cell are no longer perfectly orthogonal and may interfere with each other.
A Downlink Orthogonality Factor, typically 50-60%, is therefore needed in the link budget to account
for the interference and hence reduces pole capacity.
Scrambling codes are used to separate cells and UEs from each other, that is, each cell or UE should have
a unique scrambling code. There are 512 scrambling codes on the downlink and millions on the uplink.
Code group i (i = 0 to 63) has codes from i*8 to (i+1)*8-1, i.e. (0-7) (8-15)(504-511).
< !--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->Do you divide scrambling code groups into
subgroups? Please give an example.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Macro layer group: 24 code groups reserved for macro (outdoor)
sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Micro layer group: 16 code groups reserved for micro (in-
building) sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Expansion group: 24 code groups reserved for future expansion
sites.
Consider downlink and take CS-12.2 and PS-384k for example. The processing gain is 25 for CS-12.2 and
10 for PS-384. The Eb/No requirement is 7 for CS-12.2 and 5 for PS-384. Therefore the power
requirement is higher for CS-12.2 than PS-384.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->54. <!--[endif]-->What is noise rise? What does a higher noise
rise mean in terms of network loading?
For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network. That is, each new user
causes a noise rise. In theory, the noise rise is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to
the noise power. Higher noise rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user
has to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be
tolerated and the cell radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher noise rise means higher capacity and
smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bigger footprint.
Definition of strong cell: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell. Typical
handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the
strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution.
Power down. As long as a good link can be maintained it is not necessary to power up in order to maintain
multiple links. Maintaining unnecessary multiple links increases noise rise and shall be avoided.
Server dominance is the key difference. In a CS network we shall limit the number of strong servers in any
given area to no more than the active set size to avoid pilot pollution (in the downlink). In a PS network,
however, there isnt soft handover in the downlink so the server dominance is very important meaning
ideally there should be only one dominant server in a given area.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->60. <!--[endif]-->What is the active set size on your network?
3.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->61. <!--[endif]-->How many fingers does a UE rake receiver have?
4.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed outer loop: RNC calculates the SIR target and sends the
target to NodeB (every 10ms frame).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed inner loop: NodeB sends the TPC bits to UE to increase
or decrease the power at 1,500 times a second.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->64. <!--[endif]-->What is the frequency of power control (how fast
is power control)?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RACH is a shared channel on the uplink used by all UE,
therefore may encounter contention (collision) during multiple user access attempts and interfere with
each other.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Each UE must estimate the amount of power to use on the
access attempt since no feedback from the NodeB exists as it does on the dedicated channel.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The purpose of open loop power control is to minimize the
chance of collision and minimize the initial UE transmit power to reduce interference to other UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Instead of sending the whole message, a test (preamble) is
sent.
Power down. Maintaining one good link is sufficient to sustain a call and having unnecessary stronger
links creates more interference.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->68. <!--[endif]-->Suppose two UE are served by the same cell, the
UE with weaker link (poor RF condition) uses more capacity, why does this mean?
The UE with weaker RF link will require NodeB to transmit higher traffic power in order to reach the UE,
resulting in less power for other UE therefore consumes more capacity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->69. <!--[endif]-->Under what circumstances can a NodeB reach its
capacity? What are the capacity limitations?
NodeB reaches its maximum transmit power, runs out of its channel elements, uplink noise rise reaches
its design target, etc.
In the uplink, as more and more UE are served by a cell, each UE needs to transmit higher power to
compensate for the uplink noise rise. As a consequence, the UE with weaker link (UE at greater distance)
may not have enough power to reach the NodeB therefore a coverage shrinkage.
In the downlink, the NodeB also needs to transmit higher power as more UE are being served. As a
consequence UE with weaker link (greater distance) may not be reachable by the NodeB.
A UMTS system could be either uplink-limited or downlink-limited depending on the loading. In a lightly
loaded system, the UE transmit power sets a coverage limitation therefore it is uplink-limited. In a heavily
loaded system, the NodeB transmit power limits the number of UEs it can serve therefore it is downlink-
limited.
Higher data rate has lower processing gain and therefore a NodeB needs to transmit more power to meet
the required Eb/No; this means the coverage is smaller for higher data rate.
UTRAN
< !--[if !supportLists]-->74. <!--[endif]-->What are the interfaces between each UTRAN
component?
Uu: UE to NodeB
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical layer (Layer 1, L1): used to transmit data over the
air, responsible for channel coding, interleaving, repetition, modulation, power control, macro-diversity
combining.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Link layer (L2): is split into 2 sub-layers Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Radio Link Control (RLC).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->MAC: responsible for multiplexing data from multiple
applications onto physical channels in preparation for over-the-air transmition.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RLC: segments the data streams into frames that are small
enough to be transmitted over the radio link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Upper layer (L3): vertically partitioned into 2 planes: control
plane for signaling and user plan for bearer traffic.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RRC (Radio Resource Control) is the control plan protocol:
controls the radio resources for the access network.
In implementation:
There are 3 types of channels across air interface physical channel, transport channel and logical
channel:
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical Channel: carries data between physical layers of UE
and NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Transport Channel: carries data between physical layer and
MAC layer.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Logical Channel: carries data between MAC layer and RRC
layer.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Transparent mode corresponds to the lowest service of the
RLC layer, no controls and no detection of missing data.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Unacknowledged mode offers the possibility of segment and
concatenate of data but no error correction or retransmission therefore no guarantee of delivery.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->83. <!--[endif]-->How many OVSF code spaces are available?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total OVSF codes = 256.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reserved: 1 SF64 for S-CCPCH, 1 SF256 for CPICH, P-CCPCH,
PICH and AICH each.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total available code space = 256 4 (1 SF64) 4 (4 SF256) =
248.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->84. <!--[endif]-->Can code space limit the cell capacity?
Yes, cell capacity can be hard-limited by code space. Take CS-12.2k for example:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8: 124 / 1.8 = 68 uers/cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->85. <!--[endif]-->Can a user have OVSF code as 1111?
No, because 1111 (256 times) is used by CPICH.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->86. <!--[endif]-->What are the symbol rates (bits per symbol) for
BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmin: minimum required SIR.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Pcompensation: a correction value for difference UE classes.
S = Qmean - Qmin - Pcompensation
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->A UE will camp on the cell with the highest S.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->89. <!--[endif]-->Briefly describe Capacity Management and its
functions:
Capacity Management is responsible for the control of the load in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions:
Planning
< !--[if !supportLists]-->90. <!--[endif]-->What are the major 4 KPIs in propagation model
tuning and typical acceptable values?
The 4 KPIs are standard deviation error, root mean square error, mean error and correlation coefficient.
The typical acceptable values are:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Standard deviation error: the smaller the better, usually 7 to
9dB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Mean error: the smaller the better, usually 2 to3.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Root mean square error: the smaller the better, usually
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Correlation coefficient: the larger the better, usually 70% to
90%.
The more bins the more likely to come up with a good model. Usually a minimum of 2,000 bines is
considered acceptable, but sometimes as low as 500 bins may be accepted.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->93. <!--[endif]-->How many scrambling code groups are there for
downlink?
No, because scrambling code on the downlink is used for cell identity. As a requirement, scrambling codes
have to maintain a safe separation to avoid interference.
Yes.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->97. <!--[endif]-->In IS-95 we have a PN reuse factor (PN step size)
and therefore cannot use all 512 PN codes, why isnt it necessary for UMTS scrambling
codes?
Because IS-95 is a synchronized network, different PN codes have the same code sequence with a time
shift, therefore we need to maintain a certain PN step size to avoid multi-path problem. For example, if
two sectors in the neighborhood have a small PN separation then signal arriving from cell A may run into
the time domain of cell B, causing interference.
UMTS, on the other hand, is not a synchronized network and all scrambling codes are mutually
orthogonal so no need to maintain a step size.
The coverage thresholds are based on UE sensitivity, fading and penetration loss. Assuming UE sensitivity
of -110dBm, fade margin of 5dB:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Outdoor: -110dBm sensitivity + 5dB fade margin = -105dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-vehicle: -110dBm + 5dB + 8dB in-vehicle penetration loss =
-97dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-building: -110dBm + 5dB + 15dB in-building penetration loss
= -90dBm.
Static analysis can only show RSCP and Ec/Io in no-load condition. Monte Carlo simulation not only can
show RSCP and Ec/Io in simulated loading condition but also can show many more others: mean served,
cell loading, uplink and downlink capacity limits reached, etc.
Before running Monte Carlo simulation, the following should be completed or in place.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->105. <!--[endif]-->What plots do you usually check after running
Monte Carlo for trouble spots?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->106. <!--[endif]-->What are the typical reasons of failure in Monte
Carlo simulation?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->108. <!--[endif]-->Do you use live traffic or even-load traffic in
your design?
(Depends).
Optimization
< !--[if !supportLists]-->109. <!--[endif]-->What are the optimization tools you use?
Drive test, analysis, others?
No, system information block is multiplexed with synchronization channel. Synchronization channel
occupies the first time slot (TS) and SIB occupies the other 9 time slots.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary
synchronization channel (S-SCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group
identification.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus
camping to a NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Active set the list of cells which are in soft handover with UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Monitored set the list of cells not in active set but RNC has told
UE to monitor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Detected set list of cells detected by the UE but not configured
in the neighbor list.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->114. <!--[endif]-->What are the major differences between GSM
and UMTS handover decision?
GSM:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile
sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.
UMTS:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE plays more part in the handover decision.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->115. <!--[endif]-->What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1a a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell
to active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1b a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed
a cell from active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1c a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active
primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a
GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->117. <!--[endif]-->What may happen when theres a missing
neighbor or an incorrect neighbor?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Access failure and handover failure: may attempt to access to a
wrong scrambling code.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scrambling code, strong
interference.
When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->What are the typical commands you have for CS and PS call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Do you regularly stop and restart a new log file? Why and when
to stop and start a new file?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->How do you stop a log file? Stop command sequence first, wait
and make sure all equipment are in idle mode before stop logging.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->125. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an IRAT
Failure?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->127. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a lower PSR?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Very HighPeriodic Location Update Timer Keeping UEs in
VLR long time after it moved out of coverage
< !--[if !supportLists]-->128. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on
a UMTS network?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Even after controlling the coverage, if the spillover is there, Add
the neighbor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Hard Handover in UMTS is a break before make type Handover
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur
link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->132. <!--[endif]-->What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE
to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of
call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft Handover Overhead is calculated in two ways. 1) Average
Active Set Size Total Traffic / Primary Traffic. 2) Secondary / Total Traffic
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Typical Values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35%
(Secondary / Total )
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->With OCNS, the interference (load) increases. This leads to
reduction in Ec/Io of a Pilot, which reduces the pilot spillovers. Reduction in Pilot Spillover will reduce
the Soft Handover Overhead.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->135. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an Access
Failure in UMTS?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->System Ref Point for E/// NodeB is at the output of TMA
(Between TMA and Antenna)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->139. <!--[endif]-->What will be the impact when you change
reportingrange1a from 3 to 4 dB andtimetotrigger1a 100 to 320 ms, without changing
any other parameters?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Admission Control is an algorithm which controls the Resource
Allocation for a new call and additional resource allocation for an existing call. Incase, if a cell is heavily a
loaded and enough resources in terms of power, codes or CEs are not available, admission control denies
permission for the additional resource requirement.
<!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]-->
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Sharing the HS Channelization Codes among more than one HS
users within the 2ms TTI period.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->144. <!--[endif]-->(FOR ERICSSON EXPERIENCED) In Ericsson
System, how is the Power allocated for HSDPA>
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Power unutilized by R99 PS, CS and Comman Channels, is used
for HS (PHS = Pmax - hsPowerMargin - Pnon-HS)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->145. <!--[endif]-->What are Events that can trigger the HSDPA Cell
Change?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1d HS Change of Best Cell in the Active Set
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1b or Event 1c Removal of the Best Cell from the Active
Set
< !--[if !supportLists]-->146. <!--[endif]-->How is typically the Call Setup Time of a CSV call
calculated in UMTS using L3 messages?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->CST is calculated as the time difference between Alerting and
the first RRC Connection Request (Call Initiation) messages.
1. SDCCH
2. BCCH
3. TCH
4. A & C
Q2. The parameter number of Slot Spread Trans (SLO)(BTS) is used to allocate a number of
CCCH blocks for .
a) MAIO step is used to avoid intra-cell interference where as HSN is used to avoid inter-cell
interference
b) HSN is used to avoid intra-cell interference where as MAIO step is used to avoid inter-cell
interference
c) Both MAIO step and HSN are used to avoid intra-cell interference.
d) Both MAIO step and HSN are used to avoid inter-cell interference
Q5. Which parameter defines how often paging messages are sent to MS?
a) PLMN-Permitted (PLMN)
b) Rx Level Access Minimum (RXP)
c) Cell Reselect Hysteresys (HYS)
d) Handover Margin Level (LMRG)
Q7. Which Parameter describes the minimum received field strength required by an MS to get any
service from the network in that cell in Idle mode?
a) PLMN-Permitted (PLMN)
b) Rx Level Access Minimum (RXP)
c) Cell Reselect Hysteresis (HYS)
d) Direct Access Level (DAL)
Q8. When is location updates carried out?
Q9. Increasing Radio Link Time Out (RLT) from 16 to 24 will improve following KPI
a) A feature that allows a recovery system to restore a BCCH to its original TRX after fault has
been eliminated.
b) It is designed to control the traffic load of a frequency hopping radio network in which
frequencies are reused tightly.
c) It is used in call set up to assign a TCH to an MS from a cell outside the serving cell due to TCH
congestion
d) None of the above
4. None of Above.
1. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/2 of the peak intensity.
2. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/3 of the peak intensity.
3. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/4 of the peak intensity.
4. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/8 of the peak intensity.
1. Antenna Hoping.
2. Frequency Hoping.
3. Antenna Diversity.
4. MAIO.
1. 150 K Erl
2. 300 K Erl
3. 135 K Erl
4. 165 K Erl
1. Tilting of Dipoles.
3. Inserting attenuation.
1. Loop
2. Yagi
3. Dipole
4. Parabolic
Q21 Select relation between forward power and Reflected Power if load is not connected?
1. VSWR=1
2. VSWR=
3. VSWR=0
4. VSWR=1/2
1. Idle,Standby,Ready
2. Dedicated,Standby,Ready
3. Idle,Dedicated,Standby
4. None of above
2. GMSK
3. 8PSK
4. PSK
1. System Info 1, 2, 3.
3. System Info 5, 6.
Q28 Freq used in Uplink of Satellite communication is higher while in GSM it is lower. Why?
1. Loss freq.
2. Loss 1/freq.
3. Loss sqr(freq)
1. SQI
2. Downlink quality.
3. Uplink Quality
3. System Info 5, 6.
1. 51 time slots.
2. 50 timeslots
3. 4 Time slots
4. 9 Time slots
2. Type 2 Paging: can address up to 3 mobiles, one by IMSI and the other 2 by TMSI.
3. Type 3 Paging: can address up to 4 mobiles using the TMSI only.
1. The MS breaks connection from source cell and then tunes on the target cell.
2. The MS continues connection from the source, tunes on the target and then releases
the source cell.
3. MS gets paging message from the target and replies it on its RACH and gets TCH
allocated.
4. MS gets paging message from the target and replies it on its RACH and gets
SDCCH allocated.
1. TCH
2. SDCCH
3. SACCH
4. FACCH
2. 1250 ms
3. 0.577 ms
4. 156.25 ms
3. Frequency modulation.
4. 8PSK.
Q39 As per GSM Standard in case of frequency hopping the C/I value should be at least?
1. 3 dB
2. 6 dB
3. 9 dB
4. 12 dB
Q40 In inter BSC handover the handover is controlled by?
1. GMSC
2. MSC
3. Source BSC
4. Target BSC
Q41 The maximum no of neighbors that can be defined with a cell is?
1. 8
2. 16
3. 32
4. 64
1. < 1.3
2. >1.3
3. > 1
4. <2
3. To convert analogue speech signal from MSC to Digital signal for use of BSC
4. To convert analogue speech signal from BSC to Digital signal for use of MSC
2. It will reject new call assignment but will receive calls by Handover
1. The MS only
Q48 The mapping of logical name/Host name to IP addresses in the GPRS network is done
by
1. Border Gateway
2. SGSN
3. GGSN
4. DNS
1. In the MSC
2. In the SGSN
3. In the GGSN
Q50 Which layer uses the functionality of Uplink State Flag (USF)?
1. RLC Layer
2. Physical Layer
3. MAC Layer
4. All of the above
1. 51
2. 52
3. 26
4. 8
Q52 Which coding scheme does not use Forward Error Correction (FEC)?
1. CS-1
2. CS-2
3. CS-3
4. CS-4
1. Location Area
2. Routing Area
3. Both a and b
Q54 Which layer is responsible for segmentation and reassembly of LLC PDUs and
backward error correction (BEC) procedures?
1. Physical Layer
2. Application Layer
3. RLC Layer
4. MAC Layer
Q55 Which coding scheme has adopted the same coding as used for SDCCH?
1. CS-1
2. CS-2
3. CS-3
4. CS-4
Q56 What is the single timeslot data rate for coding scheme CS-2
1. 7.8 Kbit/s
2. 10.4 Kbit/s
3. 13.4 Kbit/s
4. 21.4 Kbit/s
a) Downlink direction
b) Uplink direction
c) In both direction
d) As a Amplifier
1. 6
2. 4
3. 2
4. 8
Q59 During conference call which channel is used to establish another call-
1. SACCH
2. SDCCH
3. FACCH
4. TCH
Q62. If my MCC=404, MNC=05, LAC=100, CI = 14011, then what will be CGI for same??
1. 4040510014011
2. 404056436BB
3. 4040514433273
4. 4040510033273
4. All of above.
4. None of Above.
1. 16
2. 3
3. 14
4. 45
Q66. Location Update Request falls under which management system?
1. RRM
2. CM
3. CRM
4. MM
1. SI 6
2. SI 2
3. All of Above.
4. None of Above.
1. Cell Update
2. RAC Update
3. LAC Update
4. Handover
Q69. If AMR FR & AMR HR is enabled in network, then what will be the formula for counting
GSM FR Traffic with help of EOSFLX KPI Reports ?
Q70. By reducing value of RET parameter it will help to improve which KPI?
1. TCH Drop
2. SDCCH Drop
3. HO Success
4. None of above.
1. -6 to +6, 255
3. -6 to +24, 255
4. +6 to +24, 255
Q72. What is the relation between HO Load Factor and HO Priority Level?
Q73. Which are the basic features helps to distribute traffic in nearby cells?
1. DR
2. IDR
3. AMH
4. All of above
Q74. Using Multi BCF Common BCCH feature operator can expand how many numbers of
TRX in one segment without using another BCCH?
1. 16
2. 24
3. 30
4. 36
Q75. While Using Path loss Criterion C2 which parameter should be made 0 so that this
particular cell have higher C2 Value even though having poor C1?
1. CRO
2. TEO
3. Penalty Time
4. None of above.
Q76. Common BCCH feature is implemented in network, then which feature will help to
access the secondary freq. spectrum directly?
1. DR
2. DADB
3. DADL
4. All of above
Q77. Which types of GSM Reports are generated by Nemo Analyzer?
3. All of above
4. None of above
1. -24to +63
2. -24 to +24
3. -63 to +63
4. 0 to +63
Q79. How many maximum uplink TBF can be there per RTSL?
1. 6
2. 7
3. 8
4. 9
Q80. What should be minimum value of CDED (%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 8
4. 10
Q81. What does TRP Value = 3 means?
1. TCH allocation from BCCH TRX for non-amr user and from beyond BCCH TRX for
amr USER
2. TCH allocation from beyond BCCH TRX for non-amr user and from BCCH TRX for
amr USER
3. All of above
4. None of Above
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Q83. Which is / are the main factors affecting the Radio Accessibility for TBF in UL/ DL?
1. Coverage
2. Capacity
3. Interference
4. All of above.
Q84. Which parameter setting can help to increase the TBF Retainability?
1. UL Power Control
2. DL Power Control
3. All of above.
4. None of above.
1. Directed Retry
3. Dynamic SDCCH
1. 0.2 - 0.4
2. 6.4 - 12.8
3. 1.6 - 3.2
4. 0.8 - 1.6
2. Path Loss
3. Feeder Loss
4. MS Antenna Gain
Q90. When 2 calls are made from different TRXs of same cell having 1*1 RF hopping; what
plays important role to neglect C/I?
1. MAL ID
2. HSN
3. MAIO Step
4. MAIO Offset
1. Speech Coding
2. Channel Coding
3. Interleaving
4. Burst Formatting
Q92. What can be done to overcome combiner loss when cell is upgraded from 2 TRX to 3
TRX?
1. Remove Combiner
2. Air-Combining
3. HOP = OFF
4. TMA Implementation
Q93. What is the Basic feature amongst below:
1. SAIC
2. STIRC
4. Freq. Hopping
1. AGCH
2. SACCH
3. TCH-FR
4. FACCH
1. SDCCH
2. AGCH
3. FACCH
4. SACCH
1. 576.9us
2. 4.615ms
3. 6.12sec
4. 480ms
2. Omni
3. Loop
4. Cross-polar
1. Mobility Management
3. Call Control
1. Mobility Management
2. Connection Management
4. Charging
Q103. In L3 messages, out of following Info messages which one carries Dedicated Mode
Information?
1. System Info 2
2. System Info 4
3. System Info 5
4. System Info 13
Q104. Which one out of following is not a part of AMR Codec Modes?
1. 4.6
2. 5.9
3. 7.4
4. 12.2
1. fading dips
3. reflection
4. interleaving
1. 18.8kbps
2. 27.2kbps
3. 29.2kbps
4. 21.4kbps
Q108. Out of following which element/s in the GSM N/W can not initiate HO?
1. BSC
2. BTS
3. MSC
4. None of Above
1. Dipole
2. Helical
3. Log-Periodic
4. Yaagi-Uda
Q110. When we say the output power of a Transmitter is 30dBm, how many watts does it
mean?
1. 3W
2. 1W
3. 1mW
4. 30mW
1. Repeater
4. TRX
1. Rx Quality
2. Location Update
3. Paging Load
4. GPRS Attach
Q113. If a cell is EDGE capable, how much Downlink Throughput can we guarantee to
customer?
1. 59.2kbps
2. 473.6kbps
3. 236.8kbps
4. can't guarantee
Q114. How many blocks of AGCH are reserved in non combined mode?
1. 1-7
2. 0-2
3. 0-7
4. None of Above.
1. A3,A5,A8
2. SRES,RAND,Kc
3. RAND,A3,A8
4. SRES,Kc,A8
2. Does not provide optimal gain if the hopping frequencies are less than 4
1. Authentication
1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8
Q119 What should be the value of C/I when you are in hopping mode?
1. Above 9
2. Above 12
3. Less than 9
Q120 Which value of level and quality should be considered for analysis in a DT log
1. Full
2. Sub
3. Both
Q121 What are the coding schemes observerd in UL/ DL after implementing EDGE in your
Network:
1. CS1-CS4
2. MCS1-MCS6
3. MCS5-MCS9
4. MCS1-MCS9
1. 5
2. 2
3. 6
4. 4
Q124 How many TRXs can be accommodated max on a single E1 where DAP pool is
assigned for 4 TS in a Ultra site
1. 12
2. 16
3. 18
4. 24
Q125 How much traffic will be offered by a sector having 4 TRX with GOS of 2%
1. 24Erlangs
2. 21.03Erlangs
3. 23.56Erlangs
4. 22.12 Erlangs
Q126 Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
1. Report 163
2. Report 166
3. Report 153
4. Report 208
Q127 On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
1. On the basis of TA
Q130 Which alarm indicates the TRX faulty operation in the system:
1. 7601
2. 7602
3. 7725
4. 7745
1. U/L
2. D/L
3. Both A&B
4. Cannot be estimated.
Q132 Which is the unique feature in TEMS for analsing speech quality:
1. Rx qual Full
2. Rx Qual Sub
3. SQI
4. Rx Qual.
Q133 Drop calls due to Handovers can be caused basically due to:
Q134 Consider a cell where the no calls are happening, the probable causes would be
2. DMAX=0
3. Only A is correct
1. -47dbm
2. -110dm
3. -65dbm
4. -85dbm
Q137 What would be the power loss after using a combiner in a sector:
1. -2db
2. -1db
3. -3db
4. -4db
Q139 Which report would give you the total payload for GPRS:
1. 232
2. 208
3. 228
4. 226.
Q140 In a Flexi BTS 1 physical TRX would logically represent how many Trx:
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
1. Capacity
2. Coverage
3. A & B Both
1. 2
2. 0
3. 1
4. 4
Q143. Which ND report gives the data for RACH rejection on cell level?
5. 134
6. 132
7. 188
8. 111.
Q144. Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
5. Report 163
6. Report 166
7. Report 153
8. Report 208
Q145.On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
5. On the basis of TA
Q146.Which ND report would give you the total payload for GPRS:
5. 232
6. 208
7. 228
8. 226.
1. ZERO
2. ZEQO
3. ZEOL
4. ZELO
Q148 Value of BSC Timers can be checked by command:
1. ZEFO
2. ZEDO
3. ZEHO
4. ZEGO
3. All adjacencies
1. 051
2. 053
3. 061
4. 063.
1. 051
2. 111
3. 216
4. 053
1. 150
2. 151
3. 153
4. 154
1. 204
2. 216
3. 186
4. 226
Q154 In which ND report we can see hourly Traffic Profile for a cell?
1. 180
2. 181
3. 182
4. 186
Q155. In which ND report we can see hourly call drops due to TCH_RF_NEW_HO counter?
1. 216
2. 213
3. 163
4. 166
Q156. In which ND report we can see adjacency discrepancy between neighbor definitions?
1. 061
2. 060
3. 067
4. 073
1. ICE
2. Reverse ICE
4. All of Above
1. 213
2. 216
3. 186
4. 222
1. 230
2. 226
3. 229
4. 228
1. msl_13
2. msl_14
3. msl_15a
4. msl_16a
Q161. How many 64 Kbps DAP TSLs are required if MS is using MCS 9 (consider:
dedicated data timeslot = 4, single data user attached)?
1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8
1. 64
2. 128
3. 256
4. 264
Q163. What is the Maximum output power of Metrosite BTS in terms of Watt?
1. 5
2. 10
3. 20
4. 40
Q164. What is the maximum number of TRXs can created per BCSU in BSC 3i with version
S12?
1. 110
2. 200
3. 100
4. 220
1. Gs
3. Gn
Q166. In which ND report we can see TRHO Handovers attempt and success?
1. 153
2. 154
3. 155
4. 156
Q167. How many TRXs can be handled by 1 BB2F Card in Ultra Site BTS?
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 6
Q168. Which of the following BTS Type do not have combiner in-built in them?
1. Ultra Site
2. Metro Site
3. Flexi BTS
4. None of above
1. 280
2. 281
3. 128
4. 082
Q170. In which ND report we can see paging deletion counts for cell level?
1. 180
2. 181
3. 182
4. 186
1. CDED<=CDEF
2. CDED>CDEF
3. CDED=CDEF+CMAX
4. CDEF=CDED+CMAX
Q172. What should be minimum value of CDED(%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 8
4. 10
1. 150
2. 153
3. 154
4. 158
Q174 What is the maximum data throughput/timeslot can be achieved in case of MCS 9?
1. 64 Kbps
2. 59.2 Kbps
3. 118 Kbps
4. 230.4 Kbps
Q175 Which BTS Type does not support Rx Diversity (RDIV) parameter?
2. Ultra BTS
3. Metro BTS
4. Talk Family BTS
1. MCS 1
2. MCS 9
3. MCS 5
4. CS 1
1. 180
2. 269
3. 196
4. 169
1. 111
2. 222
3. 121
4. 051
1. TCSM
2. BSC 3i
3. Flexi BTS
4. TRX
Q180 Which of the following is not a feature of GSM network alone, but also feature of
analog mobile communication network?
Q181 which of the following is parameter affecting cell sites while planning the network
1. Antenna height
2. MS power
3. BTS Power
4. None Of Above
1. MSC-MSC
2. MSC-VLR
3. MSC-HLR
4. HLR-VLR
1. Hard
2. Soft
1. 01111110
2. 11111111
3. 10101010.
4. 01010101.
2. Lap-D Info
3. BSSMAP Info
4. GSM L3 Info
a) 7
b) 8
c) 1
d) 2
a) 32
b) 64
c) 256
d) 1024
Q191. If an inter MSC handover occurs during a call, the decision to make
a handover is done by
a) HLR
b) MSC
c) VLR
d) Authentication Centre
4. None of above
1. Neighbor Cell Id
2. DTX Status
3. Ciphering status
4. HSN
Q 197. In a cell configured with phase diversity, with air combining, what should be ideal
distance between two antennas of same sector?
1. At least /4 separated
3. 0 distance
4. None of above
1. BB Hopping
2. RF Hopping
3. Cyclic Hopping
4. All of above
Q199. Which of the following is affecting SDCCH capacity on Abis Interface?
2. No of TCH in sector
3. EDAP Pool
4. OMU Signaling
What is LTE?
LTEi (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with
future technology evolutions and needs.
The goals for LTE include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making
use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open
standards.
LTE provides downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s in the uplink and RAN (Radio
Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10 ms.
Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to identify mobile
systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT Advanced systems shall provide
best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data rates and corresponding
spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency, overall network complexity and quality-of-service
management. The new capabilities of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to handle a wide
range of supported data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high
mobility and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility.
The evolved architecture comprises E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC
(Evolved Packet Core) on the core side.
What is EUTRAN?
The E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane
(PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs
are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by
means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility
Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the
S1-U.
S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network
mobility in idle and/or active state.
S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the
user plane tunnelling.
S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and
PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW
needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for
authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME
and HSS.
Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and
Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving
GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the
Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information
transfer.
S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when
Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U
protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN.
Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet
data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra
operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.
SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control
functions.
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Serving Gateway
The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the
user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP
technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and PDN
GW).
In LTE architecture, core network includes Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway
(SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) where as E-UTRAN has E-UTRAN NodeB (eNB).
What is VoLGA?
VoLGA stands for "Voice over LTE via Generic Access". The VoLGA service resembles the 3GPP
Generic Access Network (GAN). GAN provides a controller node - the GAN controller (GANC) -
inserted between the IP access network (i.e., the EPS) and the 3GPP core network.
The GAN provides an overlay access between the terminal and the CS core without requiring
specific enhancements or support in the network it traverses. This provides a terminal with a 'virtual'
connection to the core network already deployed by an operator. The terminal and network thus
reuse most of the existing mechanisms, deployment and operational aspects.
see VoLGA - Voice over LTE via Generic Access for more details.
LTE technology supports packet based services only, however 3GPP does specifies fallback for
circuit switched services as well. To achieve this LTE architecture and network nodes require
additional functionality, this blog is an attempt to provide overview for same.
In LTE architecture, the circuit switched (CS) fallback in EPS enables the provisioning of voice and
traditional CS-domain services (e.g. CS UDI video/ SMS/ LCS/ USSD). To provide these services
LTE reuses CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E UTRAN.
The following are some of the principles of 3GPP E-UTRAN security based on 3GPP Release 8
specifications:
The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the algorithm with which
they are used.
The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for NAS
protection (making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an EPC key).
The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key material that
was generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure (KASME) and identified with a key
identifier (KSIASME).
The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is entering ECM-
CONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context setup).
The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology provides an architectural framework for
delivering IP based multimedia services. IMS enables telecom service providers to offer a new
generation of rich multimedia services across both circuit switched and packet switched networks.
IMS offers access to IP based services independent of the access network e.g. wireless access
(GPRS, 3GPPs UMTS, LTE, 3GPP2s CDMA2000) and fixed networks (TISPANs NGN)
IMS defines a architecture of logical elements using SIP for call signaling between network elements
and Provides a layered approach with defined service, control, and transport planes. Some of IMS
high level requirements are noted below:
The application plane provides an infrastructure for the provision and management of services,
subscriber configuration and identity management and defines standard interfaces to common
functionality.
The IMS control plane handles the call related signaling and controls transport plane. Major element
of control plane is the Call Session Control Function (CSCF) , which comprises Proxy-CSCF (P-
CSCF), Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) and Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF). The CSCF (Call/Session
Control Function) is essentially a SIP server.
The IMS transport plane provides a core IP network with access from subscriber device over
wireless or wireline networks.
According to 3GPP specifications, the purpose of the Automatic Neighbour Relation (ANR)
functionality is to relieve the operator from the burden of manually managing Neighbor Relations
(NRs). This feature would operators effort to provision.
Intra E-UTRAN Handover is used to hand over a UE from a source eNodeB to a target eNodeB
using X2 when the MME is unchanged. In the scenario described here Serving GW is also
unchanged. The presence of IP connectivity between the Serving GW and the source eNodeB, as
well as between the Serving GW and the target eNodeB is assumed.
A important component in LTE network is the policy and charging control (PCC) function that brings
together and enhances capabilities from earlier 3GPP releases to deliver dynamic control of policy
and charging on a per subscriber and per IP flow basis.
LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPC includes a PCC architecture that provides support for fine-
grained QoS and enables application servers to dynamically control the QoS and charging
requirements of the services they deliver. It also provides improved support for roaming. Dynamic
control over QoS and
charging will help operators monetize their LTE investment by providing customers with a variety of
QoS and charging options when choosing a service.
PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow based charging
control decisions.
PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the serving gateway,
this enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the behalf of
the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging
OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants credit to the PCEF
based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events.
OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and generates charging
data records (CDRs) for the billing system.
This would minimize the life cycle cost of running a network by eliminating manual configuration of
equipment at the time of deployment, right through to dynamically optimizing radio network
performance during operation. Ultimately it will reduce the unit cost and retail price of wireless data
services.
3GPP network sharing architecture allows different core network operators to connect to a shared
radio access network. The operators do not only share the radio network elements, but may also
share the radio resources themselves.
In LTE, when UE wish to establish RRC connection with eNB, it transmits a Random Access
Preamble, eNB estimates the transmission timing of the terminal based on this. Now eNB transmits
a Random Access Response which consists of timing advance command, based on that UE adjusts
the terminal transmit timing.
The timing advance is initiated from E-UTRAN with MAC message that implies and adjustment of
the timing advance.
UE Positioning function is required to provide the mechanisms to support or assist the calculation of
the geographical position of a UE. UE position knowledge can be used, for example, in support of
Radio Resource Management functions, as well as location-based services for operators,
subscribers, and third-party service providers.
Along with LTE introduction, 3GPP also standardized Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in
Release 8 specifications to provide seamless continuity when an UE handovers from LTE coverage
(E-UTRAN) to UMTS/GSM coverage (UTRAN/GERAN). With SRVCC, calls are anchored in IMS
network while UE is capable of transmitting/receiving on only one of those access networks at a
given time.
See Evolution of Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) for more details.
In the LCS architecture, an Evolved SMLC is directly attached to the MME. The objectives of this
evolution is to support location of an IMS emergency call, avoid impacts to a location session due to
an inter-eNodeB handover, make use of an Evolved and support Mobile originated location request
(MO-LR) and mobile terminated location request MT-LR services.
For details read LCS Architecture for LTE EPS and LTE UE positioning in E-UTRAN
3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) provides IP based services. Hence, EPS is responsible only for
IP layer interception of Content of Communication (CC) data. In addition to CC data, the Lawful
Interception (LI) solution for EPS offers generation of Intercept Related Information (IRI) records
from respective control plane (signalling) messages as well.
See Lawful Interception Architecture for LTE Evolved Packet System for more details.
For efficient heterogeneous network planning, 3GPP LTE-Advanced has introduced concept of
Relay Nodes (RNs). The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide enhanced coverage and
capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is to provide extended LTE coverage in
targeted areas at low cost.
The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a modified version of
E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves its own UE as usual, in addition to sharing its radio
resources for Relay Nodes.