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a.garg@iitb.ac.in
7861
Course Outline
Total marks: 33
Semester exam = 20 marks
Assignment = 13 marks
3
Key References
Masters, G.M., Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science, Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
4
Water and Sanitation
The availability of clean drinking water at affordable
cost is a major challenge in India.
On an average, 80% of water supplied for domestic
purpose returns as wastewater.
With increase in development activities, the domestic
and industrial wastewater generation is also
increasing.
5
Changing Water Consumption Patterns
6
Water Consumption Breakdown in India
(Source: Water: The India Story. Grail Research, March 2009. Available online:
http://www.grailresearch.com/pdf/ContenPodsPdf/Water-The_India_Story.pdf)
1000
Agriculture Industrial Domestic
900
Consumption by sector (Tr Litres)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2025 2050
Year
7
Wastewater Generation and Treatment
Domestic in urban cities Industrial
Treatment
capacity (37%) Treated (60%)
Untreated (63%)
Untreated (40%)
Domestic sewage in urban areas
= 62000 Ml/day (as on March
2015)
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/only-37-pc-
sewage-treatment-capacity-in-urban-areas-
govt/1/541467.html
8
Causes of Water Pollution
9
Additional Reading for River Water
Quality
CPCB bulletin - Central Pollution
Control Board (as on July 2016),
cpcb.nic.in/upload/Latest/Latest_123_SU
MMARY_BOOK_FS.pdf
10
Challenges in Wastewater Decontamination
11
Water Quality Parameters
Water Quality Criterion
(http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php)
Designated-Best-Use Criteria Class of Criteria
water
Drinking Water Source A Total Coliforms 50 MPN/100 ml
without conventional pH between 6.5 and 8.5
treatment but after Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more
disinfection
BOD5 = 2 mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing B Total Coliforms 500 MPN/100 ml
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more
BOD5 = 3 mg/l or less
Drinking water source after C Total Coliforms 5000 MPN/100 ml
conventional treatment and pH between 6 to 9
disinfection Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more
BOD5 = 3 mg/l or less
13
Water Quality Criterion.
14
Water Quality Parameters
Biological Pathogens
15
Classification of Total Solids
Suspended (1 - 100 m)
or non-filterable
16
Problem
The following test results were obtained for a wastwater sample. All
the tests were performed using a sample size of 50 ml. Determine the
concentration of total solids, total volatile solids, suspended solids,
volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile
dissolved solids and total fixed solids. The samples used in the solid
analysis were all either dried or ignited to the constant weight.
Tare mass of evaporating dish = 53.5433 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105C =
53.5794 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550C = 53.5625 g
Tare mass of whatman filter after drying at 105C = 1.5433 g
Mass of whatman filter + residue after evaporation at 105C = 1.5554 g
Mass of whatman filter + residue after ignition at 550C = 1.5476 g
17
Turbidity
It is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or
scattered by suspended or colloidal organic or inorganic
materials in water.
18
Turbidity standards of 5, 50, and 500 NTU
Color
True color: Due to dissolved solids
TON = (A + B)/ A
A = Vol. of odorous water (ml), B = Vol. of odor free water
required to make the odor barely detectable in A.
22
Alkalinity
It is a measure of buffering capacity of the
water.
Hardness causes
Greater soap consumption,
Scaling of boilers,
Corrosion of pipes 24
Types of Hardness
Hardness
(Due to cations
Ca2+, Mg2+ etc)
Temporary or Permanent or
carbonate Non-carbonate
(CO32-, HCO-3) (SO42-, Cl-, NO3-)
25
Problem
In a water sample, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
concentrations are 160 mg/L and 40 mg/L,
respectively. Find the total hardness of the
water sample.
Solution:
Ca2+ concentration = 160*50/20 = 400 mg/L as
CaCO3
Mg2+ concentration = 40*50/12 = 166.7 mg/L as
CaCO3
Total hardness = 400 + 166.7 = 566.7 mg/L as
CaCO3 26
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is found in proteins, chlorophyll and many
other biological compounds.
28
Fluoride
29
Dissolved Gases
O2, CO2, H2S and CH4 may be found in
dissolved state in water.
32
Permissible Limits of Metals in Potable
Water
Metal Max. permissible conc. (mg/l)
Fe 0.3
Mn 0.05
Cu 0.05
Pb 0.05
As 0.05
Se 0.05
Cd 0.01
Cr 0.05
Ag 0.05
Zn 5.0
33
Organics
Biodegradable
Those organics that can be utilized for food by micro-
organisms aerobically or anaerobically within a
reasonable length of time.
Non-biodegradable
Organics those can not be degraded biologically.
L0 or UBOD
Oxygen equivalent and
BOD exerted
BOD, mg/L of O2
L remaining
Time, days
Lt = L0 e-kt 1
Lt = Oxygen equivalent of the organics at time t; k = rate constant
L0 = Total Oxygen equivalent of the organics at time t = 0
Solution:
Qw = 17360 m3/d, Calculate L0w from equation 2 using BOD5
and k.
Qs = 0.43 m3/s (convert in m3/d), L0s = 5 mg/L
Apply mass balance: Qw.L0w + Qs.L0s = (Qw + Qs). L0m
and calculate L0m (i.e., ultimate BOD of mixed stream).
38
Similarly calculate DO of mixed stream
Characteristics of The Ideal
Pathogen Indicator
Would be applicable to all types of water.
39
Preventive Measures for Water Borne
Diseases
The water supply of the city must be thoroughly
checked and disinfected before supplying to the
public.
Water pipe line should be frequently tested, checked
and inspected so as to detect any leakage.
Sewer lines and water supply lines should be laid as
far as possible.
The people should be advised to use boiled water
during the times of rains or floods or in low weather
flows.
The general habit of cleanliness must be inculcated
among the people.
40
Characteristics of Sewage
Total solids: Settleable solids,
suspended solids, dissolved solids
41
Classification of Water Pollutants
Water pollution refers to the presence of
enough foreign material in water to render it
unfit for a specific beneficial use.
43
Thermal Pollution
Heat is considered to be a water pollutant since
it can have adverse effect on oxygen levels and
the aquatic life in the river.
Industrial wastes
Municipal landfills
Agriculture
Saltwater intrusion
45
Thermal Stratification of Lakes
46
Stream Pollution and Self Purification
47
Fate of Organics in River Stream
Oxygen
sag curve
48
Water Treatment
The purpose of water treatment plants is to
produce hygienically safe and aesthetically
attractive water.
49
Engineering Systems for Water
Purification
Main conventional methods of purification of
water
Plain sedimentation
Sedimentation aided with coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Aeration
Softening
Adsorption
50
Plain Sedimentation
Heavy suspended particles having specific gravity
greater than 1.0 can be removed by settling at the
bottom of the tank.
Flocculating particles
Change size, shape and specific gravity
with time upon contact with other particles.
52
Plain Sedimentation..
Settling velocity (vt) of a spherical discrete
particle (mass density = p, diameter = d) in a
dilute suspension can be calculated using the
following formula:
53
Some Terms Related to Sedimentation Tank
Detention period: Average theoretical time required for the water to
flow through the tank length.
Detention time = (volume of tank)/ (rate of flow)
2- 4 hours Discrete particles and 4 6 hours for flocculants
54
Circular Sedimentation Tank
55
Pictorial View of a Circular Sedimentation Tank
56
Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation
The purpose of coagulation and flocculation is to
remove fine particulate impurities (< 50 m) from the
water being treated.
Coagulant Formula pH
58
Filtration
Filtration is often a polishing step to remove small flocs
not removed in the settling process.
59
Theory of Filtration
Filter purify the water under different processes:
Mechanical straining
Particles having bigger size than the size of the voids in
the sand layers get arrested in voids.
Biological metabolism
Organisms present over sand grains or caught during
the initial process of filtration consume organic
impurities for their survival. As a result, harmless
compounds are formed developing a layer on the top.
60
Classification of Filters
Filters
Fastest rate of
Slow Rapid filtration
Preferred at industrial
plants and swimming
Faster rate of filtration pools
Used for large municipal
supplies
Gravity Pressure
61
Schematic of Rapid Sand Filter
62
Advantages of Rapid Sand Filters
Less efficient in bacteria removal (80 to 90%), but highly efficient in
removing colour
64
Other Types of Filters
Dual Media Filters
These are constructed of silica sand and anthracite
coal.
Filtration rate 100 200 l/h/m2 3000 - 6000 l/h/m2 6000-15000 l/h/m2
Media Sand Sand Sand and coal or
sand, coal, and
garnet
Media distribution Stratified: fine Stratified: fine to Stratified: coarse
To Coarse coarse to fine
Filter runs 20-60 days 12-36 hours 12-36 hours
Loss of Head 10-15 cm 30 cm (initial) to 30 cm (initial) to
(initial) to 1.2 m 2.5-3.5 m 2.5-3.5 m final
Amount of Backwash not 2-5% of water 6% of water
backwash water used filtered filtered
used
66
Disinfection
Filtered water may still contain harmful disease
producing bacteria.
An disinfectant must
be able to give residual sterilizing effect for a long period,
it should be harmless,
unobjectionable to tongue,
economical and measurable by simple tests
67
Disinfection
Chlorine is considered the most ideal
disinfectant all around the world. The process
is called chlorination.
68
Disinfection with Ozone
Ozone gas is an excellent disinfectant.
72
Breakpoint Chlorination
73
Softening
Removal of reduction of hardness from water
is known as water softening.
No sludge is formed
76
Aeration
Aeration may be used to remove undesirable gases
dissolved in water or to add oxygen to water to convert
undesirable substances to a more manageable form.
79
Grey Water, Brackish Water and Black
Water
Grey Water
Grey water is generated from domestic activities such as
laundry, dishwashing, and bathing
Black water
The wastewater containing faeces and urine
Brown water
The wastewater containing faeces
Brackish Water
The water more saline than domestic water but less than sea
water.
80