Seismic Design of Building With ETABS

EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING SEISMIC DESIGN STRUCTURED WITH
CANTILEVER WALLS OF CONCRETE
REGULATIONS UNDER THE ARGENTINE

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
CIRSOC Inpres-103, Part II, 2005 edition
Authors: Alejandro Jorge Amado - Silvana Nora Bustos

(Civil Engineering)
Thanks
The authors wish to thank Mr. Oscar Santos Escudero for the unconditional
and patient cooperation demonstrated in the layout and editing of this
document.
May 2008

PROMOTING BODIES
Department of Public Works Office of the

Undersecretary of the National Housing
National Institute of Technology National
Institute of Seismic Prevention Industrial
Ministry of Finance, Finance and Public Works of the Province of Neuquen
Government of the City of Buenos Aires
National Highways
Roads of the Province of Buenos Aires
Interprovincial Council of Ministers of Public Works
Argentina Construction Chamber
Professional Council of Civil
Engineering Industrial Camera Red
Ceramic
Association Portland Cement Argentine Institute
for Standardization
Techint
Acindar
MEMBERS adherents
Argentina Association of Concrete Technology for

Structural Concrete Association Association
Argentina Argentina Argentina Concrete Block
Association Prepared Concrete Structural
Engineers Association
Argentine Center of Engineers
Argentine Steel Institute
Telefnica de Argentina South
Gas Conveyor Engineering
Quasdam
Central Society of Architects
Argentina Society of Geotechnical Engineering
College of Engineers of the Province of Buenos Aires
Argentina Chamber of Aluminum and Allied Metals
Argentina Chamber Business Foundations Civil Engineering

I. INTRODUCTION
Unlike other countries, in our country, it has had until very recently, some
resistance to the implementation of systems consisting of earthquake
resistant reinforced concrete walls.
This system has historically been punished by the regulations, requiring

minimal resistance greater than for systems frames in an order of 30 to
40%, also must be considered to be stiffer than the partitions porches
systems are in the area spectrum where the resistance increases as
hyperbolic, whereby this highest resistance requirement leads to even more
conservative results.
This is due primarily to the idea, banished, that such systems have certain
disadvantages in their behavior compared to aporticados systems.
Due to the lack of a clear concept, it was said that the partitions were less
ductile than porches, blending flexibility and ductility brittleness stiffly.
And while it is true that the frames are more flexible or deformable that
partitions similar slenderness, both flexibility and rigidity are concepts of the
structures within the elastic range, while ductility and brittleness are
concepts corresponding to structures that intrude heavily on the plastic
range, which is the most desirable situation before a destructive
earthquake.
The aim of this work is to demonstrate, by example, not only that this
configuration has no such disadvantage, but on the contrary, to buildings with
certain characteristics, can be the most efficient seismic mechanism from both
structurally and economical.
The efficiency of this configuration is based on the partitions meet three

basic conditions to cover all limit states:
Resistance (Service Status - Immediate Occupancy)
Stiffness (Damage Control - Safety of life) Ductility (last
State - Preventing collapse)
It presents the following advantages:

Quick and easy design.
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Introduction

with Reinforced Concrete Walls
According Inpres-CIRSOC Regulation 103 P.II, 2005 edition
i - iv

Provide rigidity and strength with a low cost.

The stress concentration problems are avoided appearing
the gallows.
The cantilevered walls are less sensitive than the porticoes
Quality workmanship.
Being stiffer than porches, are less sensitive to
interaction with nonstructural elements.
Well-designed slender walls (proper detailing)
have high ductility and landscaped, compensate for their lack
ductility with great resistance.
Importantly, the excellent performance of the hundreds of buildings

structured with shear walls, during the March 1985 earthquake that struck
central Chile, where it really demonstrated the efficiency of the system.
Like any system, it has some drawbacks, such as:

Architectural limitations and service requirements.
If the density is small partitions, have little redundancy
structure, leading to potential problems in the foundations.
Generally, buildings are more than its own weight
systems configured with porches, a situation that generates higher
seismic shear, and therefore to higher stresses in the lateral load
resisting elements.
II. LAYOUT AND CONTENT
An example of application that includes a ten-story building located in

Seismic Zone 4 under Part I, "General Constructions" Regulation CIRSOC
Inpres-103, 1991 edition develops below; whose structural configuration
consists of two rugged systems with different objectives:
1) Porches and concrete partitions Resistant gravity load system.
2) Lateral load resistant system (earthquake): Partitions of concrete

cantilever.
To facilitate interpretation of the work, some elements of the building which

were designed using the guidelines of the new Regulation (PR IC 103, Part
II) were chosen.

ii - iv

Complementing the worksheets and charts that determine the parameters

used in the design, according to the articles corresponding to the
configuration "partitions Cantilever Reinforced Concrete", set out in Part II
"Concrete Structures," presented Inpres Regulation -CIRSOC 103
Argentine Seismic Regulations for Buildings, 2005 edition.
III. NUMERICAL
EXAMPLE
Importantly, in the example given the seismic capacity of a structural system

consisting only of "concrete walls cantilever" efforts to resist these analyzes.
Therefore, the beams and columns that form the secondary structure, are
intended only to be subjected to gravity loads porches service.
Note that the structure has a highly symmetric geometry, both in plan and
elevation, thus obtaining an adequate response to seismic loads, with
reduced torsional effects due to the low eccentricity.
Such a configuration should always be a basic charge both at a structural

and architectural design should lead to an interdisciplinary venture between
designer and structuralist project from conception. This is because unlike
structured with shear frames, partitions on systems with special emphasis is
placed on structural engineer intervention at an early stage of the project
buildings, because although we will see that such a configuration is very
favorable for various causes, also presents the need for considerable
lengths blind panels, often not covered by the architectural design stage.
The chosen system has the following characteristics:

The slender partitions well designed, have good ductility, as
still having an "ultimate strain" less than porches, also
the "creep" is lower.
The slender walls (aspect ratio> 3) have a cantilevered
dominated by flexural behavior where all the time
Tipping is concentrated at the base of the septum.
The design of the walls tends to avoid all failure modes
fragile, such as cutting, bonding and instability. To
cantilevered partitions this translates into a collapse mechanism with
plastic hinges at the base.

3 - Iv

It is considered that partitions densities of the order of 2%, according

each of the directions considered analysis, it results in
structure with reasonable structural redundancy.
On the other hand, pose a basic functional building, where the distribution
of spaces for housing itself and room for movement (vertical and horizontal)
indicated is performed. This was done in order to establish a rational
distribution of the ground walls.
In the example, references to articles of the regulation in force, CIRSOC

Inpres-103, Part I, 1991 edition, are indicated as "P. I. "; and the
corresponding Regulation CIRSOC Inpres-103, 2005 edition, as "RP II. "

4 - Iv

1. EXAMPLE
It is a residential building in horizontal property, consisting of 10 levels, with

a total height of 32.5 m and a floor area of approximately 6785 m2.
The structural typology chosen as seismic system consists of "partitions

Cantilever Concrete" as defined in Regulation CIRSOC Inpres-103, 2005
edition.
1.a. Overview
(Cap. 3 P.I.) Place of installation: Seismic Zone 4

(Table 3, P.I.) Subgrade: Soil type II

(Cap. 5, P.I.) Fate and functions: Apartment building, Group B
Risk factor: d=1
(Table 2, P.I.)
1.b. Building Features
Number of floors: 10 (ten)

(Cap. 2 R.P.II.) Structural type: Partitions earthquake resistant reinforced concrete

cantilever

., R.P.II.) 1.c. Properties of Materials
Concrete: f ' c=25MPa (for seismic zone 4: 20MPa f ' c45MPa)
., R.P.II.)
., R.P.II.) Steel: = 420 MPa; fyt = 420MPa (for all seismic zones: fy 420MPa;
fand
f yt 420 MPa or fyt 500MPa
Mezzanines and roof: solid slabs Systems assembled in two

addresses
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Building Features

1

Figure 1 shows the general layout of the building in which the areas of the
floors for homes and areas for horizontal and vertical movement indicated is
shown
24.5 m
4.50 m 6.50 m 4.50 m
4.50 m
6.50 m
31.0 m
6.50 m
And
4.50 m
HOUSE TYPE
X
VERTICAL
AND
HORIZONTAL
MOVEMENT
Fig 1.: GENERAL PLANT - FUNCTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

2

Figure 2 shows the perspective of the building is shown, showing the

structural typology adopted, ie "Earthquake Resistant Reinforced Concrete
Walls"
Fig 2.: STRUCTURAL TYPE OF BUILDING (PERSPECTIVE)

3

In Figure 3 the plant type structure, corresponding to the 1st to 10th floor
and the views south and west is presented (elevations)
4, 5 6, 5 4, 5
T 5x T 6x
4.5
T4
T6
T8
6.5
T 3x 4x T
6.5
8.0
4.5
And
T 1x
2x
T7
X
0
PLANT TYPE STRUCTURE
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.5
VISTA WEST VISTA SOUTH
Fig 3: STRUCTURAL BUILDING SCHEME

4

In the forms of FIGURE 4, the transverse dimensions of the walls, columns

and beams for building different levels and for each of the main directions of
the same, that is, X and Y are indicated
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT A- SEPTA

SEPTA as "X - X" SEPTA as "Y - Y"
LEVEL
bw[Mm] Lw[Mm] bw[Mm] Lw[Mm]
1st to 3rd 400 7000 400 8000
4th to 7th 300 7000 300 8000
8th to 10th 200 7000 200 8000
B FRAMES A VERTICAL LOADS

COLUMNS
LEVEL
bc[Mm] hc[Mm]
1st to 3rd 400 400
4th to 7th 350 350
8th to 10th 300 300

BEAMS
LEVEL
Type Lb[Mm] b [mm] d [mm]
1 6500 200 500

1st to 3rd 2 4500 200 400
3 3000 200 300
1 6500 200 500

4th to 7th 2 4500 200 400
3 3000 200 300
1 6500 200 500

8th to 10th 2 4500 200 400
3 3000 200 300
Fig 4.: STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS

5

1.d. Features slabs

All solid slabs of the building are reinforced concrete and supported at its
two main directions.

CIRSOC 101 Load analysis

Three different destinations to which corresponds an analysis of specific
loads are distinguished.

I - House
2
1) Weight (e = 0.15 m) 3.60 KN / m

2
2) Subfloor (H Simple, em = 0.05 m) 1.10 KN / m
3
22
3) Ceramic floor 0.25 KN / m
1

2
4) Ceiling 0.15 KN / m 4

I slab Detail
2
Overload according destino2,50 KN / m

Q = 7.60 KN / m
2

II - Landings, corridors and stairways

2
1) Weight (e = 0.15 m) 3.60 KN / m
2) Subfloor (H Simple, em = 0.05 m) 1.10 KN /

2
m 3
2

2
3) Ceramic floor 0.25 KN / m
1
4) Ceiling 0.15 KN / m
2
Slab Detail II
2
2
Q = 9.10 KN / m
III - Ceiling
2
1) Weight (e = 0.15 m) 3.60 KN / m
2
2) Subfloor (H Simple, em = 0.05 m) 1.10 KN / m
2
3) Thermal Insulation (em = 0.10 m) 1.00 KN / m
5
2 4
4) Waterproof insulation (roofing membrane) 0.05 KN / m 3
2
2
5) Ceramic tile and mezcla0,60 KN / m 1
2 6
6) Ceiling 0.15 KN / m
Slab Detail III
2
2
Q = 9.00 KN / m
(CIRSOC 201) 1.e. Considerations of durability of concrete
To create the required coating should have the armor of the various
6
elements
of the
structure

7
resistant building, we need to determine the minimum durability of concrete

used.
From Tables 2.1 and 2.5 of Regulation 201 CIRSOC, the kind of exposure
to corrosion in the reinforcement and minimum specified concrete strength
are determined, respectively, ie:
Exposure class: A1
f '(low): H - 20
c
prescribed in accordance with Article 7.7 (CIRSOC 201), for the condition "c"
(concrete not exposed to the outside or in contact with the ground), it is for
building example
Exposure class: A1
Minimum cover [mm]

Structural element
Slabs

For bars long: db <32 mm 20 mm or db
Beam
s
db; 20 mm <db<40 mm
* Main Frame 20 mm
* Stirrups
Columns / partitions 2nd floor to 10th floor

* Main Frame db; 20 mm <db<40 mm
* Stirrups 20 mm
Columns / partitions 1st floor (ground floor)

* Main
35 mm
reinforcement db>
16 mm

30 mm
db<16 mm
Note: You need to armor coatings meet specifications for fire

resistance of concrete.

8

(1.4. R.P.II.) 1.1.METHOD OF ANALYSIS

General seismic analysis methods specified in Chapter 14 of Part I "General
Constructions" apply, with some modifications for application to the capacity
design capacity design originally was developed for application to the static
method. As in this case the stresses in the structure are in equilibrium, it is

permissible to use the derived method of equivalent static forces as
reference values.

Furthermore, although the effects obtained with the modal spectral analysis,
(1.4.2., R.P.II.) for each mode of vibration, are in balance; not the case for modal
superposition, where the envelope is obtained stresses which can occur at
different times. That is, that these requests are not in equilibrium and
therefore can not be taken as reference values.

The actual values of the first vibration mode as reference values are thus
used, whereas static analysis represents approximately the contribution of
that mode.

Considering all the above, will be used as the method of seismic analysis
"METHOD STATIC".

1.1.1. Static seismic analysis of the building

(Cap. 14, P.I.) 1.1.1. a. Introduction
Given the regularity in plan and elevation the building presents the method
of "Equivalent Static Forces" will apply.

Presented below are the requirements were respected for that application,
and specifying the Chapter 14 of Part I of Regulation 103 Inpres-CIRSOC.

1.1.1. b. Limits application of the static method

The static method is a method that is based primarily on the mode shape
(14.1.6., P.I.) associated with the first mode of vibration of the structure, the regulation
limits its application to structures which can be considered negligible
influence of the higher modes of vibration in response to seismic excitation.

Such restrictions are:
Limit building height according to the seismic zone in which
is located, and the Group to which it belongs according to
fate and functions.
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Static Seismic Analysis

8

Limit the fundamental period (To) to a value not greater than three
times
the period of the end of the spectrum corresponding ceiling design
(T2)
Achieve regularity in the distribution of mass and rigidity in both
plan and elevation.
Table 12 (Part I) - Building height limitation for the application of the static method.
Construction by destination and functions

Seismic Zone Group Aor Group A Group B

4 12 m 30 m 40 m
and
16 m 40 m 55 m
3
The earthquake resistant building structure under study meets the three
basic requirements for the lawful application of static method, namely:
Presents regularity in the distribution of mass and rigidity in both
plant as elevation.
The total height of the building (located in seismic zone IV and belonging
Group "B") is 32.5 m.
The fundamental period of vibration of the structure is within
prescribed limits, as determined below.
(14.1.1., P.I.) 1.1.1. c. Evaluation of seismic lateral forces

(Cap. 9 P.I.) 1.1.1. c.1. Gravity loads to consider

To evaluate the lateral seismic forces, gravity loads are replaced by a
system of concentrated loads applied to the levels corresponding to the
ceiling and floor structures of the building.
This concentrated load (Wk), is obtained by adding to the loads

corresponding to level (self weight of beams, slabs, insulation, subfloor,
etc., plus a fraction of the overhead of service), the weight of structural and
non-structural elements who fall between two horizontal planes located half
the height of the two floors adjacent to the "k" level of interest.
(9.1., P.I.) The gravitational load (Wk), k corresponding to the level obtained with the
following expression:
Wk=G k+Lk

9

where:

G k: Gravitational constant load.

Lk: Overloads CIRSOC service under Regulation 101.
( ): Participation Factor overload, whose values
minimum listed in Table 6 (P. I.)
The weights of the appendages of the last level (tanks, equipment, etc.) may
be assumed integrated to it, provided that their weight does not exceed 25%
of the weight of that level. If this is not met, should be considered an
additional layer.
(1.3., R.P.II.) Using a factor of overload participation =0.5; the

resulting values of Wk for different levels of the building are the
following:
Wk[KN] Hk[M]

Level
10 6370 32.5
9 6750 29.5

8 6750 26.5
7 7100 23.4
6 7100 20.3
5 7150 17.2
4 7150 14.1
3 7600 10.9
2 7600 7.7
1 8200 4.5

W Total 71770
(12.2.1., P.I.) 1.1.1. c.2. Fundamental period of vibration of the structure

The fundamental period of vibration of a structure is a very dynamic feature of it,
and is the period of the first mode of free vibration or fundamental mode of
vibration in the direction of analysis considered.

To estimate this critical period, the Regulation allows for approximate
formulas of structural dynamics, assuming a discretization of mass, applied
in concentrated form level mezzanines and roof. Also assume values
supports period

10

(12.2.3., PI) key obtained through measurements in buildings with similar characteristics, or by
empirical formulas.
(12.2.2., P.I.) In general, for buildings that can be seen as embedded in its base, the
Regulation establishes the following formula:

n

Wiori2 (I)
i=1
T=2 n
g Fiori
i=1

where:

Wi: Gravitational load is supposed concentrated at level i.
g: Acceleration of gravity.
or i: Static displacement level (i) caused by the system

of forces horizontal normalized Fi acting
simultaneously on the (n) levels of the building.

Forces, Fi expressed in the same units as loads Wi,
are determined with the following expression:
Wihi
F=
i n
Wihi
i =1
Where hi the height from the baseline to the level (i).
For buildings such as the example presented regularity in plan and

elevation, Regulation considered sufficiently approximate the following
expression:
Wn or
T0=2 (II)
ngF
n

where:

Wn; orn; F n have for the level (N), the same meaning
previously defined for level (i).
Alternatively, the regulation allows use for determining the fundamental

period To, the following empirical formula.

11

hn 30 2
T oe = + (III)
100 l 1+
30d

where:

hn: Overall building height, measured in meters, from the grassroots
to the last typical floor;
L: Length of plant type, depending on the direction of analysis

considered in meters;

d: Wall density, resulting from the ratio of the horizontal section of
the walls arranged in the direction of analysis considered and the
total area of the plant type should only be considered where
those walls which are rigidly attached to the main structure and
that extend along of the total building height (hn).
Equation (I) was used for this example. These sheets allow to obtain values
of the fundamental period of vibration for each of the two directions of
analysis considered the building, ie:
Address X

ADDRESS X-X To
LEVEL Wi[KN] hi[M] Fi[KN] 2
ori[M] Wu [KNm Fiori[KNm] [sec]
i i2
10 6370 32.5 0.159575 0.0000047 1,40713E-07 7,50004E-07

9 6750 29.5 0.153486 0.0000041 1,13468E-07 6,29292E-07
8 6750 26.5 0.137877 0.0000034 7,803E-08 4,68783E-07

7 7100 23.4 0.128061 0.0000028 5,5664E-08 3,58571E-07
6 7100 20.3 0.111096 0.0000022 3,4364E-08 2,44411E-07

0.82
5 7150 17.2 0.094793 0.0000017 2,06635E-08 1,61148E-07
4 7150 14.1 0.077708 0.0000012 1,0296E-08 9,32501E-08

3 7600 10.9 0.063853 0.0000007 3,724E-09 4,46973E-08
2 7600 7.7 0.045107 0.0000004 1,216E-09 1,80429E-08

1 8200 4.5 0.028443 0.0000001 8,2E-11 2,84426E-09
W i.hi= 1297350 4,5822E-07 2,77104E-06

12

Direction

ADDRESS AND-Y Tor
LEVEL W [KN]
i h [m]
i F [KN]
i 2
ori[M] Wu [KNm Fiori[KNm] [Sec]
i i2
10 6370 32.5 0.159575 0.0000025 3,98125E-08 3,98938E-07

9 6750 29.5 0.153486 0.0000021 2,97675E-08 3,2232E-07
8 6750 26.5 0.137877 0.0000018 2,187E-08 2,48179E-07

7 7100 23.4 0.128061 0.0000015 1,5975E-08 1,92092E-07

6 7100 20.3 0.111096 0.0000012 1,0224E-08 1,33315E-07
0.59
5 7150 17.2 0.094793 0.0000009 5,7915E-09 8,53139E-08
4 7150 14.1 0.077708 0.0000006 2,574E-09 4,6625E-08

3 7600 10.9 0.063853 0.0000004 1,216E-09 2,55413E-08
2 7600 7.7 0.045107 0.0000002 3,04E-10 9,02147E-09

1 8200 4.5 0.028443 0.0000001 8,2E-11 2,84426E-09
W i.hi= 1297350
1,27617E-07 1,46419E-06
Using the ETABS Nonlinear 8.1.3 program obtained the

displacements ui applying the normalized forces F i each
addresses analyzed.
It is clear that in order to properly model the behavior of the structure, these
movements, like the values of the periods of vibration that subsequently
occur, were determined from the "effective cross section" of the elements of
the building structure .
On the other hand, certain periods by the program for the first three
vibration modes are presented. As shown these are very similar to those
obtained with the formula of the structural dynamics.
Period
Mode Street
address (s)
1 X 0,816
2 A 0,595
3 comb. 0,531
(12.2.4., P.I.) In order to take into account the influence of the higher modes of vibration,
the regulation states that buildings analyzed using Static Method, the values
of the critical period

13

apply in determining the seismic coefficient, may not be

greater than 1.25 Toe in seismic zones 3 and 4; nor greater than 1.5 Toe
in the other.
Values of periods obtained by the empirical formula for each of the two main
directions of analysis are:
Geometrical characteristics of the building:
Hn = 32, 5m (Total height)
L x=24.5m (Length in direction X)
Land=31,0m (Length along the direction Y)
dx=0, 0214 (density walls: Living walls in X,

with respect to the covered area of the plant
dand=0, 0326 (density walls: Living walls in the Y direction,

with respect to the covered area of the plant
T0ex =0 1.25 508 sec T0ex = 0, 63 sec
T0ex =0 1.25 457 sec T0ex =0, 57 sec
(8.2., P.I.) 1.1.1. c.3. Overall ductility of the structure

In seismic areas, resistant building structure is configured using earthquake
resistant vertical planes linked together by rigid diaphragms, understood as
such, slabs can withstand forces contained in its plane, with relatively low
strains with respect to the planes aforementioned vertical.

These vertical planes can be formed by different structural types, the most
used:
Earthquake resistant reinforced concrete frames.
Earthquake resistant reinforced concrete walls, cantilevered or
coupled.
Earthquake resistant reinforced concrete frames with stiffened
masonry.
Masonry walls chained beams and columns
Reinforced concrete.

14

The value of the overall ductility , is determined assuming that the

structure evenly participates in the dissipation of energy by inelastic
deformation, avoiding localized plastic deformation. This is accomplished by
distributing as evenly as possible the strength and stiffness of the building
both in plan and elevation.
(8.3., P.I.) The Regulation establishes the overall ductility values for different
structural types, different quality of material, and depending on the degree

of structural regularity in elevation.
(2.1.2., R.P.II.) For this example, the value of the overall ductility adopted for each
one of the two directions of analysis is =4 (Corresponding to
systems earthquake resistant reinforced concrete walls with regularity in
plan and elevation).
(14.1.1.2., 1.1.1. c.4. Determination of the seismic coefficient design

P.I.)
The seismic coefficient " C s "under the direction of analysis

It considered, is determined by the following expression:
Cs= S
to d
R

where:

S to: Pseudoaceleracin horizontal rubber expressed as a fraction of
the acceleration of gravity, as determined by
Article 7.2 (P. I.)

d:
Risk factor that is adopted in accordance with Article 5.2 (PI)
R: Reduction factor for power dissipation, whose value is determined

by considering the guidelines of Article 8.1 (PI).
(14.1.6.c) P.I.) Are presented below the coefficients obtained for the two directions of
analysis considered:

15

Address X-X Address Y-Y

To [sec] 0.63 0.57
T1 [s] 0.30 0.30
T2 [sec] 0.60 0.60
d 1.00 1.00
4.00 4.00
b 1.05 1.05
Sa 1.02 1.05
R 4.00 4.00
C 0.25 0.26
(14.1.1., P.I.) 1.1.1. c.5. Horizontal seismic forces

Article 11.2 (PI) that the structures are analyzed considering seismic actions
act independently in two orthogonal directions, which are adopted in

accordance with the requirements of Article 11.5 (PI).

The baseline construction is determined, from which the forces that make
the equivalent system to seismic action in the direction of analysis obtained

considered. These forces are assumed to be concentrated at the level of
the mezzanines and roof of the building, where they assumed Wi applied
gravity loads.

1.1.1. c.6. Shear stress at the base of the construction

(14.1.1.1.,
P.I.) The shear stress on the basis of the construction, acting as each of the
scanning directions considered, is determined by the following expression:
Vor=CW
where:
C: Seismic design coefficient in the direction of analysis considered.
W: Total gravitational load in the base level of the building.
n
W= Wi
i=1

16

The values of Vo obtained for each of the addresses, are:
W = (6370 + 6750 + 6750 + 7100 + 7100 + 7150 + 7150 + 7600 + 7600 + 8200) KN
W=KN 71770
Vox =C xW=0.25 x 71770 KN =KN 17943
Vox =C andW=0.26 x 71770 KN =KN 18660
., P.I.) 1.1.1. c.7. Height distribution of shear stress at the base
The shear Vo previously calculated, is distributed according to

the
building height to obtain the system of horizontal forces, concentrated level
mezzanines and roof, equivalent to the seismic action.
The value of the horizontal force level corresponding to the generic k

Fk
construction arises from the following expression:
Fk= W h
k k Vor
n

Wihi
i =1
where:
WWi ky: for levels (k) and (i) respectively gravity loads.

hkand hi: high security level, measured from the base.

Vor: Shear stress at the base, according to the direction considered.
., P.I.) Certain horizontal seismic forces Fk, we can obtain the

transnational effort to cut following Vk, at the generic level k by
expression:
n
Vk=Fi
i=k

17

Gravity loads - seismic forces - cutting efforts seismic
Address X - X Address Y - Y
Level Wk[KN] hk[KN]
Vox [KN] Fkx [KN] Vkx [KN] Voy [KN] Fky [KN] Vky [KN]
10 6370 32.5 2863 2863 2978 2978

9 6750 29.5 2754 5617 2864 5842
8 6750 26.5 2474 8091 2573 8415

7 7100 23.4 2298 10389 2390 10804
6 7100 20.3 1993 12382 2073 12877
17943 18660
5 7150 17.2 1701 14083 1769 14646
4 7150 14.1 1394 15478 1450 16096
3 7600 10.9 1146 16623 1192 17288
2 7600 7.7 809 17433 842 18129
1 8200 4.5 510 17943 531 18660
Total Wk* Hk= 1297350
Seismic forces Diagram shear
MODELING BUILDING
The values of seismic shear per level, obtained by applying the ETABS
8.1.3 program are presented. In comparison, the high precision can be
achieved with a simple application process as is the "Static Method" is
observed.
18

LEVEL Load VX[KN] VAnd[KN]

FX -2961.18 0
10
FY 0 -3079.62
FX -5658 0
9
FY 0 -5884.16
FX -8090.69 0
8
FY 0 -8414.47
FX -10,395.35 0
7
FY 0 -10,811.33
FX -12,524.1 0
6
FY 0 -13,025.22
FX -14,327.76 0
5
FY 0 -14,901.03
FX -15,814.71 0
4
FY 0 -16,447.46
FX -17,045.09 0
3
FY 0 -17,727.05
FX -17,967.43 0
2
FY 0 -18,686.28
FX -18,553.77 0
1
FY 0 -19,296.06
Cortes under seismic program ETABS 8.1.3
1.1.1. c.8. Distribution of shear stress between the (vertical) resistance

elements of each floor
As already mentioned, the cutting effort acting as each of the addresses of

analysis considered in a generic building level is assumed as a
concentrated load applied to the corresponding mezzanine assumed as
rigid diaphragm in its plane.
Said diaphragm have translational and rotational movements that cause

deformations and consequently efforts in the sismorresistentes vertical
elements linked to it.
The effort that each of these elements absorb, is a function of the relative
rigidities of these.
(14.1.1.7., Depending on the degree of asymmetry in plant and structural configuration

P.I.) of the building, the Regulation provides in Article 14.1.1.7.2 their

19

(PI), how to evaluate the rotational effects and defines three cases for which
the method is applicable to static analysis.
With a similar approach, ie, depending on the regularity of the structure in

plan and elevation, provides the way to consider the horizontal seismic
action acting according to each of the two directions of analysis. As the
case should be considered in the design, the worst value resulting from
combining the effects of gravity loads, the entire seismic action according to
one of the directions, and a percentage of seismic activity according to the
direction orthogonal to the previous where appropriate.
In general:
Earthquake in gravitational Address 1 Address 2% in Quake

Quake towards Gravitational 2% Earthquake in direction 1
In particular, for the building under study, considering the great regularity in
plan and elevation, and considering that the structural type is the same as
the two directions of analysis (earthquake resistant reinforced concrete
walls cantilevered), concurrency the effects of seismic action considered is:
Earthquake in gravitational Gravitational

Address 1 Address 2 Earthquake in
For example, as all of the walls, according to each of the two directions of
analysis, they have the same geometry (length and thickness equal at each
level), also have the same rigidity, and therefore the cutting translational
actuating each is simply the total court acting at each level of the structure
divided by the number of partitions.
Address X Direction

Level Number of Number of
Vkx [KN] Vky [KN]
Partitions Partitions
10 477.2 372.2

9 936.2 730.2

8 1348.5 1051.8
7 1731.5 1350.5
6 2063.7 1609.6
6 8
5 2347.2 1830.8
4 2579.6 2012.0
3 2770.5 2160.9
2 2905.4 2266.2
1 2990.5 2332.5
And cutting level septum

20

Simultaneously, in order to take into account non-uniform load or resistance

of the elements distribution, is considered for all structures, a further
accidental self eccentricity eccentricity.
The value of the torque generated by said eccentricity is:
M tk =(1.5 e1+0.10 l) Vk
M tk =(E1 0.10 l) Vk
where:
Mtk: k torque level in the Moment;

Vk: Shear stress level k;

and1: Distance between the CS level k and the line of action of the
shear stress measured perpendicular to the direction considered;
Maximum plan dimension measured perpendicular to the

l: direction of Vk
The most unfavorable to the stresses of the vertical planes sismorresistentes

value is taken.
Cutting due to the effect of twist in each partition seismic plant can be
determined by the following expression:
Q =M Ki d i
tor i tor 2
i K id i

where:

K: Stiffness of the element (in the direction analyzed)

d: Distance between the centroid of the element and the (CR)
"center of rigidity", measured perpendicular to the direction
analyzed
:
Sum (must be done considering the elements that work in both

directions)

21

Cutting rotational partition

Tr Court, Tr Court, Excent, x Excent M tkx Mtky
Tab, s / x Tab, s / Tab, s /
and per per
Vkx [KN] Vky [KN] [m] (T1, T2, T5, and (T1, T2, and (T3, T4,
[M] floor floor
T6) T7 T8) T5 T6)
2863 2978 8876 7295 143 144 26
5617 5842 17413 14312 281 283 52

8091 8415 25083 20616 405 407 75
10389 10804 32206 26470 519 523 96
12382 12877 38385 31549 619 623 114
3.10 2.45
14083 14646 43658 35883 704 708 130
15478 16096 47980 39435 774 779 143
16623 17288 51532 42355 831 836 154
17433 18129 54041 44417 872 877 161
17943 18660 55623 45717 897 903 166
Distribution cutting plan (approximate method)
The following table transnational cutoff values, rotational and total for T5Y
T1X and partitions, which are chosen to implement all of the capacity
design concepts and related regulatory requirements are presented.
Translational Rotational Court Court / Court / tab Force / tab Force / tab
Flat Co rt t b
VKX [KN] Vky [KN] P1X [KN] P5Y [KN] P1X [KN] P5Y [KN] P1X [KN] P5Y [KN]
10 477.2 372.2 143.2 26.5 620.4 398.7 620.4 398.7
9 936.2 730.2 280.9 51.9 1217.1 782.1 596.7 383.5
8 1348.5 1051.8 404.6 74.8 1753.1 1126.6 536.0 344.5
7 1731.5 1350.5 519.4 96.0 2250.9 1446.5 497.9 319.9
6 2063.7 1609.6 619.1 114.4 2682.8 1724.0 431.9 277.5
5 2347.2 1830.8 704.2 130.1 3051.4 1960.9 368.5 236.8
4 2579.6 2012.0 773.9 143.0 3353.5 2155.0 302.1 194.1
3 2770.5 2160.9 831.2 153.6 3601.7 2314.5 248.2 159.5
2 2905.4 2266.2 871.6 161.1 3777.1 2427.2 175.4 112.7
1 2990.5 2332.5 897.1 165.8 3887.6 2498.3 110.6 71.1
3887.6 2498.3
Composition of translational and rotational partition cutting
(Cap. 13., P.I.) 1.1.1. d. Deformation monitoring

Mainly in buildings of a certain height, like the example, it is likely that in an
earthquake of medium intensity, as much material loss occurs due to
damage to nonstructural elements.

22

The control of this effect is performed by limiting lateral deformations of the

structure, this helps to ensure conditions of stability and strength of the
building, taking into account the effect of pounding between adjacent
buildings.
To this end, the Regulation prescribes in Chapter 13 (PI) the limits of the
horizontal distortions floor provides a rough way to take into account the P-
Delta effects and establishes how to size separation and seismic joints.
(13.1., P.I.) 1.1.1. d.1. Control of the lateral distortion of floor
The flat lateral distortion sk, is the ratio of the deformation

horizontally between two consecutive levels relative s and the height of
separates hsk. the
k
k-k-1 sk
sk = =
hsk hsk
where:
k,k-1: Total horizontal displacements for the upper and lower floor level considered.
The elastic displacements are obtained by multiplying by the ductility

, the values of displacements obtained by considering the action
Seismic reduced by the energy dissipation capacity of the structure.
The Regulation sets the maximum limit values of the lateral distortion of flat
in terms of three parameters:
Within which the Group has framed construction. (P.I., 5.1)
Daabilidad Condition (D) of non-structural elements:
when they are directly linked to the structure,
so they can be damaged by the deformations imposed by it.
Condition of No Daabilidad (ND) of the elements no
structural when they are detached from the structure
resistant, so it will not be damaged by the deformations imposed by it.

23

(13.1.1., PI) The limit values which are presented below, have been taken with reference to the
values of the corresponding shares destructive earthquake seismic design, being
implicitly covers the conditions of service of construction.
Maximum values of lateral distortion of flat
Construction Group
Condition
Ao A B
Daabilidad (D) 0,010 0,011 0,014
No Daabilidad (ND) 0,010 0,015 0,019
For example building, are presented below the values of the lateral
distortion floor, according to the two directions of analysis
considered, determined from shifts k obtained
with ETABS 8.1.3 program, using the comb forces Fk:
Address X
Level hsk [cm] sk [cm] sk =- -1 sk

10 300 8.89 4 4.76 0.0159
9 300 7.70 4 4.72 0.0157
8 300 6.52 4 4.36 0.0145
7 310 5.43 4 4.84 0.0156
6 310 4.22 4 4.20 0.0135
5 310 3.17 4 3.80 0.0123
4 320 2.22 4 3.28 0,0103
3 320 1.40 4 2.60 0.0081
2 320 0.75 4 1.88 0.0059
1 450 0.28 4 1.12 0.0025

24

Direction
Level hsk [cm] sk [cm] sk =- -1 sk

10 300 4.67 4 2.44 0.0081
9 300 4.06 4 2.48 0.0083
8 300 3.44 4 2.48 0.0083
7 310 2.82 4 2.32 0.0075
6 310 2.24 4 2.24 0.0072
5 310 1.68 4 2.00 0.0065
4 320 1.18 4 1.72 0.0054
3 320 0.75 4 1.36 0.0043
2 320 0.41 4 1.00 0.0031
BUILDING SCHEME
It may be noted that the distortions of floor are in all cases below the
maximum limiting regulation. This is another advantage of this type of
structural configuration, considering the better performance of nonstructural
elements, primarily for certain destinations of buildings.

25

., R.P.II.) 1.2. DESIGN METHOD
Given the uncertainty is in determining the demand for resistance generate

a destructive earthquake on structures, and considering the weak
estimation which are currently defining the current regulatory limits, arises
here is that a strategy of design that, within certain limits, becomes
independent of the application. Attention is then focused on the ability of
structures to dissipate seismic energy through inelastic significant inroads
into the field, or plastic deformation.
In the seismic case, focus primarily on the ability of structures, means

creating structures that are broadly tolerant of imposed deformations, ie,
having a capacity well above the maximum expected demand, which by the
way is always uncertain deformation.
As a corollary: the minimum strength specified by current regulations

provide only a reasonable parameter, based on historical earthquakes and
recorded, and can get very far from the actual demand.
The elastic structural analysis currently accepted professional practice, is

relatively unimportant when trying to estimate the behavior of structures with
strong inroads into the inelastic range. And although this does not mean
that structures with destructive earthquakes satisfactory response can not
be achieved, it must be emphasized detailed procedures of the same
design.
The capacity design is a design method (no analysis) deterministic, rational,

and relatively simple, developed in New Zealand over the last twenty years
that has spread to other countries.
The basic capacity design guidelines are:

Collapse mechanism (defining areas forming plastic hinges potential) is
selected, giving a nominal resistance these points as close as possible
to the strength required from combinations defined load states 1.3 (Ch1,
RP II.). Then, these parts are carefully detailed to ensure ductility
demand estimated to develop. This is accomplished primarily by placing
closely spaced transverse reinforcement and well anchored.
The points chosen as energy dissipators (plastic hinges)
undesirable modes are specially designed to inhibit
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Design Method

26

inelastic deformation, such as those caused by faults cutting, anchoring or

instability. Thereby ensuring that the resistance of these modes is greater
than that of the plastic hinge, when they develop their inflected
Overstrength (capacity).
So also, the areas potentially fragile, or those
components that can not have a stable energy dissipation
granting them greater resistance designed that plastic hinges. It thus
ensures that these areas will remain essentially elastic regardless of the
seismic demand. Thus, the discussion of these elements can be
specified in conventional CIRSOC Regulation 201.
(3.4., R.P.II.) 1.2.1. Stiffnes
s

To obtain true values of strains and stresses in statically indeterminate
structures, and to estimate the period of vibration, it should be noted the
effect of degradation of rigidity due to cracking in the elements.

Although the effects of cracking vary along the element according to the
features of the diagram of moments, it is valid to take average values of the
effective properties of the sections.

(3.4.1., R.P.II.) Recommended for reinforced concrete walls, values depending on the level
of axial load to which they are subjected, ie:
Axial stress level Iand Aand
Por/ F ' cAg= 0.20 0.45 I g 0.80 A g
Por/ F ' cAg= 0.00 0.25 I g 0.50 A g
Por/ F ' cAg= -0.20 0.15 I g 0.30 A g
Therefore, it must first establish the status of loads acting on each partition in
order to later define their effective values
moment of inertia Ie and Ae area as a percentage of the moments of
inertia Ig and area Ag, the net section. .
The following table shows the axial load values obtained with the program
ETABS 8.1.3 partitions lines 1X and 5Y:

27

Level Partition Load P

10 TX1 COMB2 -224.44
9 TX1 COMB2 -443.01
8 TX1 COMB2 -665.47
7 TX1 COMB2 -915.66
6 TX1 COMB2 -1190.3
5 TX1 COMB2 -1464.94
4 TX1 COMB2 -1745.38
3 TX1 COMB2 -2014.39
2 TX1 COMB2 -2347.64
1 TX1 COMB2 -2780.83

10 Ty5 COMB2 -610.88
9 Ty5 COMB2 -1210.26
8 Ty5 COMB2 -1814.1
7 Ty5 COMB2 -2405.91
6 Ty5 COMB2 -3060.17
5 Ty5 COMB2 -3714.43
4 Ty5 COMB2 -4375.33
3 Ty5 COMB2 -4940.6
2 Ty5 COMB2 -5653.46
1 Ty5 COMB2 -6480.9
Maximum axial load on partitions
For the three levels of analysis and the two lines of design partitions,
axial load levels are:
./ Level 1: Partition (T1X)
2780 , 8KN
Porf '
cAg = =0, 025
25000KN / m2(0, 40m 7 0m)
./ Level 1: Partition (T5Y)
6480,9KN
P f
' cAorg = =0, 081
25000KN / m2(0, 40m 8.0m )
1745.4KN
P f
' cAorg = =0 033
25000KN / m2(0, 30m 7 0m)
28

4375 , 3KN
Porf '
cAg = =0.073
25000KN / m2(0, 30m 8.0m)
665 , 5KN
P f
' cAorg = =0.02
25000KN / m2(0, 20m 7.0m)
1814,1KN
Porf '
cAg = =0.045
25000KN / m2(0, 20m 8.0m)
Whereas the values obtained are in the top two levels of axial load imposed
by Regulation, a linear interpolation between these parameters is
performed, and finally adopted for all partitions of the structure the following
reduction areas and moments of inertia cracking:
Axial stress level

Iand Aand
(real)
Por/ F ' cAg= 0.20 0.45 I g 0.80 A g
Por/ F ' cAg= 0.07 0.32 I g 0.60 A g
Por/ F ' cAg= 0.00 0.25 I g 0.50 A g
Moreover, one would obtain a higher accuracy by differentiating

values Iandand Aand the interior walls of the upper floors with respect to
lower, although it is considered from the point of sufficiently practical level,
with the above described linear interpolation.
., R.P.II.) 1.2.2. Structural Analysis

., R.P.II.) In addition to the provisions of Articles 11.2 (PI) and 11.4 (PI), Regulation (.
1.3.1 RPII) provides that it shall be taken to design the most adverse
combination of efforts resulting from the following:
F1L 1.2D + 1.0E + f2 S
0, 9D 1.0E
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Structural Analysis

29

where:
D: Permanent loads due to the weight of the structural elements and

the (non-structural) elements that act permanently on the
structure;
E: Effect caused by the horizontal and vertical component of the

seismic action;
L: Overload due to mobile and the fate of the building equipment;
S: Loads of snow.
., R.P.II.) On the other hand, states that the effects caused by the seismic action shall
be determined as follows:
E=E HEV
where:
E H: Horizontal component of the seismic effect as specified in Chapter 14 of Part I

"General construction" with overall ductility values specified in the Regulations,
Part II;
EV: Vertical component of seismic effect determined from the expression:
E V=0, 20 b D d
., R.P.II.) Additionally, the structure should be verified with the combinations of loads
corresponding states, which do not include the seismic action as provided in
Article 9.2 of Regulation 201 CIRSOC.

For this example, the load combinations of states that do not consider the
seismic action are:
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
To perform a three-dimensional structural analysis of the building under

consideration, the structure was modeled using the nonlinear ETABS
program 8.1.3.
Considering the way the program assumes the different types of loads,
loads pure 6 states defined, namely:

30

STATE I: Permanent loads " D "where the program calculates

automatically the weight (only) of all elements of the structure, according to
their density and section.
STATE II: Loads superpuertas "SD", this term is loaded with all the remaining
dead weight that will be part of the permanent loads acting on the structure
(against floors, flooring, paneling, ceilings, etc.)
STATE III: Overloading "L"
STATE IV: Horizontal Earthquake "EH: s / X X"
STATE V: Horizontal Earthquake "EH: s / Y Y"
STATE VI: Vertical Earthquake "EV: s / Z Z"
The following combinations of states of loads are performed:
1) 1.4D (Combo 1)
2) 1.2D +1.6L (Combo 2)
3) 1.2D +0.5L +E V
4) 0.9D -EV
5) 1.2D +0.5L +EV+E H (Combo 3x-4x-6y 5y Combo)
6) 1.2D +0.5L -EV+E H
7) 0.9D +E V+E H (7x-10x Combo, Combo-8y 9y)
8) 0.9D -E V+EH
9) 1.2D +0.5L +E V-E H
10) 1.2D + 0.5L - EV - EH
11) 0.9D +E V-EH
12) 0.9D -E V-E H
Of all the states analyzed, according to the two directions, which were worst
were:

31

Addresses X - X and Y - Y (earthquake left)

(1) 1.2D +0.5L +E V +EH
(2) 0.9D -E V+E H
Addresses X - X and Y - Y (right earthquake)

(3) 1.2D +0.5L +E V -EH
(4) 0.9D -E V-EH
1.2.2. a. Design section
The purpose of this paper is to establish the methodology for the analysis
and design process of the different structural elements of the building, using
the "Design for Ability".
It is clear that one of the objectives is to demonstrate the simplicity and

rapidity is achieved in the design of structures with walls, with respect to
portal frames.
In this example, the frames have been defined so that work exclusively
gravity loads (weak beams and columns with very small stiffness in relation
to the walls), which is why the design of these elements will not be
extended.
To illustrate the application of the capacity design method, two lines of

partitions are indicated in Figure 5 were chosen.
4, 5 6, 5 4, 5
T5X T6x
4.5
T4y
T6y
T8y
T2Y
6.
T3x T4x
6.5
8.0
T7Y
T1
T3y
T5y
4.5
And
T1x
T2x
70
X
Fig. 5:A STRUCTURAL DESIGN

32

In the figures are shown next to the selected items, the bending moment
diagram and shear force obtained through the ETABS 8.1.3. Program,
which are illustrated only those for left earthquake, due to the symmetry of
the structure.
Mnw basis Lw = 7.0 m
Fig. 6:BENDING MOMENTS [kNm], IN PARTITION "T1X"

Quake Left (EH)
Lw = 7.0 m
Fig. 7:CUTTING EFFORTS [KN], IN PARTITION "T1X"

Quake Left (EH)
33

Lw = 7.0 m Lw = 7.0 m

State of Permanent loads (D + SD)
COMBVERT
Lw = 7.0 m Lw = 7.0 m

State Service overloads (L) LIVE

34

Lw = 7.0 m Lw = 7.0 m

State Cargo (1.4 D)
COMB 1
Lw = 7.0 m Lw = 7.0 m

State Cargo (1.2 D + 1.6 L) COMB
2
35


State Cargo (1.2 D + 0.5 L + EH)
COMB 3

State Cargo (0.9 D + EH)
COMB 7
36

Fig. 14:BENDING MOMENTS [kNm], IN PARTITION "T5Y"

Quake Left (EH)
Lw = 8.0 m
Fig. 15:CUTTING EFFORTS [KN], IN PARTITION "T5Y"

Quake Left (EH)
37

Lw = 8.0 m Lw = 8.0 m

State of Permanent loads (D + SD)
COMBVERT
Lw = 8.0 m Lw = 8.0 m

State Service overloads (L) LIVE

38

Lw = 8.0 m Lw = 8.0 m

State Cargo (1.4 D)
COMB 1
Lw = 8.0 m Lw = 8.0 m

State Cargo (1.2 D + 1.6 L) COMB
2
39


State Cargo (1.2 D + 0.5 L + EH)
COMB 5
Fig. 21: BENDING MOMENTS [kNm], IN PARTITION "T5Y"

State Cargo (0.9 D + EH)
COMB 8
40

., R.P.II.) 1.2.2. b. Mechanism collapse
For application of the capacity design method is essential to define a

mechanism for adequate seismic collapse of the building structure. The
designer must choose a priori, the location of the points of potential
formation of plastic hinges in a manner conducive to the formation of a
collapse mechanism kinematically possible given the structural system.
According widely analyzed and currently accepted principles, the collapse

mechanism in reinforced concrete structures should be based on the
bending as a source of energy dissipation. That is why we should definitely
be avoided mechanisms associated with inelastic shear strains, lack of
adhesion between the reinforcement and the concrete and unstable
elements.
The fundamental principle to define these points is that, for a given overall
ductility, the ductility demands associated curvature in the plastic hinges,
are kept within acceptable limits.
In Figure 22, various possible mechanisms shown walls collapse. Must

differentiate those that are desirable or acceptable
(a) and avoid (b), (c), (d).
a) Bending b) Court c) Court by sliding a d) Cutting the base slidably

(diagonal Drive) plastic hinge
Fig. 22MECHANISMS OF TROUBLE CANTILEVER WALLS
It is noteworthy that for cantilevered partitions, the design must be such that
it is able to develop the ball at the base by bending the same, preventing all
brittle failure modes such as the cutting, adhesion and overall instability of
the septum.
The preferential location of the patella (at the bottom of the partition),
because for the same global ductility demand associated local ductility
should be the minimum possible.
As the area of potential training plastic hinge is located above the base of
the partition, the aforementioned demand for local ductility, will grow.
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Collapse Mechanism

41

Therefore, if the longitudinal reinforcement be designed following the

moment diagrams elastic either the lateral load equivalent or some other
method of elastic analysis, the probability that the ball will develop in any
part along the height the septum would be the same.
Then, you can begin to consider the idea of strengthening the armor of the
upper zone (on resistance) relative to the base.
Another fault to be taken into account in the design of the armor, which is
often called "cutting dominance", which is actually caused by the failure
"diagonal tension". In this case you must be aware that if we admit a fault
at 45 diagonal tension, the effective armor to control this effect occurs is
the horizontal, for slender walls, which works sewing crack.
The vertical reinforcement, serves as a "pin", and that this resistance is

mobilized significant deformations are needed, so this last resistance should
be neglected and the area of potential formation of plastic hinges, all the cut
should be absorbed by horizontal reinforcement; except the small cut portion
which is capable of absorbing the concrete wall.
The other type of failure (Figure Ac), is cutting the laminated slip zone,
which is the idea of cutting beams sliding bearings. This type of failure is not
of importance in slender walls.
The last type of failure is "cutting sliding construction joints," which can
occur at any level of the septum.
In this type of failure, the source of resistance to cutting, if there were no

special armor, armor is through the vertical, which has two effects, friction
and shear pin effect.
When the latter two resistances developed by the vertical reinforcement are
exceeded, as occurs in shear zones reversible sliding plastic hinges, place
as the only alternative, diagonal weave.
The collapse mechanism chosen to study the building is (a), which is

recommended for slender walls, cantilever.
In this case they shall be completed splices juxtaposition of longitudinal

reinforcement in the potential plastic hinge formation, since the capacity of these
points (joints) deteriorates rapidly under cyclic deformation inelastic, unless it is
available important transverse reinforcement to provide the closing force

42

necessary. Furthermore, this area still being adequately detailed, the presence
of joints drastically reduces the length over which the rods can flow.
Therefore, for a given rotational plastic will be developed in the longitudinal

reinforcement, higher tensile deformation. This phenomenon may lead to a
concentration of damage on a short length of the partition and possibly to
premature fracture of the bars.
Scheme partitions mechanism in X-X
Scheme YY direction partitions mechanism Fig. 23:
COLLAPSE MECHANISM ADOPTED

43

Modeling the collapse mechanism
While the potential for formation of plastic hinge region, according to collapse
mechanism adopted is defined in the bottom of the septum; is clear that the ball
joint bending (desirable) begin to develop in one end of the partition, and as
loads are increased, the labeling will be moving towards the middle area of the
base of the septum.
The representation of the situation is far from simple, since the program
does not have ETABS 8.1.3 tools that allow representation type swivels area
elements, such as partitions.
Anyway, it is applied a equivalent representation approximating with good

accuracy this effect:
The baffle edges (horizontal and vertical) are modeled as
line (beams and columns) elements, with a section that does not
increase the strength or stiffness characteristics provided for the original
wall.
In the vertical elements (columns) will be modeled bearings
inflected in its base; and the lower beam, will be modeled five
bearings distributed over its length to try to simulate the effect previously
mentioned.
NOTE: It should be noted that to achieve appropriate behavior to what is

intended, the modeling of the structure has been done "releasing" all the
ends of the building interior beams (Moment releases). Thus, the beams
take gravity loads, without some resistance to seismic loads, allowing the
walls to absorb all such loads.
(3.3., R.P.II.) 1.2.2. c. Checking the dimensions of the partitions

It is important to establish the relationship between the dimensions of the
earthquake-resistant walls, to avoid unwanted effects such as lateral
buckling (out of the plane of the septum), in the potential plastic hinge
formation, which occurs when the thickness of the same is insufficient.

In the previous Part II (1991 edition), the provisions relating to premature
buckling out of the plane of the septum, were based on concepts of Euler
buckling. Recent theoretical and experimental investigations, conducted in
New Zealand, indicate that the potential out of the plane in the area of
plastic hinge buckling occurs after the critical edge area has been subjected
to large inelastic deformations traction.
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Dimensional Limitations

44

When seismic actions are reversed, the previously formed large cracks
should shut before the flexural rigidity of the section, necessary for stability
is restored.
Due to the irregular closing of the cracks, it was observed in this state, out
of plane buckling.
Regulation (R.P.II.); Chapter 3, specific dimensional limitations to consider

for cantilevered partitions, as described below:
The main parameters affecting the partition instability under such

circumstances are:
(a) Maximum deformations of the tensile reinforcement, as measured by

the bending ductility.
(b) The wall thickness at the critical edge zone.
(c) The arrangement of the vertical frame (in one or two layers)
(d) The amount of vertical reinforcement in the border zone. As

the amount l increases, the closing of the cracks formed are
immediately
previously.

(e) The probable buckling length.

Although the relationship between these parameters is relatively simple, the

expressions derived from fundamental principles do not lead to an easy
implementation for routine design.

Therefore, the terms contained in the provisions contain a number of

simplifications that allow incorporation into the design process without
significant loss of accuracy.

(C3.3.1., R.P.II.) To prevent lateral buckling, the thickness of the edge region of the
wall section, can not be less than bcr given by the equation
(3-3, RPII.), Which applies only to partitions with taller than 2 floors.
The bending ductility demand, and therefore the maximum tensile

deformation, are estimated overall ductility
structure, and the aspect ratio Ar=hw / Lw septum. The
parameter given by equation (3-4, RPII.), measures the effect of
the amount of vertical reinforcement in the tensile zone of the cross-
sectional edge of the partition wall to restrict closing of the cracks when the
time reverts.

45

In most cases, for sismorresistentes rectangular walls, cutting requirements

will control the thickness of the partition, and no edge elements are needed.

When the buckling length, which is assumed equal to the theoretical length
of the plastic hinge approaches or exceeds the partition not supported on
the first floor height, the limitation given by Equation (3-3, RPII.) Becomes
very severe. In such cases, which are when the length of the wall on the
first floor height is large, it is assumed that the buckling length is equal to
80% of the unsupported free height of the partition. This is taken into
account in equation (3-5, RPII.).

The verification equation (3-7 RPII.) Ensures that the ratio of the thickness
of the partition and the headroom in potential areas of plastic hinge

(3.3.4., R.P.II.) formation, is at least 1/20 and 1/16 for ductilities between 2 and 6
respectively.

When two layers of armor located near the faces of the partition, the
thickness (b) of the edge elements of the partition section are used, should
(3.3.1., R.P.II.) extend at least the full height of the first floor and should be not less than
the following value :
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw

1700
where:
=0.30 - lfand >0.10

2.50f'c
where:
l: amount of vertical reinforcement of the boundary element

only
k cr =1.0
., R.P.II.) When bcr, calculated according to 3.3.1. (R.P.II.), is greater than the thickness
the soul: bw, must be provided with an element edge area AWB
suc
h
bL
2 cr cr w
b Awb
10

46

., R.P.II.) The relationship between the thickness of seismic wall at the extreme edges
and the clear height of the floor, should satisfy the following condition:
b b1
0.04 1 +
Ln 10 Ln

b bw b1= bcr
Lw10
b

2
b cr
R
bbcr b1=
b

+ b 0.04 1 Ln b10.04 1 + n
10 L
10
Minimum dimensions of boundary elements in areas of

potential formation of plastic hinges
For example, have adopted three partitions thicknesses decrease as we

ascend in the building. Defining whether a need exists for heads.
Thickness values adopted for the different levels are: from floor 1 to floor 3
= 0.40 m
Floor 4 to Floor 7 = 0.30 m
8th floor to 10th floor = 0.20 m
(3.3.1., R.P.II.) Furthermore, for the purpose of determining the critical thickness (bcr) is
necessary adopt the Next values of =0.2 and k cr =1
(Recommended practice), and still has not defined amount for the various
sections of the partition values.
"The value of the critical thickness (bcr) shall be checked once

determined to provide the actual armor on the wall."
The aspect ratio of the walls, at the base level is:

47

32.5m
Partitions as X - X: Ar= =4.64
7m
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (4.64+2) 7

0.37 m =
1700 1700 0.2
32.5m
Partitions as Y - Y: Ar= =4.06
8m
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (4.06+2) 8

0.38m =
1700 1700 0.2
bw>bcr No need heads.
It then assesses the thickness reductions raised in height:
The aspect ratio of the partitions in the Level 4 (first reduction) is:
21.6m
7m
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (3.08+2) 7

0.28m =
1700 1700 0.2
21.6m
8m
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) ( 2.7+2) 8

0.297m =
1700 1700 0.2
The aspect ratio of the partitions in the Level 8 (second reduction) is:
9.1m
7m

48

bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (1.3+2) 7

0.18m =
1700 1700 0.2
9.1m
8m
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (1.14+2) 8

0.198m =
1700 1700 0.2
Verification of relationship between seismic septum thickness at the

extreme edges and headroom Floor (Ground Floor - Level 1):
b 0.04 1 + b1 400 =0.089 0.04 1 + 4 =0.056

(Check)
Ln 10 Ln4500 10
where:
b: thickness of the edge of the partition elements, in this case

b = bw
Ln: Height between floors.
b1: edge element thickness, measured along the length of the partition (in
this case, not applicable)
Verification of relationship between seismic septum thickness at the

extreme edges and headroom floor (Level 4):
=0.056
b b1
0.04 1 + = 0.094 0.04 1 + (Check)
300 4
Ln 10 Ln3200 10
(3.3.4., R.P.II.) Verification of relationship between seismic septum thickness at the extreme
edges and headroom floor (Level 8):
b 0.04 1 + b1 200 =0.065 0.04 1 + 4

= 0.056 (Check)
Ln 10 Ln 3100 10
49

(3.5., R.P.II.) 1.3. FLEX DESIGN

(3.5.1., R.P.II.) Under Article 3.5.1. (RPII.), Can be redistributed horizontal seismic forces
and associated moments between sismorresistentes partitions, where the
horizontal force at any partition not reduced by more than 30%.

For example the building due to the symmetry of the plant, such
redistribution not performed.

1.3.1. Design moments at the base

(3.5.3., R.P.II.)
The design forces at the base of a wall seismic should be determined in
accordance with the load combinations of states established in Section 1.3.
(R.P.II.), taking into account the
reduction factors resistance as 1.6. (R.P.II.).

The values of bending moments obtained from the ETABS 8.1.3 program
lines and T5Y T1X partitions are presented:
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Design Partitions

50

Load Axial load Court Moment M

Level Partition Location
State P [KN] V x[KN] x[KNm]
Capital -74.14 553.29 -180.1

COMB4
basis -192.89 553.29 1479.8
10 T1X
Capital -45.61 555.66 -184.7
COMB10
basis -134.68 555.66 1482.3
Capital -263.39 1078.95 960.1
COMB4
basis -382.14 1078.95 4197.0
9 T1X
Capital -177.56 1082.42 952.2
COMB10
basis -266.62 1082.42 4199.4
Capital -452.58 1549.48 3340.0
COMB4
basis -575.29 1549.48 8143.4
8 T1X
Capital -309.46 1552.35 3332.1
COMB10
basis -401.49 1552.35 8144.4
Capital -617.06 1980.29 5989.7
COMB4
basis -801.13 1980.29 12128.6
7 T1X
Capital -424.49 1984.22 5980.4
COMB10
basis -562.54 1984.22 12131.5
Capital -863.72 2392.48 10150.1
COMB4
basis -1047.78 2392.48 17566.8
6 T1X
Capital -599.94 2396.02 10142.1
COMB10
basis -737.99 2396.02 17569.8
Capital -1110.37 2743.35 15249.1
COMB4
basis -1294.44 2743.35 23753.5
5 T1X
Capital -775.39 2746.6 15241.5
COMB10
basis -913.44 2746.6 23756.0
Capital -1356.89 3026.07 21099.5
COMB4
basis -1546.89 3026.07 30782.9
4 T1X
Capital -950.74 3029 21091.7
COMB10
basis -1093.24 3029 30784.5
Capital -1543.49 3245.19 24908.8
COMB4
basis -1796.82 3245.19 35293.4
3 T1X
Capital -1084.16 3248.57 24900.4
COMB10
basis -1274.16 3248.57 35295.8
Capital -1849.99 3438.79 31515.8
COMB4
basis -2103.32 3438.79 42519.9
2 T1X
Capital -1304.91 3441.5 31508.0
COMB10
basis -1494.91 3441.5 42520.8
Capital -2153.51 3574.23 37627.9
COMB4
basis -2509.76 3574.23 53712.0
1 T1X
Capital -1523.43 3575.4 37619.8
COMB10
basis -1790.62 3575.4 53709.1
Maximum stresses in partition (T1X)

51

Load Axial load Court Moment M

Level Partition Location
State P [KN] V and[KNm]
[KN]
Capital -411.87 651.33 -867.2
COMB5
Base -547.58 651.33 1086.8
10 T5Y
Capital -283.64 571.47 -694.4
COMB8
Base -385.43 571.47 1020.0
Capital -869.13 934.33 287.9
COMB5
Base -1004.85 934.33 3090.9
9 T5Y
Capital -578.14 875.86 397.1
COMB8
Base -679.93 875.86 3024.7
Capital -1326.33 1235.12 2096.2
COMB5
Base -1466.57 1235.12 5925.0
8 T5Y
Capital -872.6 1184.43 2199.8
COMB8
Base -977.78 1184.43 5871.5
Capital -1722.92 1575.19 4096.8
COMB5
Base -1933.28 1575.19 8979.9
7 T5Y
Capital -1127.52 1512.71 4212.2
COMB8
Base -1285.28 1512.71 8901.6
Capital -2239.65 1848.65 7249.9
COMB5
Base -2450.01 1848.65 12980.7
6 T5Y
Capital -1468.18 1791.89 7345.7
COMB8
Base -1625.95 1791.89 12900.5
Capital -2756.38 2084.25 11047.2
COMB5
Base -2966.74 2084.25 17508.3
5 T5Y
Capital -1808.85 2031.12 11137.0
COMB8
Base -1966.62 2031.12 17433.4
Capital -3272.98 2268.98 15369.3
COMB5
Base -3490.12 2268.98 22630.0
4 T5Y
Capital -2149.41 2221.24 15461.3
COMB8
Base -2312.27 2221.24 22569.3
Capital -3663.13 2450.92 18332.3
COMB5
Base -3952.66 2450.92 26175.2
3 T5Y
Capital -2407.13 2396.49 18438.1
COMB8
Base -2624.27 2396.49 26106.8
Capital -4242.74 2552.74 23290.9
COMB5
Base -4532.27 2552.74 31459.7
2 T5Y
Capital -2796.41 2508.11 23388.5
COMB8
Base -3013.55 2508.11 31414.5
Capital -4819.31 2562.44 27919.0
COMB5
Base -5226.45 2562.44 39450.0
1 T5Y
Capital -3183.41 2542.85 28025.8
COMB8
Base -3488.77 2542.85 39468.6
Maximum stresses in partition (T5Y)

52

Moreover, it also shows the values of the bending moments generated by

the application of the total seismic shear (static method), to a height of the
building is defined by cuts per floor and the relative height thereof relative to
the base, that is:
ViHi
Height of application of total cutting effort H v=
Vi
Height Court T1X Court T5Y Height T1X T5Y

Level
Hi[M] Vi[KN] Vi[KN] Hv[M] moment moment
[kNm] [kNm]
10 32.5 620.4 398.7

9 29.5 1217.1 782.1
8 26.5 1753.1 1126.6

7 23.4 2250.9 1446.5

6 20.3 2682.8 1724.0 15.09 58660.0 37696
5 17.2 3051.4 1960.9
4 14.1 3353.5 2155.0
3 10.9 3601.7 2314.5
2 7.7 3777.1 2427.2
1 4.5 3887.6 2498.3
26195.6 16833.8
By comparing these results with those obtained by the combinations of

states of loads, resolved with program ETABS 8.1.3 .; it may be noted the
accuracy achieved with this simple and easy method.
Should be noted that this situation is primarily due to the symmetry of the
building both in plan and elevation and the willingness of the partitions.
As already mentioned, the design of cantilevered partitions capacity, is

based on the hypothesis that a plastic hinge bending to occur in the base
thereof. It is for this reason that the bending stress, and the cut associated
with it, will be the most important effect in defining the design of these
elements.
Another advantage that has the cantilevered partitions using as seismic

system in high-rise buildings is observed.
(1.6., 1.3.2. Design of longitudinal reinforcement

R.P.II.)
With stocks from the analysis should be evaluated:

53

., R.P.II.) 1.3.2. a. Design actions
Sor
S req =
n

where = 0.90, for members subjected to tension or flexion flexor
compressio
n.
1.3.2. b. Verification of buckling out of plane
The level of axial load acting on the septum, governed to some extent the
type of behavior that it presents. The boundary divides the different types of
behavior that govern the partitioning is called "standard axial load level",
and is defined as:
P
or
Normalized axial load level: Pu * =
f ' cAgw

where:

Por: Axial load acting on the septum [KN] (returns pages. 51 and 52)
Specified compressive strength of concrete [KN / m2] partition

' cross section [m2]
cf :
Agw :
According to this value, we have:
If Por*<0.10 (Partition controlled traction, acting as a beam

inverted)
Normalized axial load level (Level 1 - T1X):
2780,8KN
Por* = = 0.04
25000 KN / m2(0.4 x7) m2
Normalized axial load level (Level 1 - T5Y):
Por*= 6480,9KN =0.081

25000KN / m2(0.4 x8) m2
Por*= 1745.4 KN 25000 KN / m2(0.3 x7) m2

54
=0.033

55
Por*= 4375, 3 KN =0.073

25000 KN / m2(0.3 x8) m2
Por*= 665.5 KN =0.019

25000 KN / m2(0.2 x7) m2
Por*= 1814.1 KN =0.045

25000 KN / m2(0.2 x8) m2
1.3.2. c. Estimation of longitudinal reinforcement (Approximate

Method)
For governed by traction elements, one can obtain a preliminary estimate of

the required vertical frame section embracing the criteria described below,
along with a
neutral axis depth approximately equal to c = 0.10 Lw
req
P
n
req
M
n
Lw
0.1Lw
XT
Xc
Rough outline of response (stresses and strains) of the partition to

external loads
56

Such that:
T X T =Mreqn -PreqnX c
L 0.10L
W W
XC= -
2 2
X 2 (1-0.10 ) L + (0.10LW)
T W
3 2
Which leads to:

XC0.45LW
X T0.65LW
Evaluating developed tensile force T can be obtained an initial estimate of

the amount of longitudinal reinforcement (tensile) required. Simply by:
T
Astrreq =
f
and
To the base section has T1X septum, the maximum time that is a
combination of states of charge, and the axial load associated with that
time, see table on page 51 maximum stress
M or
Mreq = = 53712 KNm =59680 KNm
n
0.9

}

Blend 4
P =2788.7 KN
Pnreq = or= 2509.8 KN
0.9
XC0.45LW = 3.15 m
X T0.65LW = 4.55 m
Mnreq -Preqn X 59680KNm- 2788,7KN 3.15m

T= C = =KN 11185.9
XT 4.55 m
req T 11185 , 9kN =266, 3 cm2

A str = =
f
and 42KN / cm2

57

To the base section has T1X septum, the second maximum time that is a
combination of states of charge, and the axial load associated with that
time:

53709 , 1KNm =59677 KNm
M nreq M
= or = 0.9

} Combination 10
Por = 1790, 6 KN =1989.6 KN
Pnreq =
0.9

-Preq XCX T 59677KNm- 1989,6KN 3.15m

Mnreq n
T= = =KN 11738.4
4.55 m
req T KN 11738.4 =279.5 cm2 =27950 mm2

A str = =
f
and 42KN / cm2
Therefore, the armature preliminarily estimated to be distributed

over the entire length of the septum ATot =2A reqstr 559 cm2
is: al
As previously stated, the septum is designed to work without heads, so that

reinforcement can be distributed uniformly throughout the length of the
partition wall, divided into two layers.
This equates to an armor of 110 25
For the base section of the septum T5Y have:
39468.6 KNm =43854 KNm

M nreq =M or =
0.9
Por
} Combination 8
Preq = = 3488.8 KN =3876, 4 KN
n
0.9
XC0, 45 LW = 3.6 m
X T0, 65 LW = 5, 2 m
-Preq
Mnreq 43854KNm- 3876,4KN 3.6m
X XT
n
T= C
= =5749.8 KN
5, 2 m

58

req T 5749.8KN =136, 9 cm2

A str = =
f
and 42KN / cm2
Therefore, the armature preliminarily estimated to be distributed

over the entire length of the septum ATot =2A req str 273.8 cm2
is: al
As previously stated, the septum is designed to work without heads, this

armature thus be distributed uniformly over the length of the partition wall,
divided into two layers. This equates to an armor 86 20
Was not verified with the Combination 5, because although the value of
time is comparable to the combination 8, the acting axial load is
considerably higher than for the latter combination. This leads to lower
demands on the partition.
1.3.2. d. Armor provide
Should be considered the following regulatory requirements to define the

arrangement of longitudinal reinforcement:
The amount of longitudinal reinforcement l anywhere in the partition

sismorresistente must comply with:

070 Ab A 16 bisv
l = = s
fand b isv fa
nd
where:
2
Ab: Cross-sectional area of an individual bar [mm]
2
As: total vertical area of wall reinforcement [mm]
bi: Thickness of the sector concerned septum [mm]
sv: Separation of the vertical reinforcement of a wall [mm] to the base section T1X
septum has:
0 0017 55900 mm2 =0, 02 0, 038

400 mm 7000 mm
For the base section of the septum T5Y have:
27380 mm2
0, 0017 =0, 0086 0, 038
400 mm 8000 mm

59

., R.P.II.) In sismorresistentes walls with thicknesses greater than 200 mm, must be
provided at least two layers of armor, located close to each side of the
septum.

., R.P.II.) The maximum diameter of the vertical bars in any area of the seismic wall
may not exceed 10% of the wall thickness in the area where the rod is
located.

Considering the above, in this building, the minimum thickness of 200 mm is
used. Although levels of the building where the walls are thicker diameters
can be used over the longitudinal reinforcement, the approach adopted is
that of two layers of
armor, with diameters not exceeding 20 the entire height of the
partitions
1.3.3. Verification of armor given to bending
You must perform the verification and adjustment of the vertical

reinforcement given using any available method of analysis to the value of
the reduced capacity equal to or greater than the demand
flexural Mn >Mu
Two of the methods that can be applied are:
1) Equivalent stress block, which presents a solution that can be

considered sufficiently accurate. This method allows to model the
stress state of the concrete, while assessing efforts in the steel
according to its location in the structural and associated with a bi-
linear simplified diagram (load-deformation) element. The solution is
obtained by iterating the depth of the neutral axis "c" to reach
equilibrium conditions given by:
n
PU=0.85f ' c 1 cb +fYes AYes
i=1
n
L c1 L
MU=0.85f ' c 1 cb w
- + fYes AYes w
-d i
2 2 i=1 2
2) Method belts (Park and Paulay), using more accurate when the
load-response model deformation of the constituent material
constitutive equations. Consequently, the analytical technique
described below may be employed, since the real theoretical answer is
suitably adjusted to the requirements from the design of partitions.

60

While these are the most used, exists in the state of the art, a variety
of methods using similar iterative procedures, which may also apply.
This paper has been used for verification of the longitudinal reinforcement of
the walls, the method of the equivalent stress block whose hypothesis and
development described below.
1.3.3.1. Design of structural elements using the equivalent stress block

(ACI 318 - 201 new CIRSOC Project)
Design Hypothesis
1) Basic conditions:
- Balancing actions
Compatibility of deformations
2) Validity of Bernoulli's principle
- The deformation in the concrete and the steel can be assumed directly
proportional to the distance to the neutral axis.
3) An ideal elasto-plastic bi-linear diagram is assumed to represent the

response of the steel, such that:
Elastic field:
fand fs=sEs
s<sy =
Es
Inelastic response:
fand fs=f and

ssy =
Es
4) Despises the response strength of concrete
5) The nominal resistance is obtained assuming a maximum deformation in

extreme compressed fiber concrete equals 0.003.
6) The stress-strain response of the concrete is replaced by an equivalent

stress block with rectangular distribution.

60

Design Procedure.
PiAg 0.10
ELEMENTS LOW AXIAL LOAD:
f' co
ASSESSING THE PAR M N-'N
GET M ' and=0, 75 MN
CALCULATE 'and
MN
GET a=
M ' and '
and

61

Analysis of time - and final nominal curvature

BEND, i (1) NEUTRAL AXIS, c

c= -ic (2) Yes =i(D 'i-c)
FORCES (3)

E s Yes =(Yes Es)AYes
1) STEEL: SI and
Yes <sy =
and
Yes Yes sy = AYes
E s Yes = and
2) CONCRETE:
No min SI ci < No min at Cc= -' co c b (No confined)

Last Yes Yes sy = and Yes = andAYes
E s
MOMENTS (4)
(d ' -h 2 )

1) ) :M = Yes
i
Yes
STEEL
2) CONCRETE: Mc=Cc[(h 2 ) -(c 2 )]
with Ccandthe horign Noconfinado Confined or as appropriate
Axial balancing as c arg (5)

Pi = -Cc+FYes (+) Traction or (- ) Compression
BALANCE? NO
YE
S
No DESIRED WARP REACHED?
62

Mi=M c+ MYes (6)

63
Balancing of moments used in determining the

yield curvature
PiAg 0, 10
Arg c elements with low axial:
f' co
n
The equilirbio is given by: 0, 75 MN=MC+ M Yes
1
Derivation of design expression provided by the ICA
Ductile failure element, ie with a low content of it is assumed

steel such that it reaches the yield strength fy before the
concrete reaches its nominal resistance (cn =0, 003)

width b 0.85 f'c
c=
0.003
Cc
a/
a = 1c
Neutral Axis
Useful height:
Lever arm: Z
Fs Fs
Partition Unitary Real Equivalent

Deformati Efforts efforts
on
Rough outline of stresses and strains in the septum
The equilibrium condition states:
Cc=Fs
(f ' c )( 1 c )b=fandAs to= 1 c= fandAs

64
f ' cb

65

where:

Cc: Resulting from the compressive forces of the concrete block
[KN]

Fs: Resulting tensile forces of longitudinal reinforcement [KN]

f' c : Voltage characteristic of concrete [MPa]
= 0, 85: Reduction coefficient diagram tensions
compression
1=0, 85: Reduction coefficient diagram tensions
compression
b: Element Width
fand: Steel yield stress [MPa]
2
As: Section tensile steel reinforcement [mm]

The lever arm is:

1c
z=d- =D- f A
2 and s
2f ' cb
Finally, the nominal time is expressed as:
f andAs
M N=Fsz=Asf and d - c b
2f '
It can also be expressed in terms of the amount of tensile reinforcement:
fand fand
2

M N=b d f 'c 1 -c 0, 59 f
f' c
As
where, =
b
d
Application of the
method
For each of the sections that have been chosen for the design height of
the walls, the required reinforcement before determined by the approach
presented in section 1.3.2.c. was subsequently verified by the method of
"Block

66

equivalent stress ". Thus, it can be seen that they hold a strong support to
the required nominal moment.
Developed below, the simplified methodology for the base section of the
septum T1X, where the templates, applying the same procedure are
obtained, are presented for all sections previously chosen.
Base section - Partition (T1X)
(1) It starts from the assumption that the sub section is armed ( <b)
that is, the tensile reinforcement is in flow (s>and)
when the maximum deformation is reached in the extreme fiber
compressed concrete (c=0, 003). So with this endpoint
fixed plot, the curvature is varied, obtaining different values
depth of the neutral axis c, to reach the desired balance of forces.
In the analysis section, for a curvature =0, 0000028 [rad / mm]
c = 1424 [mm]
(2) Deformations are assessed: c= - ic=0,003
Yes = i(D ' i-c) = -0.0038
(3) The resultant forces which absorb both the equivalent concrete block
and armor are evaluated
(4) Collaboration nominal moment resistant steel and concrete block is

determined
(5) Verified to have reached balance axial loads. The
equilibrium condition states:
Cc=Fs
(f ' c ) ( 1 c )b=f andAs to= 1c= f andAs

f ' cb

67

where:

Astotal = 55900 mm2 110 25 (Total Armor det er min ada required by
the approximate method)

As=45172 mm2 92 25 (Armor pulled det er min ada required by the
approximate method)
(6) Finally, the nominal moment resistance of the section is determined,

which is expressed as:
fandAs
M N=Fsz=Asfand d - c b
2f '
f 420 mm2 45172 mm2

z= d - and = 4550 mm - = 3433 mm
As
2f ' cb 225 MPa 0, 85 400 mm
M N=Asf andz=45172 mm2420 MPa 3433 mm =65150.4 KNm

where:
d = 0, 65 4550 mm Lw
(Height in the sec tion, defined by
the approximate method)
This moment resistance is well above Nominal Moment

M
design for this section: M req = or = 53712 KNm =59680 KNm
n
0.9
Whereas the collapse mechanism adopted for this structural type is by

forming flexural plastic hinge at the base of the walls, it is appropriate to
provide the armor in that section, is such that the resulting resistant Nominal
Moment nearest possible to the required torque. Thus, the formation of the
plastic hinge at the intended design is guaranteed.
(7) Optimization of longitudinal reinforcement

Astotal = 50082 mm2 10225
(Total log rar Armor reduced to
approximate the resisting moment)
As=42226 mm2 86 25 (Tensile armor reduced to approximate the

log rar resisting moment)
68

The equilibrium condition states:
Cc=Fs
(f ' c )( 1 c )b=fandAs to= 1c= f andAs

f ' cb
Resistant Nominal Section Moment:
fand 420 mm2 42226 mm2

z= d - = 4550 mm - = 3507 mm
As
2f ' cb 225 MPa 0, 85 400 mm
M N=Asf andz=42226 mm2420 MPa 3507 mm =62192 KNm
As can be seen, with the armature (AsTotal =50082 mm2 102 25)
has been achieved adequate accuracy:
Mresistant
n =62192 KNm Mreq
n =59680 KNm
1.3.3.2. Results of approximate numerical method
In the chart below the results obtained by applying this method are
presented. It indicates the location of the neutral axis and the Nominal
Moment established in the base section of the partition (T1X, with the
approach of armor raised earlier).

Depth of neutral axis c [mm] Nominal time of Mn [kNm] section
LEVEL

Base 1424.0 62192.0
Verification of longitudinal reinforcement proposal - Partition T1X
By varying the amount of reinforcement provided in the base section of the

septum, is to obtain an adequate fit between the actually provided and the
working capacity Demand therein.
Proceeding in this manner, is obtained for a section of

Distributed armor: ATotal =50080 mm2(102 25 ); the nominal time
res
resistant presented in the form: =KNm 62192.0, which is
M no
m
close to the peak demand value, generated by the combination of states of
loads No. 10 (Comb 10; see 'maximum stresses in septum T1X ", page 51:
69

M or
Mreq = = 53712 KNm =59680 KNm
n
0.9
This proves that the original estimate was possible to define a section steel
longitudinal something quite similar but overestimated
110 25 (see page 57)
Finally, the armor will provide: (102 25)
In the chart below the results obtained by applying this method are
presented. It indicates the location of the neutral axis, stresses and strains
for each strain limits established in the base section of the partition (T5Y,
with the approach of armor raised earlier).

LEVEL

Base 994.7 43813.4
Verification of longitudinal reinforcement proposal - Partition T5Y
By varying the amount of reinforcement provided in the base section of the

septum, is to obtain an adequate fit between the actually provided and the
working capacity Demand therein.
Proceeding in this manner, is obtained for a section of

Distributed armor: ATotal =27004 mm2(86 20); the nominal time
res
resistant presented highlighted in the spreadsheet: =43813 KNm the
M no
m
value which is close to the maximum demand generated by the combination
of states of loads No. 10 (Comb 8; see table Maximum stresses in partition
T5Y, Page 52):
39468.6 KNm =43854 KNm

M nreq =M or =
0.9
This proves that the original estimate 86 20; (See page 58),
it was possible to define a longitudinal steel section equal to that obtained
with this procedure.
NOTE: This is due to the proximity of the depth value of the neutral axis
obtained by both processes.
Finally, the armor will have: (86 20)

70

(3.3.1., R.P.II.) 1.3.4. Verification of the dimensional limitations
Having defined the longitudinal reinforcement to provide effective, it must

verify sizing adopted in (1.2.2. C.) And
factor that depends on the amount actually provided in longitudinal
the compressed areas l.
Failure to check the conditions originally assumed (free sections heads)

should resize the member section, which requires a new analysis of
longitudinal reinforcement to provide.
In this case, the partitions have been checked without heads, therefore the
amount by which the compression zone will be equal to the distribution
taken for the entire length of the septum.
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw

1700
where:
=0.30 - lfand >0.10

2.50f'c

where:
l:
Amount of vertical reinforcement of the edge element only
k cr =1.0 (This value is adopted conservatively as only for

exceptionally long kcr becomes smaller partitions
to 1)
Article 3.3.3. When bcr calculated according 3.3.1., is greater than the
web thickness bw, must be provided with an element edge area
Awb such that:
b 2 cr Awb bcr Lw
10
For example, it has taken three partitions thicknesses decrease as we

ascend in the building. What needs to be defined is whether there is need
for heads.

71

Thickness:
8th floor to 10th floor = 0.20 m
32, 5 m
Partitions as X-X: Ar= =4.64
7m
To determine bcr, you must first calculate x
Whereas the armor was uniformly distributed along the section of the
partition (see detail of assembly, page 87) are arranged
in the compressed edge (2125 =10310 mm2)
For (C =1424 mm); (Bw=400 mm) l=0,018

0, 018 420
=0, 30 - =0, 179 >0.10
2, 50 25
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) (4.64+2) 7

0, 388 m =
1700 1700 0, 179
bw>bcr No need heads
32, 5 m
8m
Determination y
Whereas the armor was uniformly distributed along the section of the
partition (see detail of assembly, page 93), are arranged
in the compressed edge (1120 =3454 mm2)
For (C =994.7 mm); (Bw=400 mm) l=0.0087
= 0, 30 to 0.0087 420 = 0.242> 0.10

2.50 25
bcr = k cr (+2) (Ar+2) Lw 1 (4+2) ( 4.06+2) 8

0, 348 m =
1700 1700 0, 242
bw>bcr No need heads

70

(3.5.6.3., R.P.II.) 1.3.5. Flexural overstrength factor

After defining the nominal moment capacity according to the flexural
reinforcement provided, the overstrength factor in partitions is defined as:
M wo w
or= = orM n
w w w
ME ME
The steel overstrength factor: or=1 21.40 (depending on R.P.II.)
This factor comprises Overstrength two parameters that include the

following:
1=1.15 (Variations in the values of flow stress and final,

specified for steel)
2=1.22 (Post yield hardening steel)
(3.5.5., 1.3.6. Length of the plastic ball and interruption of longitudinal

R.P.II.) reinforcement

It is assumed that the height of the potential plastic hinge measured from
(3.5.6.2.a.i) the critical section, a length equal to area as lying between
Lwor(hw 6 ).
If the vertical reinforcement was discontinued following the exact moment

diagram obtained from the specified horizontal seismic forces, they would
then be formed plastic hinges with equal probability anywhere along the
height of the septum during a severe earthquake. This would be
undesirable from the point of view of design because the plastic hinges
require special, and necessarily more expensive detailed.
Furthermore, if the plastic at some height above the base of the partition
hinges formed, strongly increases the ductility of curvature demanded to
obtain the same displacement ductility. Moreover, as in the case of beams,
the shear strength of reinforced concrete walls is reduced in areas where
the armature enters flexural creep. This would require additional cutting
armor at all levels. More rational ensure that a plastic hinge can develop
only at a predetermined location, this would be logically septum at the base,
providing flexural strength in the rest of the septum in excess of the
maximum likely demands.

71

Envelopes moments of the dynamic elastic and inelastic response of

earthquake resistant walls subjected to severe earthquakes, show an
approximately linear variation of the demands of time. As a result it has been
specified that the flexural armor cantilevered partitions sismorresistentes
interrupted so as to give a linear variation of resistance with time not less
than the demand moment high. The linear variation is obtained from the
nominal time base wall and zero point at the top thereof as indicated by the
dashed line figure 24.
When the vertical reinforcement is interrupted, you must also consider the
phenomenon of shift of traction. Accordingly, this
shift is assumed to be the length of the wall Lw. Therefore, the
interrupted bars should extend no closer than
anchorage length l d, above the level which is required to
develop its yield stress, Figure 24.
Flexural demand armor in a cantilevered partition is not proportional to the

demand time, as supplied by the linear span described, by the presence of
axial compression. If the amount of vertical reinforcement remains constant
with height, the flexural strength of the section would decrease with height,
because the axial compression decreases.
The sismorresistentes cantilevered partitions are normally subjected to axial

thrusts corresponding well below the level load balancing, and interaction
diagrams Axial Load Moment clearly show that in the field section is rather
sensitive to the intensity of the axial compression . This aspect is critical
rarely but is justified equal be conservative with interruption of the vertical
reinforcement.
(3.5.5., R.P.II.) The longitudinal reinforcement may be interrupted in height provided that it
meets the following points:

a) - The longitudinal reinforcement must cover at least one die for the
linear variation of the nominal strength in the base, associated with the
combination of critical load and considering the variation of the axial
load diagram envelope.

b) - Consideration should be given a vertical offset equal to from the
Lw
base section, to see the phenomenon of shift of the
traction.
c) - It should extend the longitudinal bar, sections where required to

develop their strength, anchorage length at least equal to ld.

72

d) - On top of the partition section should reach a flexural strength (with

the values of corresponding axial loads) equal to or greater than that
associated with the lowest armature.
Minimum arm ad u ra
3,
3,
3,
ence resist n ominal
3,
m in im a f lection
3,
d iag ram m
3,
ade omentum
3,
Variation n his gerida
d e mo ment
3,
3,
Lw
4,
Mnw b ase Lw
Fig 24.: ENVELOPE DESIGN MOMENTS FOR CANTILEVER WALLS
1.3.7. Splices and

anchorages
The "anchor length" is the length required to develop the design strength of
the reinforcement in a critical section, and the "transfer length" is the length
required to transfer the concrete, the existing force in that armor.
The following returns the lengths of anchors and fittings for different
diameters and positions of the longitudinal reinforcement and concrete H-25
are presented, as set out in Regulation 201 CIRSOC.

73

Anchors [mm]
Zone I Zone II

Diameter Bars columns and
Top bars beams
bottom bars in beams
8 300 600
10 375 750
12 450 900
16 600 1200
20 750 1500
Fittings [mm]
Zone I Zone II

Diameter Bars columns and
Top bars beams
bottom bars in
beams
8 420 630
10 525 788
12 630 945
16 1080 1620
20 1350 2025
25 1688 2531
Because of that a lot of vertical reinforcement may have to extend through

several stories, may be inevitable some joints in the potential formation of
plastic hinge. These joints should be staggered so that no more than one
third of the armor joint at the same level, in the potential formation of plastic
hinge.
In any other area without armor creep is expected, there is no restriction for
the joints. As a general rule any type joints must be staggered.
., R.P.II.) ./ Should be avoided as far as possible, the joints of vertical

flexural reinforcement in the potential plastic hinge
formation. This area shall not be spliced more than one
third of the armor in the same section.

74

., RPII.) ./ Staggering juxtaposition between splices shall be not less than twice the length of the
splice. When bars are spliced by juxtaposition with diameters
greater than 16 mm, should be available at least one branch of a
yoke with spaced no more than 10 times the diameter of the
longitudinal bar. The stirrups shall meet the following requirements:
., R.P.II.) Armour of partitions shall not be spliced by juxtaposition

an area where tensions can exceed reversible 0.60 fandin
tension or compression, unless each spliced bar is confined with stirrups
so that:
d b fan
Atr =
ds
48fyt
Floor level
above the
ZPRP
Lp
2 Lp ZPRP
Lp
Ground
Level
2 Lp
Lp
Fig 25.: SCHEME BY JUNCTION JUXTAPOSITION

75

., ./ In areas of potential formation of plastic hinges welded

R.P.II.) mechanical connectors and splices that meet the following
requirements may be used, provided that no more than
the Armor is splicing in one section and

stepping is not less than 600 mm:

Welded joints, butt or juxtaposition, should develop at least the breaking
(2.2.10.2., R.P.II.) strength of the bar. The joints with mechanical connectors shall develop in
tension or compression, at least the breaking strength of the bar.

These joints shall be tested with 8 complete charge cycles to
a maximum voltage of 0.95 at the bar, and the maximum load
fand
tension and compression must show a change in length as the length of
the joint system, no more than 10% of the deformation in an equal length of
unspliced bar.
The joints do not meet this stiffness requirement, only be used if the assay
when in tension or compression, the change in length at a pressure of 0.70
bar fy measured over the length of the bonding system, is less than twice of
that produced in an equal length of unspliced bar and also must be
staggered so that no more than two thirds of the area of the joint armature
within any length of 900 mm into the element.
1.3.7. a. Determination of lengths of anchor
(12.2.3., CIRSOC 201) As specified in Regulation 201 CIRSOC, the length of anchor rods shaped
tension applied is determined by the following expression:

9
+
f and
dl= bd
f' K tr
10 c c
db
which should be adopted:

c +K tr
2.5
db
c K > 2.5 You can get to a fault occur

because if adopted: tr
+
db
avulsion and it is unlikely that an increase of the coating, or the transverse
reinforcement, increase the anchorage capacity.

76

The factors involved in the above equation are:
= factor ubicacinde armor

Vertical reinforcement = 1.0
= factor for coating

Armor coated <3 db=1.5 <3
= factor dimetrode armor

Shaped bars with diameter db=16 mm =0.8
Shaped bars with db>16 mm =1.0
= factor for concrete with lightweight aggregate

Concrete normal density = 1.0
c = separacino coating in mm
They take the shortest distance between the center of the bar and
Next concrete surface, or half separation
between the axes of the rods are anchored.
K = Transverse reinforcement ratio = Atr fyt

tr
10 s n
The constant 10 has dimensions of (MPa)
Allowed to take the value of K tr =0 as design simplification,

even when there is transverse reinforcement.
For rods 25mm l d= 9 420MPa 1 x 1.5 1 1 25 mm =2025 mm
10 5 35mm+0
MPa
25
mm
For rods 20mm l d= 9 420MPa1 1 1 1.5 20 mm =1296 mm

10 5 35mm+0
MPa

77
20 mm

78
For rods 16mm l d= 420MPa1 9 1.5 0 8 1 16 mm =775 mm

10 5 30 mm +0
MPa
16
mm

10 5 30 mm +0
MPa
12
mm

10 5 30 mm +0
MPa
10
mm
(12.15.2., 1.3.7. b. Determining splice lengths juxtaposition

CIRSOC201)
According to Regulation 201 specifies the CIRSOC, the minimum length of
splices shall be tensile juxtaposition required depending on the type of
connection (Class A or B) low, but at least 300 mm:

Splice Splice 1.0 ld

Class A Class B 1.3 ld
The joints formed by juxtaposing applied tensile bar splices are Class B.
The required splice lengths for different bar diameters designed in both
partitions (T1X and T5Y) will be:
For rods 25mm le = ld = 1.3 1.3 2025 mm = 2633 mm

79

80
In the two partitions ./ designed (T1X and T5Y), the

longitudinal flexural reinforcement has been arranged so
that only one third of the armor shall be spliced in the
potential plastic hinge formation.
Staggering ./ juxtaposition between splices shall in all cases

greater than twice the length of joint, which specifies the
CIRSOC Project 201 In the case of partition (T1X), in
areas where bars are spliced by juxtaposition with larger
diameters 16 mm, a branch of a stirrup spacing is not
greater than 10 times the available
diameter of the longitudinal bar (Separation <200 mm). The
stirrups shall meet the following requirements:
(2.2.10.3., R.P.II.) The Armor of partitions no shall spliced by

juxtaposition in an area where tensions reversible
can exceed 0.60 fand in tension or compression.
Whereas in this case, when the partition reaches the final state, the
neutral axis is very close to the end, and therefore can be assumed
that the entire frame is in tension with tension
above 0.60 fand;each rod is confined spliced with
stirrups so that transverse reinforcement sections needed in junction
area in accordance with the diameter of the bar are:
dbfy s 25 mm 150 mm 420 MPa 2

For rods A 25mmtr = = = 78 mm
48fyt 48 420 MPa
fy db s 20 mm 120 mm 420 MPa 2

For rods 20mm Atr = = = 50 mm
48fyt 48 420 MPa

48fyt 48 420 MPa

48fyt 48 420 MPa

48fyt 48 420 MPa

81

1.4. DESIGN HEIGHT OF ARMOR ON PARTITIONS (T1X-T5Y)
With established regulatory parameters, continue with the design of the

arrangement of longitudinal reinforcement in height.
1.4.1. Partition (T1X)
(3.5.6.3., R.P.II.) 1.4.1. a. Flexural overstrength factor

The frame provided at the base of the septum T1X is:

2
ATotal 102 25 =50080mm
With this frame, it is determined that the actual nominal moment of the
section (M w)n
results:
w = 60120.0 KNm
Mn
The flexural overstrength factor is defined:

M w
or= wo = orM n
w w w
ME ME
The values of the moment in the septum (T1X) generated only horizontal
forces are presented in the following table:
Load Court Mx
Level Partition
State Vx [KN] moment
[kNm]
556.06 -189.523
10 TX1 FX2
556.06 1478.664
1084.4 943.91
9 TX1 FX2
1084.4 4197.111
1553.35 3325.667
8 TX1 FX2
1553.35 8141.064
1985.88 5973.431
7 TX1 FX2
1985.88 12129.646
2397.41 10136.074
6 TX1 FX2
2397.41 17568.04
2747.77 15235.831
5 TX1 FX2
2747.77 23753.927
3030.03 21085.851
4 TX1 FX2
3030.03 30781.956
3249.78 24894.461
3 TX1 FX2
3249.78 35293.748
3442.34 31502.412
2 TX1 FX2
3442.34 42517.895
3575.7 37613.929
1 TX1 FX2
3575.7 53704.598
Moment in the PARTITION (T1X)

generated horizontal forces only (kNm)
80

1.4062583,4KNm =1.63
wor =
53704.6 KNm
The potential area of plastic joints (ZPR P) is defined as the greatest length
that arises between the following parameters:
Lw=7.0 m (covers the entire first floor and much of the second)
hw/ 6 =5.42 m.
Outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the resisting moment
of the section must be greater than: the last time resulting critical load
combination of states, affected by the flexural overstrength factor previously
determined.

State Axial load Court Mx
Level Partition
Cargo P [KN] Vx [KN] moment
[kNm]
10 T1X COMB10 -134.68 555.66 1482.3
9 T1X COMB10 -266.62 1082.42 4199.4
8 T1X COMB10 -401.49 1552.35 8144.4
7 T1X COMB10 -562.54 1984.22 12131.5
6 T1X COMB10 -737.99 2396.02 17569.8
5 T1X COMB10 -913.44 2746.6 23756.0
4 T1X COMB10 -1093.24 3029 30784.5
3 T1X COMB10 -1274.16 3248.57 35295.8
2 T1X COMB10 -1494.91 3441.5 42520.8
1 T1X COMB4 -2509.76 3574.23 53712.0
Solicitations latest (maximum) resulting

from the combination of states of loads
With a basis compatible with that used to determine the armor available in
the base section of the septum, the armor is defined at higher levels of the
element (3rd to 10th level, outside the ZPRP), following the diagram flexural
demand and applying the corresponding flexural overstrength factor, to
meet the objectives of earthquake resistant design.

81

Sobrerres
Axial load Mu Traction factor. As req (tot) As req
Pu [KN] moment T [KN] or
[cm2] [cm2 /
[kNm] w m]
-134.68 1482.32 258.38 20.06 1.43

-266.62 4199.41 820.40 63.68 4.55
-401.49 8144.39 1680.02 130.40 9.31

-562.54 12131.46 2529.78 196,36 14.03
-737.99 17569.76 3722.85 288.96 20.64

1.63
-913.44 23756.02 5098.58 395.75 28.27
-1093.24 30784.55 6676.64 518.23 37.02
-1274.16 35295.79 7639.12 592.94 42.35

-1494.91 42520.80 9233.66 439.70 31.41
-1790.60 53709.00 11185.90 558.97 39.93
Reinforcement required at various levels of the partition using

the approximate method
As previously specified, the minimum to provide the higher level armor will
be governed by the minimum amount established for that level, ie:
The minimum amount total longitudinal reinforcement to provide the ultimate

level:
l0, 0017BiLw0, x 0017 (20 x700) cm 2=23,8cm 2
In this case, we are working with partitions without heads, once considered
two possible ways to allocate the total reinforcement required in the
partition:
a) Armor two layers uniformly distributed along the wall.
b) Part of the armor with the highest concentration in the compressed

edges of the partition, and the rest of the required reinforcement,
evenly distributed on the central area of the same shape.
In this case, as in all cases in which one works with walls without heads, it is
advisable to apply the criterion (a).
The type of behavior of both designs have certain differences, which make
the former is more efficient; and why then the same are as follows:
In case (a): As the bending stress at the wall increases, the neutral axis
thereof is moving until

82

practically on the edge of it, making the entire length of the wall remains
under tension and therefore the whole armor that is actually willing to work,
when you reach the last state.
In case (b): By concentrating armor at the ends of the septum, the

resistance is also concentrated in those ends, and therefore the behavior
had been assumed (uniform throughout the length distribution), and the
criterion is not maintained that the entire frame is ready to work
simultaneously when the element reaches the final state.
In addition, another consideration to keep in mind in this case, is the largest

confinement must provide the longitudinal reinforcement arranged at the
ends of the partition.
For this example the armor was available as provided in the case (a)
By the method used to verify reinforcement arranged in the base of the

partition, the frame is checked at some levels characteristic of the building,
considering the above defined Overstrength flexional.
Level 3
35295.8 KNm 1.63
The demand for bending moment M w= =63924.6 KNm
0, 9

LEVEL

N3 1459.7 63714.0
The nominal time of armor is provided: M w n = 63714.0 KNm

2
The armor will be available: (106 25 =52046 mm )
More armor than projected in the base of the wall is required, therefore the
armature must be extended to this sector
Level 4
30784.5 KNm 1.63
0, 9

83

Depth of neutral axis c Nominal time of Mn [kNm] section
LEVEL
[mm]

N4 1604.7 56067.6

It reduce the Armor provided in the basis the septum to
(32 74 20 + 25 = 46380 mm2)
Level 5
23756 KNm 1.63
The demand for bending moment Mw= =43024.8 KNm
0, 9

LEVEL
[mm]

N5 1391.2 47446.2
The nominal time of reinforcement provided is: M w=47446.2

n KNm
Armor will be reduced to (84 20 +22 25 =37180 mm2)
Level 7
12131.5 KNm 1.63
0, 9

LEVEL
[mm]

N7 851.6 24192.6
Mwn =24192.6 KNm

The nominal time of armor is provided: the armor is
reduced to (54 20 =16956 mm2)
Level 8
8144.4 KNm 1.63
The demand for bending moment Mw= =14750.4 KNm
0, 9

LEVEL
[mm]

N8 742.1 20584.5

84

Level 9
4199.4 KNm 1.63
0, 9

LEVEL
[mm]

N-9 519.6 13182.7
IMPORTANT NOTE:
A comparison between the values of total longitudinal section reinforcement

required for each level of the partition obtained by applying the approximate
method described in section 1.3.2.c, page 55, the results are summarized in
the form (page 82), with which result from the application of the "Method of
Equivalent Stress Block" (1.3.3.1 -. page 60) shows that the first method
(approximate) values arise ten percent (10%) higher than those obtained
with the second .
Importantly, the aforementioned accuracy is obtained only in cases where

there is mass and stiffness regularly both in plan and elevation.
(3.5.5., R.P.II.) 1.4.1. b. Disruption height of the longitudinal reinforcement

The reduction in height of the longitudinal reinforcement is done in a rational
manner, meeting the demand of time in each section of the septum and the
anchorage length (as established by Regulation CIRSOC 201),
corresponding to the bars arranged.

From base to Level 4 = + 12.60 m.

./ Anchorage length at the base (land=0.94 m)
./ Splice length (land=1.70 m).
Total 106 Armor = 25 (separation = 135 mm.) (Total As = 52046 mm2)
From Level 4 (+12,60 m) to Level 5 = + 15.80 m.

85

Total Armor = 32 + 74 20 25 (separation = 135 mm) (total As = 46380 mm2)
Armor-up = 84 + 22 20 25 (separation = 135 mm) (total As = 37180 mm2)
From the Level 8 (+25,10 m) to Level 9 = 29.5 m.
Armor-up = 54 20 (spacing = 270 mm) (total As = 16956 mm2)
From the Level 9 (29.5 m) to higher level = + 32.5 m.

Armor-up = 26 + 28 16 12 (spacing = 270 mm) (total As = 8364 mm2)
The following figure diagrams corresponding to "flexural Demand 'and'

flexural capacity" of the armor actually provided in the septum, corrected for
offset are presented.
minimum reinforcement
Asl = 2616 + 2812

1482 KNm
actual
resistance of
3
the armature 4199 KNm

disposed Asl = 5420

3.1
8144 KNm

minimum nominal
3.1
flexural strength 12132 KNm

Asl = 8420 + 2225
3.1
17570 KNm

3.1
time chart Asl = 3220 + 7425

29.5
23756
KNm
Suggested time
25.1
3.2
variation
30785 KNm
3.2
35296 KNm
15.8
12.6
3.2
Asl = 10625
42521 KNm
Lw
4.5
53712 KNm
Mnw basis Lw
26th Fig.: OUTLINE DEMAND vs. flexural CAPACITY (T1X)

86

EXTERIOR PARTITION

INTERIOR
PARTITIONS
=

Asl = 2616 + 2812
25mm =
20mm
= 16mm
= 12mm
Asl = 5420
Asl = 8420 + 2225
Asl = 3220 + 7425
29.5
25.1
15.
12.6
6.1
6.1
Asl = 10625
Lw
Lw
La = 0.94 m La = 0.94 m
Fig 26.b.: ARMOUR PROVIDED AND INTERRUPTION IN HEIGHT (T1X)
1.4.2. Partition (T5Y)
(3.5.6.3., R.P.II.) 1.4.2. a. Factor on flexural strength

The frame provided at the base of the septum T5Y is:
ATotal 80 20 =27004mm2
With this armor, it was determined that the actual nominal moment
resistance (M
n
w) is:
Mw = 43813.4 KNm
n
The flexural overstrength factor is defined:
Mwo
or= or M w
w = n
w w
ME ME

87

The values of the moment generated T1X septum only horizontal forces are
presented in the following table:
State Court Moment

Level Partition
Cargo V M
[KN] [KN ]
431.6 -363.8
10 Ty5 FY
431.6 930.8
781.7 583.9
9 Ty5 FY
781.7 2928.9
1104.6 2367.1
8 Ty5 FY
1104.6 5791.3
1416.0 4392.4
7 Ty5 FY
1416.0 8782.1
1704.3 7494.1
6 Ty5 FY
1704.3 12777.4
1949.3 11275.4
5 Ty5 FY
1949.3 17318.4
2147.8 15603.0
4 Ty5 FY
2147.8 22475.9
2312.7 18600.9
3 Ty5 FY
2312.7 26001.7
2439.4 23538.8
2 Ty5 FY
2439.4 31345.0
2512.7 28190.3
1 Ty5 FY
2512.7 39497.4
Moment in the PARTITION (T5Y)

generated horizontal forces only (kNm)
1.4043813,4KNm =1.55
wor =
39497, 4 KNm
The potential area of plastic joints (ZPR P) is defined as the greatest length
that arises between the following parameters:

Lw=8.0 m (Covers the entire first and second level)

hw / 6 = 5.42 m
Outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the resisting moment
of the section must be greater than: the last time resulting critical load
combination of states, affected by the flexural overstrength factor previously
determined.

88

State Axial load Court M

Level Partition
Cargo P [KN] V [KN]
and omentum
and
10 T5Y COMB5 -547.58 651.33 1086.8
9 T5Y COMB5 -1004.85 934.33 3090.9

8 T5Y COMB5 -1466.57 1235.12 5925.0
7 T5Y COMB5 -1933.28 1575.19 8979.9
6 T5Y COMB5 -2450.01 1848.65 12980.7

5 T5Y COMB5 -2966.74 2084.25 17508.3
4 T5Y COMB5 -3490.12 2268.98 22630.0
3 T5Y COMB5 -3952.66 2450.92 26175.2

2 T5Y COMB5 -4532.27 2552.74 31459.7
1 T5Y COMB5 -5226.45 2562.44 39450.0
Solicitations latest (maximum) resulting

from the combination of states of loads
With a basis compatible with that used to determine the armor

available in the base section of the septum, the armor is defined at higher
levels of the element (3rd to 10th level, outside the ZPRP), following the
diagram flexural demand and applying the corresponding flexural overstrength
factor, to meet the objectives of earthquake resistant design.
It should be noted in this case, the influence of the axial load acting on the
walls.
The template shows that a very similar levels of bending moment, an

increase in the values of axial compression load acting on the walls, leading
to a significant reduction of the required armor.
It is for this reason that special care has been taken in selecting
combinations of critical loads for design.

89

Axial load Mu T
Sobrerres
As req As req
Level factor.
Pu [KN] moment [KN (tot) [cm2 /
orw
10 -547.58 1086.8 -189.0 As minimum
9 -1004.85 3090.9 -112.5 As minimum

8 -1466.57 5925.0 137.9 10.18 1.27
7 -1933.28 8979.9 431.6 31.86 3.98

-2450.01 12980.7 889.0 65.62 8.20
6
-1625.95 12900.5 1505.8 111.14 13.89

-2966.74 17508.3 1459.0 107.69 13.46
5
-1966.62 17433.4 2212.3 1.55 163.29 20.41

-3490.12 22630.0 2150.8 158.75 19.84
4
-2312.3 22569.3 3043.8 224,66 28.08

-3952.66 26175.2 2552.5 188.40 23.55
3
-2624.3 26106.8 3559.7 262.74 32.84

-4532.27 31459.7 3235.8 144.0 9.6
2
-3013.6 31414.5 4394.3 209.2 13.0

-5226.45 39450.0 4409.1 210.0 13.2
1
-3488.8 39468.6 5749.8 273.8 17.2

Reinforcement required at various levels of the septum

As previously specified, the minimum to provide the higher level armor will
be governed by the minimum amount established for that level, ie:

The minimum amount total longitudinal reinforcement to provide the ultimate
2 2
level: l0.0017biLw0.0017 x (20 x800) cm =27, 2cm

In this case, as for partitions located in the direction XX, the arrangement of
the longitudinal reinforcement is held "two layers uniformly distributed along
the wall" according to criterion (a).

By the method used rigurosote belts prior to verify reinforcement arranged
at the base of the partition, the frame is checked at some levels in the
building characteristic, flexural, considering the above defined Overstrength

Level 3
26106.8 KNm 1.55
0, 9

LEVEL

N3 1009.6 44814.0

90

The nominal time of armor is provided: M w = 44814 kNm

n
The armor will have: (88 20 =27630 mm2)
More armor than projected in the base of the wall is required, therefore the
armature must be extended to this sector
Level 5
17508.3 KNm 1.55
0.9

LEVEL
[mm]

N5 1074.1 36609.7

Level 7
8979 9 1.55 KNm

Demand for bending moment: M w = =15465, 4 KNm
0, 9

LEVEL

N7 759.1 23007.4
The nominal time of armor is provided: M nw=23007 1 KNm

Level 8
1.55 5925 KNm
The demand for bending moment: M w = =10204 KNm
0, 9

LEVEL

N8 721.0 14345.7
The nominal time of reinforcement provided is: M w=14345.7

n KNm

91

., R.P.II.) 1.4.2.b. Disruption height of the longitudinal reinforcement
The reduction in height of the longitudinal reinforcement is done in a rational

manner, meeting the demand of time in each section of the septum and the
anchorage length (as established by Regulation CIRSOC 201),
corresponding to the bars arranged.
From base to Level 5 = + 15.45 m.

./ Anchorage length at the base (lto=0.75 m.)
./ Splice length (land=1.35 m)
Total Armor = 88 20 (spacing = 188 mm) (mm2 total As = 27630)
From Level 5 (+ 15.45 m) to Level 7 = + 21.65 m.

Total Armor = 46 + 42 20 16 (spacing = 188 mm) (total As = 22844 mm 2)
Total Armor = 12 + 44 42 16 (spacing = 188 mm) (total As = 13372 mm2)
From the Level 9 (+27.1 m) to higher level = + 32.5 m.

Total Armor = 12 + 44 42 10 (spacing = 188 mm) (total As = 8269 mm2)
The following figure diagrams corresponding to "flexural Demand 'and'

flexural capacity" of the armor actually provided in the septum, corrected for
offset are presented.

92

minimum reinforcement
3.0

actual 1087 KNm Asl = 4412 + 4210
resistance of
armature
3.0
the
disposed 3091 KNm

3.1
5925 KNm Asl = 4412 + 4216
3.1
minimum nominal
flexural strength 8980 KNm
3.1

12981 KNm Asl = 4620 + 4216

3.1
time chart
17508 KNm
27.04

Suggested time

3.2
variation
21.65
22630 KNm
3.2

15.45
26175 KNm
Asl = 8820
3.2
31460 KNm
Lw
4.5
39450 KNm
Mnw basis Lw
27th Fig.: OUTLINE DEMAND vs. flexural CAPACITY (T5Y)
EXTERIOR PARTITION INTERIOR PARTITIONS
= 20mm

= 16mm
= Asl = 4412 + 4210
12mm =
10mm
Asl = 4412 + 4216
Asl = 4620 + 4216
27.05
21.65
15.45 m
Asl = 8820
Lw
Lw
La = 0.75 m La = 0.75 m
Fig 27.b.: ARMOUR PROVIDED AND INTERRUPTION IN HEIGHT - (T5Y)

93

., R.P.II.) 1.5. DESIGN CROSS WEAVE
For the purpose of presenting orderly steps for determining the transverse
reinforcement in partitions to dispose according to regulatory requirements,
the theoretical sequence is described and subsequently determined for
each partition to have transverse reinforcement.
In sismorresistentes walls, the transverse reinforcement is placed

horizontally in order to withstand shear stresses, deformations of shrinkage
control, restrict lateral buckling of the compression bars and the concrete
confined areas where compressive strains are large.
Minimum reinforcement requirements shall be met as specified in Article

14.3.3 of Regulation 201 CIRSOC.
The minimum amount of horizontal reinforcement should

be:
a) 0.002; for beams formed with db16 mm and fand420 MPa
b) 0.0025; for beams formed with db>16 mm

c) 0.002;
with dbfor welded
16 mm steel mesh smooth or shaped wires
(3.5.6.2. R.P.II.) 1.5.1. Control of buckling of the longitudinal bars

It attempts to ensure that, usually disposed near the edges of the partition,
the main longitudinal steel has adequate lateral support, considering the
Bauschinger effect, which enables its entry into compression in the plastic
field.

The requirements extend to areas located horizontally or vertically, wherein
the armature can enter longitudinal creep. In most of the partitions, it should
be assumed that each vertical bar is subjected to alternate tensile and
compressive creep. The vertical extent of the potential yield is defined in
section 3.5.6.2. (A-i) of the Regulations. Exceptions to these requirements,
the partitions in the critical zone of compression
flexural have a lower amount of vertical reinforcement to 2 / fand. In
these cases are not expected to enter the longitudinal reinforcement yield.
Moreover, it is not expected that the coating is lost.
In earthquake resistant armor partitions with two layers and amount of

greater longitudinal armor ( l>2 / fand) reinforcement shall be
provided
transverse to prevent buckling of the longitudinal bars.

94

The area of a branch of stirrups is given by:

Atea = Ab fa s
16 nd 6d
fyt
b
The following points should be considered in terms of the area under

analysis:
a) - Zone of potential plastic hinge formation.
(I) It is assumed that the height of the potential plastic hinge measured from the
critical section, a length equal to area as lying between Lwor 1/6 of the total
height of the partition (hw/ 6).
(Ii) The transverse reinforcement to provide in the area of potential plastic

hinge formation, must comply with:
Each longitudinal bar or set of bars located in the vicinity of the faces of the
seismic wall should be laterally restrained by an elbow at 90 to a closed
stirrup or by a hook of at least a closed clamp 135 or a branch. An
exception to this requirement any intermediate bar located between two
bars that the tones together no more than 200 mm, which meet the above
requirement, and bars that are more than 75 mm from the next to the faces
of the partition bars.
Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars, no

must be greater than 6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bar to be (6 db)
restricted.
b) - Outside area of potential plastic hinge formation.
Outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation defined above, shall
have transverse reinforcement to meet:
(I): The diameter of the clamp should not be less than of the diameter of
the longitudinal bar restricting (db / 4).
(Ii) Separation of the stirrups must not be greater than 12 times the diameter
of the longitudinal bar to be restricted (12 db)
(3.5.6.3. R.P.II.) 1.5.2. Confinement of the compression zone

Is required to confine the compressed concrete, usually at the base of the
wall, only if a deformation is excessive compression is expected. Therefore,
these requirements are dependent on the

95

critical depth of the neutral axis cc. The overstrength factor

or
flexural w recognizes that when flexural strength is provided in
excess demand curvature ductility is likely to be reduced and therefore a
greater depth can be accepted from the neutral axis. A similar situation
occurs when you have a reduced ductility capacity. In most septa depth of
the neutral axis will be less than the critical and therefore not require any
confinement.
Confining the transverse reinforcement to be distributed over a length of the

compressed part of the wall section defined by the equation:
c '= c - 0,70cc 0,50c
When confinement required, at least half of the compression zone should

be confined. Regulation (figure 3.5. (A)) the definition of a partition areas
where transverse reinforcement is required to confine the compressed
concrete and other areas must ensure the stability of the vertical bars
shown.
With either method of analysis used, you can define the depth of the neutral
axis "c", which should be compared with the critical value given by:

0.30 or
c crit = w
Lw

where:
Lw: Total length of the partition,

: global ductility of the structure and being
o:w Factor of flexural overstrength in partitions, which

determined by the following expression:
M wo w
or= = orM n
w w w
ME ME
(i) When the analysis obtained from the neutral axis is greater than the
critical
(C >c crit), the horizontal extent of the confining zone must have
a length given by:
c '= c - 0, 70cc 0,50c

96

(ii) Transverse reinforcement shall be available for confinement each of

the two orthogonal directions of the section confined, such that:
Ag* fc' c
Ash = 40 +0.10 s hh ' * - 0 07
f
L
Ac h W
(iii) Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars must not be greater than
6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bar (6 db) which limits, of the
thickness of the wall in the confined or 150 mm.
(3.6. 1.6. CUT DESIGN

R.P.II.)
The capacity design applied to earthquake resistant walls consist of
reinforced concrete structures is mainly related to the estimation of the
maximum shear stress that could be generated when the collapse
mechanism is chosen to develop the flexural overstrength.

The plastic hinge potential would be at the base of the septum. The shear
stresses induced during the dynamic response of cantilevered partitions can
be considerably higher than the values obtained from the application of
horizontal seismic forces, even if they are scaled to correspond to the
development of the flexural overstrength in the plastic hinge at the base .
Greater cutting efforts are generated due to the higher modes of vibration in
the height of the baffle above the plastic hinge in the base area remains
elastic attempt.

(3.6.1. 1.6.1. Shear design
R.P.II.)
The shear design Vui at level i for partitions
sismorresistentes cantilever should be evaluated according to the following
expression:
V = or VEi VEi
ui vw

where:
o:w flexural overstrength factor as defined
VEi: Effort of court generated by the forces seismic

horizontal only at the level i [KN]

97

: global ductility of the structure
: Strength Reduction Factor
v: dynamic amplification factor, to be taken as.
(a) When using static analysis:

(i) for buildings up to 6 floors: v
= 0.90 + n
10
(ii) for buildings with over 6 floors: v 1.80
= 1.30 + n
30
(b) When dynamic tests are used: v = 1
(3.6.2., 1.6.2. Shear Strength

R.P.II.)
1.6.2. a. Nominal shear stress
(3.6.2.1.,
R.P.II.) To avoid evaluating the effective height d cross sections of walls, accepted
suppose d = 0.80 Lw
The tests show that the soul crushing of the concrete in the plastic hinge at
the base of cantilever walls, can occur after only a few cycles of reversible
load displacement ductility of 4 or more. Premature concrete crushing of the
soul can be expected when, because of large ductility demands of curvature
in the plastic hinge zone, the concrete supports diagonal compression
stresses, is also subject to large transverse tensile strains. To prevent
crushing of the concrete of the soul, the equation does depend on the
maximum voltage total cutting demand for ductility, and flexural strength in
excess as provided by the
flexural overstrength factor or w
The total nominal shear stress v n in a partition seismic

shall be calculated as:
V V 1
n
vn= =or
0, 80bwLw 0,80bwLw
where:
: = 1 should be
Vn: Effort nominal switching

98

bLw w: Width and length of the wall, respectively
In the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the nominal shear stress
defined above, shall not exceed the value:
or
w
vn= +0, 15 f' c

where:
f' c: Specified compressive strength of concrete in MPa
In sections of the partition where the formation of plastic hinges can not wait,
the nominal shear stress shall not exceed the higher of the following values.
./ 0, 20f 'c
./1,10 f ' c

./ 9 MPa

1.6.2. b. Concrete contribution to the shear strength

., R.P.II.)

The contribution of concrete shear strength in the potential formation of
plastic hinge for shear walls, vc can be admitted even for very small loads of
compression, which is proven by tests.

Because of the distribution of the vertical reinforcement across the entire
width of the baffle, it is expected to better control diagonal cracks in the
case of beams.

Outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the contribution of the
concrete is given by the following equations:

(a) In sismorresistentes septa under a compressive load
(Pu), the concrete contribution to shear resistance (Vc) in the
area of potential plastic hinge formation, shall not be greater than:
v=0, 60 Po
c
Ag
When the axial load (Por) Is traction, you must be (vc)=0

99

In sections of earthquake resistant walls where plastic hinge formation is

not expected, the contribution of concrete to shear resistance shall be taken
as the smaller of the values calculated as:

v c=0.27 Por4
f' +
c Ag
Por
Lw 0, 10 f ' c+0, 20 A
g
vc=0 05 f'

M or RLw
R
c+ -
Vor 2
where:
Pu: must be negative when traction;

Mor Lw
Yes V - 2 is negative or zero, the equation can not be applied
or
before.
(b) In the sections located between the base of the septum and the lower

Lw h
w
distance 2 or 2 The contribution of concrete (V c ) shall

Lw wh
be the distance calculated 2 or 2 As appropriate.
., R.P.II.) 1.6.3. Design of shear reinforcement

1.6.3. a. Horizontal reinforcement

(i) Section horizontal shear reinforcement should be calculated as:

(vn-vc)bws h 0, 70bws h
Avh =
fand f and
(ii) The spacing of horizontal shear reinforcement must be (Sh) No

greater than:
./ Lw/ 5
./ 3BW
./ 450 mm
(iii) The horizontal reinforcement shall be adequately anchored at the ends of

the septum or seismic boundary elements

100

by hooks or in accordance with the specifications in (2.2.9.10 RPII..): "The

stirrups should be anchored by at least one hook 135. Alternatively the
ends of the stirrup may be welded to develop the breaking strength of the
bar. "
1.6.3. b. Vertical reinforcement

He must have a vertical shear reinforcement not less than:
0, 70 bwsv
Avv =
f
and
The separation of the vertical shear reinforcement (Sv) should not be

greater than any of the following values:
./ Lw/ 3
./ 3BW
./ 450 mm
When appropriate cutting consider moving through

of a given plane, such as in the case of an existing crack or
potential, or the interface between two concretes cast in times
different, the area of reinforcement required (Avf ) Perpendicular to
cutting plane should be calculated as:
(Vor-fPor)
Avf =
f
and f
where:
The coefficient of friction ( f) shall be taken as specified in

CIRSOC Regulation 201.
The reinforcement (Avf), you should not join the vertical reinforcement
required
provided for the flexural strength.
., R.P.II.) 1.7. DETERMINATION OF CROSS WEAVE (partition T1X)

Following the sequence described in the previous point, then proceeds to
determine the cross section to provide reinforcement at every level of the

septum (T1X)

., R.P.II.) 1.7.1. Control of buckling of the longitudinal bars

The partition is designed, the entire height, with two layers of

101

longitudinal reinforcement, the total amount in each of the sectors that have
been identified are:
./Nivel 1: l=0.0186 > 2 = 0.00476

f and
l=0.0220 >
./Nivel 4: 2 =0.00476
l=0.0177 > f and
./Nivel 5: =0.0081 > 2 =0.00476

l f and
./Nivel 7: 2 f = 0.00476
and
l=0.0099 >
./Nivel 8: 2 =0.00476
l=0.0060 > f and
./Nivel 9: 2 =0.00476
f and
Whereas the amount of longitudinal reinforcement provided in the

different levels of the wall is l>2 fy it must provide ( )
transverse reinforcement to prevent buckling of the longitudinal bars over the
entire height of the partition.

Atea = Ab fa s
16 nd 6d
f yt b
To have transverse reinforcement in different parts of the septum
A - area of potential plastic hinge formation.

(i) In this case, the height of said zone is (Lw=7 m).
(ii) Transverse reinforcement shall be provided as follows:
491mmR2420MPa 150mm 2
Atea = =
16 420MPa 6 x25mm 30, 7 mm
Boards to control buckling of the longitudinal bars: 8c / 150mm
As the spacing between the longitudinal bars is uniform and equal to

135 mm; will be placed closed stirrups (=8 mm) taking each of
the longitudinal bars over the entire length of the septum. (See diagram
Reinforced)

102

Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars, will

(6 db = 150 mm).
B - Outside area of potential plastic hinge formation
From the 7 meters high, the transverse reinforcement to provide the septum
(T1X) will be:
(I) The diameter of the bracket in each area of the septum is: dtea =(Db4)
To: db = 25 mm dtea >6.25 mm ( =8 mm)

To: db=20 mm To: dte > 5.00 mm
db=16 mm To: dtea >4.00 mm ( = 6
db=12 mm dtea >3.00 mm
mm) ( =
6 mm)
( =6 mm)
(Ii): The spacing between stirrups is: sh <12 db
To: db = 25 mm sh<300 mm
To: db=20 mm To: sh <240 mm
db=16 mm To: sh<192 mm
db=12 mm To: sh<144 mm
db=10 mm sh<120 mm
For bars db=25 mm vertical spacing sh=200 mm:
Abfands h 491mmR2420MPa 200mm 2

A =
tea
16 f yt 6d Atea = = 40 9 mm
16
420MPa 6 x25mm
b
For bars db=20 mm vertical spacing sh=200 mm:
Abfand s 314mm2 420MPa 200mm 2
= 32, 7 mm
Atea = f yt 6d Atea = 420MPa 6 x20mm
16 b 16

103

For bars (db=16 mm) - Vertical separation: sh=180 mm
Abfand s

200mm2 420MPa 180mm 2
= 23.4 mm
Atea = f yt 6d Atea = 420MPa 6 x16 mm
16 b 16
Atea = 16b and

Af s 2
f 6d Atea = 113 mm 420MPa 140 mm =13.7 mm2
yt b 16 420MPa 6 x12 mm
For bars (db=10 mm) - Vertical separation: sh=120mm
Atea = 16b and

Af s 2
f 6d Atea = 78.5 mm 420MPa 120 mm =9.81 mm 2
yt b 16 420MPa 6 x10 mm
., R.P.II.) 1.7.2. Confinement of the compression zone
(i) With either method of analysis used, one can define the depth of the
neutral axis "c", which must be compared with the critical value given
by:

0, 30or 0, 1.63 30
c crit = w Lw; c crit = 7 m =0, 856 m
4

where:
or

w
or M w
= = orMn
w w w
ME ME
(ii) In this case, as the neutral axis of the analysis obtained is greater
than
critical (C >c crit ), The horizontal extension of the area to confine
must have a length given by:
c '= c - 0.70cc 0.50c
c ' =1424 mm -0, 70 856 mm =825 mm >0, 50 1424 mm =712 mm

104

(iii) Transverse reinforcement shall be available for confinement each of

the two orthogonal directions of the section confined, such that:
Ag* fc' c
Ash = 40 +0.10 s hh ' * - 0 07
f
L
Ac h W
2 R
4 +0,10 mm825 mm 330000mm 25MPa 1424 mm
A = - = 2
sh 222650mm2 420MPa 7000 0.07 233 mm
40 mm
12
(iv) Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars must not be greater than
6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bar
(6 db) restricting, of the thickness of the wall in the area
confined or 150 mm.
Stirrups for confinement of the compression zone at the base: 10c / 120mm
., R.P.II.) 1.7.3. CUT DESIGN

., R.P.II.) 1.7.3. a. Shear design

The shear design in the "i" level for shear walls cantilever should be
evaluated according to the following expression:
V = or VEi VEi
ui vw

where:
or=1.63: Factor of flexural overstrength (see page 81)
w
v: dynamic amplification factor, to be taken as:
(a) When using static analysis: For the 10-
story building (n = 10):
= 1.30 + 10 = 1.63 1.80

v
30
(b) When dynamic analysis is used: For all
cases: v = 1

105

In the next sheet cutting maximum values generated only lateral forces,
acting on the septum (T1X), obtained by the present program ETABS 8.1.3.
State Court
Level Location
Cargo Vx[KN]
Capital 556.06
Level 10 FX2
Base 556.06
Capital 1084.4
Level 9 FX2
Base 1084.4
Capital 1553.35
Level 8 FX2
Base 1553.35
Capital 1985.88
Level 7 FX2
Base 1985.88
Capital 2397.41
Level 6 FX2
Base 2397.41
Capital 2747.77
Level 5 FX2
Base 2747.77
Capital 3030.03
Level 4 FX2
Base 3030.03
Capital 3249.78
Level 3 FX2
Base 3249.78
Capital 3442.34
Level 2 FX2
Base 3442.34
Capital 3575.7
Level 1 FX2
Base 3575.7
Maximum shear level generated by the lateral forces only - PARTITION

(T1X)

106

The values cut design and cutting of comparison as provided in Article

3.6.1.1 are determined. (INPRES- CIRSOC 103, Part II).
V cut designui Court Compare

Flat
[KN] V ei /
10 1459.27 2224.24
9 2845.79 4337.6
8 4076.46 6213.4
7 5211.54 7943.52
6 6291.52 9589.64
5 7210.97 10991.08
4 7951.71 12120.12
3 8528.40 12999.12
2 9033.73 13769.36
1 9383.71 14302.8
Design shear stress and shear stress compared to all levels of

PARTITIONS (T1X)
., R.P.II.) 1.7.3. b. Shear Strength

(3.6.2.1., 1.7.3. b.1. Nominal shear stress
R.P.II.)
The total nominal shear stress at the wall is calculated as:
V V 1
n
vn= =or
0, 80bwLw 0,80bwLw
where:
Vor=3575.7 KN -Last cut (See table on page 106)
: Must be equal to 1
v=n 3575700 N 1
1 0.80 x 400 mm 7000 mm = 1.60 MPa
(i) In the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the above defined
nominal shear stress does not exceed the value:

107
or
w
vn= +0, 15 f' c

25 =2, 79 MPa
1.63
v= + 0, 15
n
4
(ii) In sections of the partition where the formation of plastic hinges is not
expected, it is verified that the nominal shear stress does not exceed
the greater of the following values.
./ 0, 20f 'c = 5.0 MPa
./ 1.10 f ' c=5, 5 MPa
./ 9.0 MPa
For levels 4 and 8 of the partition (T1X), the values of nominal shear stress
vn are:
3030000 N 1
Level 4: v= = 1.80 MPa
n
1 0.80 300mm 7000mm
Level 8: v = 1553350 N 1 = 1.39 MPa

n
1 0.80 200mm 7000mm
It is observed that both the area of potential formation of plastic hinges as in

the upper levels (outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation), the
regulatory requirements are met regarding the upper limit of the nominal
shear stress.
., R.P.II.) 1.7.3. b.2. Concrete contribution to the shear strength
(i) In partitions sismorresistentes submitted to one Load of

compressio Pu, the contribution of concrete to shear strength
n
v c Area plastic hinge formation potential, should not
be greater than:

vc=0, 60 P 1790620 N =0, 48 MPa
o
=0, 60
Ag 400mm 7000mm

108
In this case the axial load Pu Compression is

109
(ii) In sections of the partition where the plastic hinge formation is not
expected, the contribution of concrete to shear strength will be taken
as the lesser of the following values:
Level 4: Por=1093200N
v c=0, 27 Por4 = 0.27 5 MPa + 1093200 N =1.48 MPa

f' +
c Ag 4300 mm 7000 mm
Lw 0, 10 f ' c+0, Por

Ag
20
vc=0 05 f'

M or Lw
R
R
c+ -
Vor 2
where
Por, in this case, is taken to be positive by compression;
7000 mm 0, 10 5 MPa +0.20 1093200 N

300 mm 7000 mm

v c=0 05 5 MPa + =0, 885 MPa
30784500000Nmm 7000mm
-
3029000 N 2

vc=0, 27 Por4 = 0 + 27 x 5 MPa 401490 N = 1.42 MPa
f' +
c Ag 4200 mm 7000 mm

Por
L w
0, 10 f ' +0, 20
c Ag
vc=0 05 f ' c+
Mor L
-w
Vor 2
where
Por, in this case, is taken to be positive by compression;
7000 mm 0, 10 5 MPa +0, 20 401490 N

200 mm 7000 mm
vc=0 05 5 MPa +

=Not applicable
814440000Nmm 7000mm
-
1552350 N 2
This equation is not applicable since the denominator of the second term is

110
negative.

111
(iii) In the sections located between the base of the septum and the
shortest distance between:
Lw / 2 = 3500mm
hw/ 2 =16250mm
The contribution of the concrete will be the distance calculated Lw/ 2 (Zone
potential formation of plastic hinge)

., R.P.II.) 1.7.3. c. Design of shear reinforcement

(a) Horizontal reinforcement
The horizontal section is calculated shear reinforcement in each of the

predefined areas in the partition, as:

(vn-vc)bwsh 0, 70bws h
Avh =
fand f and
(i) In the area of potential plastic hinge formation:

(2 , 79MPa- 0 , 48MPa) 400mm 100mm
Avh = = 220 mm2
420MPa
0, 70 400mm 100mm
Avh =220mm2 =66, 7 mm2
420MPa
Stirrups to absorb the cut at the base: 2 12 C / 100 mm
(ii) In sections of the partition where the formation of plastic hinges can
not wait, it was verified that the nominal shear stress did not exceed
the lesser of the following values.
./ 0, 20f 'c = 5, 0MPa
./ 1.10 f ' c=5, 5MPa
./ 9.0 MPa
The separation of the horizontal shear reinforcement will be the lesser of:
sh
5
./
./ 3BW
L
w

110
7 0 mm
= =1400 mm
0 5
0 =3400 mm =1200 mm
./ 450 mm

111
Level 4:
(1,80MPa- 0 , 885MPa) 300mm 150mm 2
Avh = = 98.0 mm
420MPa
Stirrups to absorb the cut: 28c / 150mm
Level 8:
(1,39MPa- 1,42MPa) 200mm 150mm 2
Avh = = -2, 14 mm
420MPa
Avh = 2, 14mm2 < 0, 70 200mm 150mm = 50 mm2

420MPa
The horizontal truss will be anchored at the ends of the partition seismic or
edge elements by means of hooks.
(B) Vertical reinforcement
A vertical shear reinforcement shall be provided not less than:
(i) In the area of potential formation of plastic hinges (ZPRP) is:

0, 70bwsv 0, 70 400mm 450mm
Avv = = = 300 mm2
fand 420MPa
Vertical shear reinforcement: 20c / 450mm
(This armor is covered in armor ready for bending, see page 83)
(ii) Outside the area of potential formation of plastic hinges is:

Level 4:

0, 70 300mm 300mm
0, 70bwsv
Avv = = = 150 mm2
fa 420MPa
nd
Vertical reinforcement to absorb cutting: 16c / 300mm

112

Level 8:

0, 70bwsv 0, 70 300mm 157mm
Avv = = = 78.5 mm2
fa 420MPa
nd
Vertical reinforcement to absorb cutting: 10c / 157 mm
The separation of the vertical reinforcement of cutting will not be greater

sv than
any of the following values:
7000 mm
./ = =2333 mm
3
L
w
3
./ 3b w =3400 mm =1200 mm
./ 450 mm
A cross Adura rm to control buckling of the longitudinal bars horizontally Adura

rm A cutting
Stirrups for confinam ent com prim leg area

Ince: Level +29.5
U ntil: Level 2.5 m +3 A sl = 6 + 2812
Stirrups = 6 c / 140mm
261

0.20

27 0 m
m A vh = 2 6 c / 150mm

Ince: Level +25.1 m Stirrups = 8 c / 200mm
U ntil: 9.5 m +2 level A sl =
5420
0.20
27 0 m
NB: In palm area is em be placed (18 c m A vh = 2 8 c / 150mm
/ 120 mm)

D are: Level +12.6 m Asl = 84 + 2225 Stirrups = 8 c / 200mm
20
To: Nive l +25.1 m A sl = 0 + 7425 322
0.30m
135mm A vh = 2 8 c / 150mm
NB: In palm area is em be placed (110
c / 150 mm)
Ince: +7.0 m level Stirrups = 8 c / 200mm

U ntil: Level +12.6 m A sl =
10625
0.40 m
N OTE: E n em palm area is will be placed

135mm
A vh = 2 12 w / 150mm
(1O1 c 0/15 0 mm)
A sl = 10625
U p: +7.0 m level
Ince: Level +0,0

0.40 m

113
Stirrups = 8 c / 150mm
135mm
Avh = 2 12 w / 1
Area = 8 com prim round 25mm 10 c /
120mm
00mm NB: In palm area is em be placed
(C 110 / 150 m m)
Fig 28.: SCHEDULE CHANGE CROSS WEAVE (T1X)

114
., R.P.II.) 1.8. DETERMINATION OF CROSS WEAVE (partition T5Y)
Following the sequence described in the previous point, then proceeds to

determine the cross section to provide reinforcement at every level of the
septum (T5Y)
., R.P.II.) 1.8.1. Control of buckling of the longitudinal bars

The wall is designed in full height, with two layers of longitudinal
reinforcement, the total amount in each of the sectors that have been
defined are:
./Nivel 1: l=0.0086 >2 / fand=0.00476
./Nivel 5: l = 0.0095> 2 / f = 0.00476
./Nivel 7: l=0.0086 >2 / fand=0.00476
./Nivel 8: l = 0.0086> 2 / f = 0.00476
Whereas the amount of longitudinal reinforcement provided in the

different levels of the wall is l>2 / fand reinforcement shall be
provided
transversal to prevent buckling of the longitudinal bars over the entire
height of the partition.

Atea = Ab fa
s
16 nd
6d
f yt b
2
420MPa 314mm 120mm 2
Atea
= =
16 420MPa 6 x20mm 19.6mm
Boards to control buckling of the longitudinal bars (base): 8c / 120mm
To have transverse reinforcement in different parts of the partition A
- Training Zone potential plastic hinge
(i) In this case, the height of said zone is equal Lw = 8 m.
(ii) Transverse reinforcement shall be provided as follows:
As the spacing between the longitudinal bars is uniform and equal to

188 mm; Steps shall be closed =8 mm taking each of
115

the longitudinal bars (see scheme armed), the entire length of the septum.
Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars, will

6 db = 120 mm.
B - Outside area of potential plastic hinge formation
From the 8 meters high, the transverse reinforcement to be available:
(i) The diameter of the abutment in each partition area is equal to db / 4

To db=20 mm, dtea >5 mm ( 6 mm)


(ii) The spacing between stirrups will sh<12db
To db=20 mm, stea <240 mm
314mmR2420MPa 200mm 2
Atea = =
16 420MPa 6 x20mm 32.7 mm
Boards to control buckling of bars 20longitudinal: 8c / 200mm
200mmR2420MPa 190mm 2
Atea
= =
16 420MPa 6 x16mm 24.7 mm
Boards to control buckling of bars 16 longitudinal: 6c / 190mm
113mmR2420MPa 140mm 2
Atea
= =
16 420MPa 6 x12mm 13.7 mm
Boards to control buckling of bars 12 longitudinal: 6c / 140mm

116
78,5mmR2420MPa 120mm 2
Atea= =
16 420MPa 6 x10mm 9,81mm
Boards to control buckling of bars 10longitudinal: 6c / 120mm
., R.P.II.) 1.8.2. Confinement of the compression zone
(i) With either method of analysis used, you can define the depth of the
neutral axis "c", which should be compared with the critical value given
by:

c = 1,01m 0.30or 0.30 8 m =0,93m
c crit = w
Lw; ccrit =
1.55
4

where:
M wo orMw n
or= =
w w w
ME ME
(ii) In this case, as the neutral axis of the analysis obtained is greater than
critical c>c crit, the horizontal extent of the confined area to be
have a length given by:
c '= c - 0.70cc 0.50c
c ' =1009.6 mm -0, 70 930 mm =651 mm >0, 50 1009.6 mm =504.8 mm
(iii) Transverse reinforcement should be available for each confinement one

of the two orthogonal directions of the section to confine such what:
Ag* fc' c
Ash = 40 +0.10 shh ' *f - 0.07
L
Ac h W
2
4 260400mm 25MPa 1009.6 mm

A = +0,10 120 mm651mm - =
sh 173910mm2 420MPa 8000mm 0.07 78.3 mm
2
40
(iv) Separating stirrups along the longitudinal bars must not be greater than 6
times the diameter of the longitudinal bar
6d b restricting, of the thickness of the wall in the confined zone or
150 mm.
117
Stirrups for confinement of the compression zone at the base: 8c / 120mm

118
., 1.8.3. CUT DESIGN

R.P.II.)
1.8.3. a. Shear design
., R.P.II.)
The effort of court of design in the level "I" for
sismorresistentes cantilevered partitions will be evaluated according to
the following expression:
V = or VEi VEi
ui vw

where:
or=1.55, flexural overstrength factor (see p. 86)
w
v: dynamic amplification factor, to be taken as:
(a) When using static analysis: For the
10-story building (n = 10):
v = 1.30 + 10 = 1.63 1.80

30
(b) When dynamic analysis is used: For all
cases:
v=1
In the next sheet cutting maximum values generated only lateral forces,
acting on the septum T5Y, obtained by the present program ETABS 8.1.3.

119

VAnd
Level Partition Load Location
[KN]
10 T5Y FY Capital 431.55

10 T5Y FY Base 431.55
9 T5Y FY Base 781.67
8 T5Y FY Base 1104.57
7 T5Y FY Base 1416.04
6 T5Y FY Base 1704.3
8 T5Y FY Base 1949.34
4 T5Y FY Base 2147.78
3 T5Y FY Base 2312.74
2 T5Y FY Base 2439.42
Maximum shear per floor lateral forces generated only - PARTITION (T5Y)
The values cut design and cutting of comparison as provided in Article

3.6.1.1 are determined. (CIRSOC Inpres-103, Part II).
V cut designui
Court
Flat Compare
[KN] V ei /
10 1125.48 1726.2
9 2038.60 3126.68
8 2880.72 4418.28
7 3693.03 5664.16
6 4444.81 6817.2
5 5083.88 7797.36
4 5601.41 8591.12
3 6031.63 9250.96
2 6362.01 9757.68
1 6553.12 10050.8
Design shear stress and shear stress compared to all levels of

PARTITIONS (T5Y)

120

., R.P.II.) 1.8.3. b. Shear Strength

(3.6.2.1., 1.8.3. b.1. Nominal shear stress
R.P.II.)
The total nominal shear stress at the wall is calculated as:
V V 1
n
vn= =or
0.80bwLw 0.80bwLw
where:
Vu = 2512,7KN - last Court (See table on page 117)
must be equal to 1
v= 2512700 N 1
= 0 .98 MPa w
+ 0, 15

or
v n=

121
f 'c
f ' c= 5, 5 MPa
v= + 0, 15
n Level 4:
4
(i) In sections of the partition where
the formation of plastic hinges is
not expected, it is verified that the
nominal shear stress does not
exceed the greater of the following
values.
./ 0, 20f ' c=5.0 M P a

122
= 1.12 MPa
Level 8:
v = 2147780 N 1
n 0, 80 x 400 mm 8000 mm
1
(ii) In the area of potential plastic hinge formation, the above defined
nominal shear stress does not exceed the value:

25 = 2, 69 MPa
1.55
./ 1.10
./ 9.0 MPa
n
1 0.80 300mm 8000mm
v= 1104570 N 1 = 0, 86 MPa
n
1 0, 80 200mm 8000mm

123
It is observed that both the area of potential formation of plastic hinges as in

the upper levels (outside the area of potential plastic hinge formation), the
regulatory requirements are met regarding the upper limit of the nominal
shear stress.
., R.P.II.) 1.8.3. b.2. Concrete contribution to the shear strength

(i) In sismorresistentes septa under a compressive load
Pu, the contribution of concrete to shear strength vc in the
area of potential plastic hinge formation, shall not be greater than:
vc=0, 60 Por 5226450 N =1.28 MPa

= 0, 60
Ag 400mm 8000mm
In this case the axial load Pu Compression is
(ii) In sections of the partition where the plastic hinge formation is not
expected, the contribution of concrete to shear strength will be taken as
the lesser of the following values:
vc=0, 27 Por4 = 0 + 27 x 5 MPa 3490120 N =1.71 MPa

f' +
c Ag 4300 mm 8000 mm
P
L w
0, 10 f +0, 20 or
Ag
'c
v c=0 05 f ' c+
M or wL
-
Vor 2
where:
Pu in this case is taken to be positive by compression;
3490120 N
8000 mm 0.10 5 MPa +0, 20
300 mm 8000 mm
vc=0 05 5 MPa + =Not applicable
2263000000Nmm 8000mm
-
2268980 N 2

124

vc=0, 27 Por4 = 0 + 27 x 5 MPa 1466570 N =1.58 MPa

f' +
c Ag 4200 mm 8000 mm
P
L w
0, 10 f +0, 20 or
Ag
'c
v c=0 05 f ' c+
M or wL
-
Vor 2
where:
Pu in this case is taken to be positive by compression;
8000 1466570N
+0.20mm 0.10 5 MPa
200 mm 8000 mm

v c=0.05 5 MPa + 592500000Nmm =Not applicable
8000mm
-
1235120 N 2
(iii) In the sections located between the base of the septum and the
shortest distance between:
Lw / 2 = 3500mm

hw/ 2 =16250mm

The contribution of the concrete will be the distance calculated Lw/ 2 (Zone
potential formation of plastic hinge)

., R.P.II.) 1.8.3. c. Design of shear reinforcement

(a) Horizontal reinforcement
The horizontal section is calculated shear reinforcement in each of the

predefined areas in the partition, as:
Avh =
(v n-vc)bwsh 0, 70bwsh

fand fand
(i) In the area of potential plastic hinge formation:
Avh = 420MPa
(0 , 98MPa- 1,28MPa) 400mm 150mm
120
=42, 9mm2

121

Avh 0, 70 400mm 150mm 100 mm2
42 = 9 mm2 < 420MPa =
Stirrups to absorb the cut at the base: 28c / 150mm
(ii) In sections of the partition where the formation of plastic hinges can not
wait, it was verified that the nominal shear stress did not exceed the
lesser of the following values.
./ 0, 20f 'c = 5, 0MPa
./ 1.10 f ' c=5, 5MPa
./ 9.0 MPa
The separation of the horizontal shear reinforcement will be the lesser of:
sh

8000 mm
Lw = =1600 mm
./ 5 5
./ 3b w =3400 mm =1200 mm
./ 450 mm
Level 4:
(1.71 1,12MPa- MPa) 300mm 200mm 2
Avh = = -84.3 Mm
420MPa
Avh -84,3mm2 = < 0, 70 300mm 200mm = 100 mm2

420MPa
Level 8:
(0 , 86MPa- 1,58MPa ) 200mm 150mm 2
Avh = = -51.4 mm
420MPa
Avh -51,4mm2 = < 0, 70 200mm 150mm = 50 mm 2

420MPa
The horizontal truss will be anchored at the ends of the partition seismic or
edge elements by means of hooks.

122
(b) Vertical reinforcement
A vertical shear reinforcement shall be provided not less than:
(i) In the area of potential formation of plastic hinges (ZPR P) is:

0, 70bwsv 0, 70 400mm 250mm
Avv = = = 167 mm2
f and 420MPa
Vertical shear reinforcement: 16c / 239mm
(This armor is covered by the bending, see page 91)
(ii) Outside the area of potential formation of plastic hinges is:
Level 4:

0, 70bwsv 0, 70 300mm 250mm
Avv = = = 83.3 mm 2
f and 420MPa
Level 8:

0, 70bwsv 0, 70 200mm 240mm
Avv = = = 80 mm 2
f and 420MPa
The separation of the vertical reinforcement of cutting will not be greater

sv than
any of the following values:

8000 mm
Lw = =2666, 7 mm
./ 3 3
./ 3b w =3400 mm =1200 mm
./ 450 mm

123

Transverse reinforcement to control buckling of longitudinal horizontal bar

cutting Armor (Avh)
Stirrups for confinement of the compression zone
From: Level +27.1 m Stirrups = 6 c / 120mm

To: Level +32.5 m Asl = 4412 +
4210

0.20m
188mm Avh = 2 6 c / 150mm
From: Level +21.65 m Stirrups = 6 c / 140mm

To: Level +27.1 m Asl = 4412 +
4216
0.30m

NOTE: junction area shall be placed 188mm Avh = 2 6 c / 150mm
(C 18 / 120 mm)
From: +8.0 m level Asl = 4620 + Stirrups = 8 c / 200mm

4216
To: Level +21.65 m Asl = 8820
0.40m
188mm

NOTE: junction area is placed (18 c / 120
Avh = 2 8 c / 200mm
mm)

From: Level +0,0
Asl = Stirrups = 8 c / 120mm
To: +8.0 m level
8820
0.40m
188mm

Avh = 2 8 c / 150mm
Compressed = 651mm
Area
Fig 29.: SCHEDULE CHANGE PARTITION HEIGHT CROSS WEAVE

(T5Y)

124

1.9.PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURE
Linear Static Analysis - Verification of reinforcement provided
8.1.3 Using the ETABS program, the evaluation of the linear behavior of the
structure with really ready armor was made.
To this end, the three sections with expected variations for the partitions in
the height of the building are defined.
Notably, considering the regularity having the structure plan, it is considered

sufficiently representative, assume the design of the partition (T1X) for all
partitions arranged in the direction (X - X), and the same criteria; design
partition (T5Y) shall be that all partitions arranged apply in the direction (Y -
Y).
In the chart below is a breakdown of sections is adopted to perform the

evaluation to lateral loads (incremental) for the structure:
Thickne Length (Total) arranged

Street Level Partition
ss [mm] Armor
address
[mm]

1 TX11 to TX61 400 7000 106 25

X-X 4 TX14 to TX64 300 7000 84 25
8 TX18 to TX68 200 7000 56 16

1 TY11 to TY81 400 8000 88 20

Y-Y 4 TY14 to TY84 300 8000 58 20
8 TY18 to TY88 200 8000 40 16
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Structural Behavior Evaluation

124

Verification of longitudinal reinforcement PARTITION (T1X) - Level 1

program ETABS 8.1.3

program ETABS 8.1.3

125


program ETABS 8.1.3
The objective of presenting the static linear analysis by ETABS 8.1.3

Program. is remarkable to see the difference between a structural design
that conforms to the acting stresses, that is, without choosing a suitable
mechanism collapse; and capacity design.
The first leads to plastic hinging identical probabilities in any section of the
partition; while in the second, ie the capacity design, the desired collapse
mechanism defined by designing the partitions such that the marking of the
selected area is ensured.

126

Verification of longitudinal reinforcement PARTITION (T5Y) - Level 1

program ETABS 8.1.3

program ETABS 8.1.3

127


program ETABS 8.1.3
1.10. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DESIGN OF BUILDING

FOUNDATION
In buildings partitions configured with reinforced concrete cantilever on

which the collapse is desirable mechanism by flexural hinge at the base, the
foundation design is a critical point for the behavior of the structure.
The critical stress cantilever walls subjected to lateral loads, are obviously:
./ The tablet punching element edge
./ Lifting the pulled end.
It is supposed to built in bulkheads at the base, working as "cantilever beams."
The important thing is to realize in underrun course work in design.
According to published trials, a criterion to define the height of the septum

beam foundation is to take at least a height equal to the length of the
longitudinal reinforcement anchorage.
./ In this case, footings are made, assuming that the foundation of the
structure works as "monolithic." Sufficient rigidity to the shoe so that the
structure is given in work
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Foundations - Design Considerations

128

block and the stresses generated at the base are supported by the
"foundation system" raised.
Thus the individual effects in the partitions (tablet punching edge and
pulled Rising edge) can be distributed over a much larger area.
Therefore, it is necessary to check the widespread overturning of the

structure, such that the overall stability of the building is not violated.
./ Another alternative would be to extend the partitions below the

foundation level, a length sufficient to consider that they serve as
effective embedment of the super structure.
What is generally recommended for buildings with partition is raised "one

or two underground" since it is considered that with a depth similar to the
length of the wall (for slenderness ratios foundation - between 4 and 5 - as
being using it in the example) is sufficient to guarantee this behavior.
In all cases, the design of the foundation of the building should be such as
to resist all solicitations transmitted by the superstructure, considering the
corresponding overstrength factors.
Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Foundations - Design Considerations

129

REFERENCES
1. Inpres, Regulation Argentino Inpres-CIRSOC 103 for Earthquake

Resistant Buildings, Part II Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Research
Center of the National Security Regulations for Civil, 2005 Works.
2. Inpres, Regulation Argentino Inpres-CIRSOC 103 for Earthquake

Resistant Buildings, Part II Comments Reinforced Concrete Buildings.
Research Center of the National Security Regulations for Civil, 2005
Works.
3. Paulay, T. & Priestley, M.J.N. Seismic design of reinforced concrete

and masonry buildings. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992.
4. Examples of concrete structural design to New Zealand Standard, NZS

3101, Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand, 1995.
5. Paulay T. Simplicity and confidence in seismic design. The Fourth

Mallet-Milne Lecture SECED, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1993.
6. Park, R. & Paulay, T. Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley &

Sons, 1975.
7. Neck, Mario H .; Giuliano, A. "Seismic Reinforced Concrete Walls with

Limited Ductility", April 1994.
8. Giuliano, A.P .; Amado, J. A .; "Behavior of Buildings Estrcturados with

Concrete Walls: Implications for Seismic Design", XII Conference on
Structural Engineering Argentinas, Buenos Aires, September 1992.
9. Amado, J. A .; Barros, EA, "Static Seismic Analysis Edifcios Inpres-

CIRSOC under Regulation 103," Technical Publication No. 14, Inpres,
November 1987.
10. CIRSOC. Argentine Regulations CIRSOC 201 for Concrete Structures.

Research Center of National Regulations Civil Safety, 2002 Works.
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EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING SEISMIC DESIGN STRUCTURED WITH

CANTILEVER WALLS OF CONCRETE

REGULATIONS UNDER THE ARGENTINE

Authors: Alejandro Jorge Amado - Silvana Nora Bustos

Department of Public Works Office of the

Argentina Association of Concrete Technology for

This system has historically been punished by the regulations, requiring

The efficiency of this configuration is based on the partitions meet three

Resistance (Service Status - Immediate Occupancy)

Stiffness (Damage Control - Safety of life) Ductility (last

State - Preventing collapse)

It presents the following advantages:

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Introduction

Provide rigidity and strength with a low cost.

Importantly, the excellent performance of the hundreds of buildings

Like any system, it has some drawbacks, such as:

II. LAYOUT AND CONTENT

An example of application that includes a ten-story building located in

1) Porches and concrete partitions Resistant gravity load system.

2) Lateral load resistant system (earthquake): Partitions of concrete

To facilitate interpretation of the work, some elements of the building which

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Introduction

Complementing the worksheets and charts that determine the parameters

Importantly, in the example given the seismic capacity of a structural system

Such a configuration should always be a basic charge both at a structural

The chosen system has the following characteristics:

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Introduction

It is considered that partitions densities of the order of 2%, according

In the example, references to articles of the regulation in force, CIRSOC

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Introduction

It is a residential building in horizontal property, consisting of 10 levels, with

The structural typology chosen as seismic system consists of "partitions

(Cap. 3 P.I.) Place of installation: Seismic Zone 4

1.b. Building Features

Number of floors: 10 (ten)

(Cap. 2 R.P.II.) Structural type: Partitions earthquake resistant reinforced concrete

f yt 420 MPa or fyt 500MPa

Mezzanines and roof: solid slabs Systems assembled in two

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Building Features

Fig 1.: GENERAL PLANT - FUNCTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Building Features

Figure 2 shows the perspective of the building is shown, showing the

Fig 2.: STRUCTURAL TYPE OF BUILDING (PERSPECTIVE)

Seismic Design Example of a Building Structured Building Features

PLANT TYPE STRUCTURE

VISTA WEST VISTA SOUTH

Fig 3: STRUCTURAL BUILDING SCHEME

In the forms of FIGURE 4, the transverse dimensions of the walls, columns

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT A- SEPTA

1st to 3rd 400 7000 400 8000

4th to 7th 300 7000 300 8000

8th to 10th 200 7000 200 8000

B FRAMES A VERTICAL LOADS

1st to 3rd 400 400

4th to 7th 350 350

8th to 10th 300 300

1 6500 200 500

3 3000 200 300

1 6500 200 500

3 3000 200 300

1 6500 200 500

3 3000 200 300

Fig 4.: STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS