2017615 FlowCoefficients<i>C_v</i>andFormulasforLiquids,SteamandGasesOnlineCalculators

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FlowCoefficientsCvandFormulasforLiquids,SteamandGasesOnlineCalculators
FlowcoefficientandproperdesignofcontrolvalvesImperialUnits
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Withtheflowcoefficientscapacitiesofvalvesatdifferentsizes,typesandmanufacturerscanbecompared.Theflowcoefficientsareingeneraldeterminedexperimentallyandexpressthe

flowcapacityinimperialunitsGPM(USgallonsperminute)thatavalvewillpassforapressuredropof1lb/in2(psi)

TheflowfactorKvisalsocommonlyusedwithcapacityinSIunits.

TheflowcoefficientCvrequiredforaspecificapplicationcanbeestimatedbyusingspecificformulasforthedifferentfluidsorgases.WithanestimatedCvvaluethecorrectsizeofcontrolvalvecanbeselectedfromthemanufacturerscatalogs.

Notethatanoversizedcontrolvalvemayhurtprocessvariabilitybyputtingtoomuchgaininthevalveleavinglessflexibilityforthecontroller.Anoversizedvalveoperatesmorefrequentlyatloweropeningswithincreaseddeadbandasresult.

FlowCoefficientCvforLiquids
ForliquidstheflowcoefficientCvisexpressedwithwaterflowcapacityingallonsperminute(GPM)of60oFwithpressuredrop1psi(lb/in2).

Flowexpressedbyvolume

Cv=q(SG/dp)1/2(1)

where

q=waterflow(USgallonsperminute)

SG=specificgravity(1forwater)

dp=pressuredrop(psi)

83 Waterflow(USgalperminute)

.864 SpecificGravity

17 Pressuredrop(psi)

Calculate!

oralternativelyinmetricunits:

Cv=11.6q(SG/dp)1/2(1b)

where

q=waterflow(m3/hr)

SG=specificgravity(1forwater)

dp=pressuredrop(kPa)

4.54 Waterflow(m3/hr)

1 SpecificGravity

6.895 Pressuredrop(kPa)

Calculate!

Flowexpressedbyweight

Cv=w/(500(dpSG)1/2)(1c)

where

w=waterflow(lb/hr)

SG=specificgravity(1forwater)

dp=pressuredrop(psia)

10000 Waterflow(lb/hr)

1 SpecificGravity

1 Pressuredrop(psi)

Calculate!

oralternativelyinSIunits:

Cv=5.8w/(500(dpSG)1/2)(1d)

where

w=waterflow(kg/hr)

SG=specificgravity(1forwater)

dp=pressuredrop(kPa)

4540 Waterflow(kg/hr)

1 SpecificGravity

6.895 Pressuredrop(kPa)

Calculate!

ExampleFlowCoefficientLiquid
Theflowcoefficientforacontrolvalvewhichinfullopenpositionpasses25gallonsperminuteofwaterwithaonepoundpersquareinchpressuredropcanbecalculatedas:

Cv=(25gpm)(1/(1psi))1/2

=25

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2017615 FlowCoefficients<i>C_v</i>andFormulasforLiquids,SteamandGasesOnlineCalculators
FlowCoefficientCvforSaturatedSteam
Sincesteamandgasesarecompressiblefluids,theformulamustbealteredtoaccommodatechangesindensity.

Critical(Choked)PressureDrop
Withchokedflowandcriticalpressuredrop,theoutletpressurepoafterthecontrolvalveisaprox.58%oftheinletpressurepibeforethecontrolvalve.Theflowcoefficientatchokedorcriticalflowcanbeexpressedas:

Cv=m/1.61pi(2)

where

m=steamflow(lb/hr)

pi=inletsteamabsolutepressure(psia)

po=outletsteamabsolutepressure(psia)

1000 Steamflow(lb/hr)

100 InletSteamPressure(psia)

Calculate!

NonCriticalPressureDrop
Fornoncriticalpressuredroptheoutletpressurepoafterthecontrolvalveismorethan58%oftheinletpressurepibeforethecontrolvalve.Theflowcoefficientfornoncriticalflowcanbeexpressedas:

Cv=m/(2.1((pi+po)dp) 1/2)(2b)

1000 Steamflow(lb/hr)

100 InletSteamPressure(psia)

70 OutletSteamPressure(psia)

Calculate!

FlowCoefficientCvSuperheatedSteam
Theflowcoefficientforsuperheatedsteamshouldbemultipliedwithacorrectionfactor:

Cv=Cv_saturated(1+0.00065dt)(3)

where

dt=steamtemperatureabovesaturationtemperatureattheactualpressure(oF)

Exampleflowcoefficientsuperheatedsteam
Theflowcoefficientforsteamsuperheatedwith50oFcanbecalculatedas:

Cv=Cv_saturated(1+0.00065(50oF)=1.0325Cv_saturated

FlowCoefficientCvSaturatedWetSteam
Saturatedwetsteamincludesnonevaporatedwaterparticlesreducingthe"steamquality"andaflowcoefficientforverywetsaturatedsteamshouldbemultipliedwithacorrectionfactor:

Cv=Cv_saturated1/2(4)

where

=drynessfraction

ExampleFlowCoefficientWetSaturatedSteam
Forsteamwithmoisturecontent5%thedrynessfractioncanbecalculatedas:

=ws/(ww+ws)

=0.95/(0.95+0.05)

=0.95

where

ww=massofwater

ws=massofsteam

Theflowcoefficientcanbecalculatedas:

Cv=Cv_saturated(0.95)1/2

=0.97Cv_saturated

FlowCoefficientCvAirandotherGases
Note!thereisadifferencebetweencriticalandnoncriticalpressuredrops.

Forsubcriticalpressuredropchockedflow,wheretheoutletpressurepofromthecontrolvalveislessthan53%oftheinletpressurepi,theflowcoefficientcanbeexpressedas:

Cv=q[SG(T+460)] 1/2/(FL834)pi(5)

where

q=freegasperhour,standardcubicfeetperhour(Cu.ft/h)

SG=upstreamspecificgravityofflowinggasgasrelativetoairat14.7psiaand60oF

T=flowingairorgastemperature(oF)

FL=pressurerecoveryfactor

pi=inletgasabsolutepressure(psia)

5000 Gasflow(Cu.ft./h)(f.a.d)

100 InletGasAbsolutePressure(psia)

0.8 Pressurerecoveryfactor

1 upstreamSpecificGravityGas

60 GasTemperature(oF)

Calculate!

Fornoncriticalpressuredrop,wheretheoutletpressurepofromthecontrolvalveisgreaterthan53%oftheinletpressurepi,theflowcoefficientcanbeexpressedas:

Cv=q[SG(T+460)] 1/2/[1360(dppo)1/2](5b)

where

dp=(pipo)

po=outletgasabsolutepressure(psia)

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2017615 FlowCoefficients<i>C_v</i>andFormulasforLiquids,SteamandGasesOnlineCalculators
6000 Gasflow(Cu.ft./h)(f.a.d)

140 InletGasPressure(psia)

110 OutletGasPressure(psia)

1 upstreamSpecificGravityGas

60 GasTemperature(oF)

Calculate!

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