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-Is an electrical conductor or array of conductors that radiates signal energy (transmitting) or collects signal energy (receiving).
-it is also defined as transition device, or transducer, between a guided wave and free space or vice versa.
Antenna Principles
A. Principle of reciprocity
States that the pattern, directivity, aperture, and terminal impedance of antenna are the same when
transmitting or receiving.
It is a graph showing the actual or relative field intensity at a fixed distance, as a function of the direction
from the antenna system.
The solid radiation pattern of an antenna in free space would be found by measuring the field strength at
every point on the surface of an imaginary sphere having the antenna as its center.
C. Isotropic Radiator
A theoretical point source of electromagnetic or sound waves which radiates the same intensity of radiation
in all directions. It has no preferred direction of radiation. It radiates uniformly in all directions over a sphere centered on
the source.
A. Directive Gain
B. Power Gain
E. Radiation Resistance(Rrad)
F. Ohmic Resistance(Rd)
H. Antenna Efficiency
I. Bandwidth
J. Beamwidth
K. Polarization
A. Directive Gain
- Ratio of power density in a particular direction of one antenna to the average power density that would be radiated
by an omnidirectional antenna.
B. Power Gain
- Ratio between the power radiated by directional antenna to power radiated by a reference antenna.
- Power radiated by an antenna in its favored direction, taking the gain of the antenna into account as referenced to
an isotropic radiator
- Ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the current at the feed point
- It is the hypothetical value which, if replaced by an equivalent resistor, would dissipate exactly the same amount of
power that the antenna would radiate.
- Difference between the power delivered to the antenna to the actual power it radiates
- These losses can be caused by ground resistance, corona effects, imperfect dielectric near the antenna, energy
losses due to eddy currents in nearby metallic objects, and power losses in the antenna itself.
H. Antenna Efficiency
- Ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the power delivered to the feed point
= or =
+ +
I. Bandwidth
- Width, in degrees, of the major lobe between the directions at which the relative radiated power is equal to one-half
its value at the peak of the lobe. (-3 dB)
K. Polarization
- Orientation or direction in space of the antenna E field (electric vector) portion of the electromagnetic wave being
radiated by the transmitting system.
- It is also the sense of the wave radiated by an antenna. This can be horizontal, vertical antenna, elliptical, or circular,
depending on the design and application.
L. Capture Area
- is it the effective area upon which the antenna collects electromagnetic energy from the incident wave.
- derived from Rayleigh Jeans Law, following the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
2
Aeff = 4
A. Base Loading
- A term is used to denote the connection of a series of inductance or capacitance at the bottom of a vertical antenna
radiator, for changing the resonant frequency.
B. Center Loading
C. Top Loading
- It may take the form of a metal wheel like hat structure attached to the top of the antenna.
- This hat increases the length of the antenna to the edge of the hat and also increase the capacitance between the
top of the antenna and ground.
- It consist of a metal screen or wire mesh buried 15-30cm below the ground. The screen should extend at least a half
wavelength in every direction from the antenna.
B. Counterpoise
- It is a means of obtaining a radio frequency ground or ground plane without a direct earth ground station
connection.
- a grid of wires is placed just above the the actual surface to provide capacitive coupling to the ground. This greatly
reduces ground or loss at radio frequencies.
Family of Antennas
DIPOLES
Hertzian Dipole
- a short linear antenna that when radiating, is assumed to carry uniform current along its length
- radiation intensity from this antenna is greatest at right angles of the line of the conductor and decreases as the
direction becomes more nearly in line with the conductor.
- Bidirectional
2000(ends of dipole)
Folded Dipole
- Single antenna consisting of two elements. The first is fed directly while the second is coupled inductively at the
ends.
2
Isotropic 1.00 / 4
2
Hertzian Dipole 1.50 3 / 8
2
Half Wave Dipole 1.64 30 / Rrad
Quarter-Wave Antenna
- an antenna made up of vertical mast, pole or rod that forms the main radiating conductor.
- it combines with its image to act in exactly the same manner as a doublet or dipole, with the radiator vertical to the
ground surface.
Fed Impedace: 37
Radiation Pattern for Omni directional Antenna
Yagi-Uda Antenna
Yagi-Uda - One of the most common directional antennas at HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies. Consists of multiple half wave
dipole elements in a line, with a single driven element and multiple parasitic elements which serve to create a uni-directional
or beam antenna. These typically have gains between 10 and 20 dBi depending on the number of elements used, and are very
narrowband (with a usable bandwidth of only a few percent) though there are derivative designs which relax this limitation.
Used for rooftop television antennas, point-to-point communication links, and long distance shortwave communication
using skywave ("skip") reflection from the ionosphere
When a parasitic element is slightly longer than /2, the element acts inductively and thus as a reflector -- current
phased to reinforce radiation in the maximum direction and cancel in the opposite direction
The director element is slightly shorter than /2, the element acts inductively and thus as a director -- current phased
to reinforce radiation in the maximum direction and cancel in the opposite direction.
The elements are separated by 0.25
A log periodic is an extension of the Yagi idea to a broad-band, perhaps 4 x in wavelength, antenna with a gain of 8
dB
A parabolic reflector operates much the same way a reflecting telescope does
Reflections of rays from the feed point all contribute in phase to a plane wave leaving the antenna along the antenna
bore sight (axis)
Gain: 0.55(D/) 2
Beamwidth = 70(/D)
Patch Antenna
Radiation is from two slots on left and right edges of patch where slot is region between patch and ground plane
The big advantage is conformal, i.e. flat, shape and low weight
Disadvantages: Low gain, Narrow bandwidth (overcome by fancy shapes and other heroic efforts), Becomes hard to
feed when complex, e.g. for wide band operation
Helical Antenna
-it is an antenna consisting of a loosely wound helix backed up by a ground plane, which is simply a screen
made of chicken wire.
Polarization: Circular
Gain:14-20dB
2 52
Gain = 15( ) ( ) Beamwidth =
( )
Where:
D =antenna diamater
= wavelength
N=number of turns
S=pitch
Driven Array:
- An array in which all the elements are supplied with power or fed directly from the transmission line
- A driven element is one supplied with power from the transmitter usually through a transmission line
- Driven Arrays in general are either broadside or end fire, and may consist of linear elements, parallel elements, or a
combination of both.
Parasitic Arrays
-An array in which one or more elements obtain power through mutual coupling with another element in the array.
-A parasitic element is one that obtains power solely through coupling with another element in the array because of
its proximity to such an element.
-A parasitic element longer than the driven element is called reflector, while for the parasitic element shorter than
the driven one is called the director.