01.fundamentals of UPS 050106 (Compatibility Mode) PDF

UPS Training
Fundamental of UPS
Training Center Gong Jian Bo
Tel.0755-26862543
Email: gjb@emersonnetwork.com.cn
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
2 Emerson Confidential
UPS Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
Classification of UPS
Whats UPS
A device that can uninterruptible provide AC power to
user.
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
UPS
AC mains
load
battery
UPS history
UPS develop through two periods:

Rotary UPS and Static UPS.
Rotary UPS
DC motor;
diesel
engine;
flywheel;
generator;
rectifier and
battery.
UPS history
2Static UPS is consisted of

semiconductor power devices.
UPS Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
Why need UPSPower Problem
Surge spike transient over voltage sag
noise Frequency drift low voltage blackout
Why need UPS
Power Cause phenomenon
problem
surges Huge equipment turn off Higher than 110%
or lighting strike rated Value
last
many cycle.
spikes Lighting, electric switch 6000V last time is 10
on/off, electric welding 100ms
Transient Like spike 20000V

last time
over voltage 0.1ms
sag Huge equipment turn on, smaller than 80-85%

AC mains change rated value
last
many cycle.
Why need UPS
Power Cause phenomenon
problem
noise High frequency Wireless and
interference. microwave equipment
Frequency hydropower
generator Frequency change
drift over 3HZ.
low voltage Huge equipment start, Smaller than rated

overload value and last long
time.
blackout AC cut offcircuit Zero voltage last over

breaker trip. 2 cycles.
Why need UPS?
Above AC power problems will

damage equipment,
lose data
and interrupt operations.
UPS Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
UPS Function
1. High reliable and Keep

power continuous
uninterruptible power
2. Eliminate noise Clean

source of power
3. Battery management Prolong

battery life
4. Monitoring Help
UPS maintenance
UPS Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
UPS Classification
By principle

back-up UPS
line-interactive UPS
on-line UPS
By power mode:
single phase input/single phase output UPS
three phase input/single phase output UPS
three phase input/ three phase output UPS
By output power

small power
<10 kVA
medium power10 to 30kVA

large power
>30 kVA

UPS Classificationcontinued
By transformer

high frequency UPS
industrial frequency UPS
By waveform

square wave UPS
sine wave UPS
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
Back--Up UPS Principle
Back
When AC power normal, load power comes directly
from the AC mains, when AC power fails, a battery
powered inverter almost immediately turns on to
continue to supply power.
load
AC mains
charger inverter
battery
Line--interactive UPS principle
Line
load
Back--Up UPS Principle
Back 264-276V
150-264V
150-175V
AC mains
double
converter
AC normal/rectify
AC fail/invert
battery
On-
On-Line UPS Principle
Whether AC mains is normal or not, inverter is
always operating.
UPS Comparing
Back-up Line-interactive On-line
Inverter Back up Hot back up operating
state
Output Low Middle High

quality
Transferrin 5
12ms 4ms 0
g time
Cost Low Middle High
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
Battery Management
Double Conversion
Conversion
AC
DC Rectify
DC
AC Invert
3-Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier
1 3 5
A
B
C
C
4 6 2
6 pulse
12-
12-Pulse Rectifier
L
o
a
d Battery and
Inverter
30
Two 6-
6-Pulse
Rectifiers
Phase shift Transformer
Boost CircuitPFC Circuit
L D 1

T
V i C V O
-
- -
L

-
iL
V i C V O
-
- -
L

-
iL
V i C V O
-
- -
3-Phase IGBT Rectifier
Comparing
Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%
Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current<3%
Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit
U
+ 380
D1 -3 8 0
Q1
C1 L
+380V
L
C3 220V
N N
C2 Q2 D2
-380V
Inverter Control SignalSPWM
SPWM signal generation
3-Phase Bridge Inverter
R S T R
R
S S
T
T
3-Phase SCR Rectifier UPS

bypass
main
output

3-Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS
bypass

main

output

UPS Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
Battery Management
Digital Control
Digital signal Processor

DSP

Microprocessor
Provide all kinds of driving signal to
control rectifier, inverter and transferring.
DSP
Speed: 10-20 times that of micro-processor
improve integrated degree

Directly give PWM signal

Avoid device parameter shifting, ensure product
accordance.
No need any hardware adjusting .
Third generation
generationDSP
micro-processor
Second generation
device
First generation IC
UPS Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
Battery Management
Series Connection standby
main
AC mains
UPS1 load
bypass
standby
UPS2
Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but

power is NOT extended.
Parallel Connection
UPS1 load
AC mains
Parallel logic control
UPS2
Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load,

high reliability
but requires complex technology.
Double Power Bus
UPS1 AC PPC
Bus1
battery
Signal Double feed

STS
LBS feed load
load
UPS2
UPS
Bus2
AC PPC
battery
UPS Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
Battery Management
Battery FC/EC
1. Current limit 0.1C
2. FC to EC
Ic0.05C or C 80%
EC to FC
Ic 0.01C
FC: Floating Charge

EC: Equalizing Charge
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
Technical Data
Input Specification
Output Specification
Input Voltage Range
adaptability to the power network.

The wider the better.
Bypass Voltage Range
Typical range : 10%
Input Frequency Range
adaptability to the power network.
The wider the better.
50Hz
4%
Input Power Factor
Power Factor = active power /apparent power
The higher the better.

Smaller PF means larger reactive power, more
harmonic current , which will pollute AC mains
network.
Total Harmonic Distortion
THD
=harmonic current/Base100
The smaller the better.
Technical Data
Input Specification
Output Specification
Output Voltage Stability
Input voltage in 220V25%output voltage

fluctuation range when load change from 0 to
100%.
Output Frequency Stability
Output Frequency Stability0.5%
UPS local oscillation frequency stability
In battery mode, it comes from crystal

oscillator.
Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate
Frequency Regulation :50Hz

4%,
Frequency Slew Rate1Hz/s
For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better.
Frequency Slew Rate speed of Output

frequency tracing input frequency.
Overload Capability
Withstanding duration at 125% rated load,

after that, transfers to bypass.
Output Current Crest Factor
Crest Factor =current peak value/ RMS value.
Index of UPS load capability,
the larger the better.
3:1
For PCServer, the factor is between 2.5 to
3.0.
RMS: Root Mean Square
Output Power Factor
0.7 or 0.8
NOT the higher the better.
PC need not only active power but also

reactive power.
So unit is VA not W.
Voltage Distortion
Voltage Distortion
= harmonic /Base + harmonic100
The smaller the better.
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
Content
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
Lead--Acid Battery Cell
Lead
v
=1cell Form 2V cell
e- Positive plate:
Negative plate:
Lead dioxide PbO2
Lead Pb
Electrolyte

Sulfuric solution H2SO4
Electrical Energy Chemical Energy
Lead--Acid Battery
Lead Battery
two general type
Flooded Battery VRLA Battery

or wet type or open vented type Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery
VRLA Battery
Batteryused with UPS
UPS Battery
Structure of VRLA Battery

container & cover

terminal

strap/group bar

Positive & negative plates
AGM
safety valve
AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and

electrolyte absorber.
Battery principle
discharge
PbO22H2SO4Pb PbSO42H2OPbSO4
charge
(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead) (sulfate) (water) (sulfate)

active material electrolyte active material active material electrolyte active material
positive plate negative plate positive plate negative plate
Double sulfatetheory
Content
Discharge Characteristic
Terminal voltage(V/cell)
2.1
2.0
1.9 0.1C 10
0.2C 10
0.3C 10
1.8 0.5C 10
0.6C 10
1.0C 10
1.7
2.0C 10
1.6
1min 2 6 10 30 min 1 h 2 3 5 8 10 20 h
discharge time
Charge Characteristic
Charging
Charging
Charged
Volume
Voltage
(%) Current
(A) (V) 2.23V Constant Voltage Charging at 25
120
100 0.1C 2.4

Charged Volume
80 0.08C 2.3
Charging Voltage
60 0.06C 2.2
40 0.04C 2.1 After 100% Discharge

After 50% Discharge
20 0.02C 2.0
Charging Current
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Charging Time (hours)
Relationship between battery discharge
capacity and ambient temperature
low rate discharge 1h
------ high rate discharge 1h
120
100
80
capacity C 10
60
40
20
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature
Storage Characteristic
1 0 0
9 0
8 0
C %
Available Capacity (%)
7 0
6 0
5 0
4 0
3 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
Storage time (month)
Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery
PS UPS
Design Long time

small current
Short time
large current

orientation deep discharge light discharge
Design life Above 10 years 3
5 years
Lead paste Long life formulation, Large power life formulation,

formulation long cycle life short cycle life
separator long life separator ,thick large diameter hole, thin.
small current and deep
discharge will cause life end.
Recovery good So-so
ability of
Over-discharge
Content
Ppf
pfT
C =
V K
P: UPS Capacity, VA
pf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,
T: backup time
V: battery string voltage
:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%
K: battery discharge coefficient
T=13h K= 0.6
T=3h5h K= 0.8
T=5h10hK= 0.85
T10h K= 1
Example
20kVA UL33 UPS30 battery cells(12V),Carry 35%
load
backup time is 4h
how much battery capacity
does it need?
20000VA
0.7 35%
4
C= = 94.5AH
305V
0.85
0.8
So need 100AH battery.
Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System Function
1know and control real operating state,
2provide UPS failure report in time,
3when AC mains abnormalbattery low
voltageautomatically shutdown computer,
4be able to run in LANWAN and
Internet,
Composition of Monitoring System
Intelligent UPS
Network
Monitoring Software
Monitoring Software consists of three parts

SNMP Card
Centralized Monitoring Software
Safe Shutdown Program
UPS Networking Scheme
Monitoring Screen Display UPS Tree
Monitoring Screen DisplayState
Monitoring Screen Display Data Curve
Monitoring Screen Display Events List
Monitoring Screen Display Event Log Query
Monitoring Screen Display Data Log Query
UPS Events Handling
Administrator
notifying

Pager

Send
EE-mail
-mail
UPS
Events

alarms
audible/visual

log

command
executing

file OFF
End
Thank You
You

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UPS Training

UPS develop through two periods:

2Static UPS is consisted of

Surge spike transient over voltage sag

noise Frequency drift low voltage blackout

Transient Like spike 20000V

sag Huge equipment turn on, smaller than 80-85%

low voltage Huge equipment start, Smaller than rated

blackout AC cut offcircuit Zero voltage last over

Above AC power problems will

1. High reliable and Keep

2. Eliminate noise Clean

3. Battery management Prolong

Output Low Middle High

Cost Low Middle High

Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%

Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current<3%

SPWM signal generation

Digital signal Processor

Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but

Parallel logic control

Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load,

Signal Double feed

FC: Floating Charge

adaptability to the power network.

Typical range : 10%

adaptability to the power network.

The wider the better.

Power Factor = active power /apparent power

The higher the better.

The smaller the better.

Input voltage in 220V25%output voltage

Output Frequency Stability0.5%

UPS local oscillation frequency stability

In battery mode, it comes from crystal

Frequency Regulation :50Hz

For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better.

Frequency Slew Rate speed of Output

Withstanding duration at 125% rated load,

RMS: Root Mean Square

NOT the higher the better.

PC need not only active power but also

The smaller the better.

=1cell Form 2V cell

Electrical Energy Chemical Energy

Flooded Battery VRLA Battery

Positive & negative plates

AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and

(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead) (sulfate) (water) (sulfate)

100 0.1C 2.4

40 0.04C 2.1 After 100% Discharge

Storage time (month)

Design Long time

Lead paste Long life formulation, Large power life formulation,

So need 100AH battery.

Monitoring Software consists of three parts

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