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d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
IR Theorry in Practtice Case Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Section 1
R Theory and
Realist IR a China
a's WTO A
Accession
From read ding Chapters 6 and 8 of The G Globalizatioon of Worldd Politics ((6e.), you should
s
now be fa amiliar with
h the basic tenets of RRealist Inte
ernational Relations ttheory. Yo ou are
advised too consult thhese cruciial chapters
rs if you have not don
ne so alreaady as theirr contents
will not be
e repeated d here. In addition,
a yo
ou may find d Chapters
s 16 and 277 useful forr this
case stud dy.
Introducttion
In additionn to readin
ng this secttion, you s hould conssult the Lib
beral, Consstructivist, and
Marxist an nd Post-coolonial theo
ory sectionns of the ca
ase study forf importaant alternatives to
Realism. The purpo ose of this section
s is tto suggest ways in which
w the innsights you u will have
learnt from
m Chapter 6 of The Globalizatio
G on of Worlld Politics (6e.)
( illustra
rate important
aspects o of China's accession
a to the WTO O from a Realist
R pers
spective. B By no means can
the follow
wing be an exhaustive e survey off the possible ways Realist
R inteernational theory
t
might help p you thinkk about the
e case.
Rise of China"
1) The "R
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
Johnston further nottes that US S-China traade does notn display the negat ive correla ation
between ttrade depe endence an nd military expenditures that on ne would eexpect under
neorealistt prediction
ns (Ibid). And
A for its own part, China appears to be attempting g to
deliberate
ely manage e US perce eptions of iits rise. In 2003, Chinese leadeers began using the
term "peaaceful rise" or "peaceful develop pment" to refer
r to the
eir foreign aand econo
omic
policy.
2) Great P
Power Relations an
nd Internattional Insttitutions
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
other and with the goals
g of the
e organizattion. Many
y scholars of
o Chinesee foreign po
olicy
believe th
hat China still
s views the world in n these rea
alist terms.
on questio
Discussio on
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
IR theorry in Practtice Case S
Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Section 2
R Theory and
Liberal IR a China
a's WTO A
Accession
From read ding Chapters 7 and 8 of The G Globalizatioon of Worldd Politics ((6e.), you should
s
now be fa amiliar with
h the basic tenets of LLiberal Inte
ernational Relations ((IR) theory y. You are
advised too consult thhese cruciial chapters
rs if you have not donne so alreaady as theirr contents
will not be
e repeated d here. In addition,
a yo
ou may find d Chapterss 16 and 277 useful forr this
case stud dy.
Introducttion
The previous section of this ca ase study e explored thhe relationship betweeen realist theory
and China a's accession to the WTO.
W Thee purpose of
o this section is to suuggest way ys in
which thee insights you
y will hav ve learnt fro
rom Chapte ers 7 and 8 of The G Globalization of
World Pollitics (6e.) illustrate im
mportant a aspects of the
t China's s WTO acccession fro om a
Liberal pe
erspective. In addition n to this se
ection, therrefore, you
u should coonsult the Realist,
R
Constructtivist, and Marxist
M and Post-colo onial theorry sections
s of the casse study fo
or
importantt alternative
es, and should be aw ware that thhe following can by nno means serve
s as
an exhausstive surve ey of the po ossible wa ays Liberal internationnal theory might helpp you think
about the case.
1) Interde
ependence
e and Free
e Trade
A liberal a
analysis off China's acccession too the WTO O would foc cus on the links betw ween trade
opennesss, developm ment, and cooperativve international relatio ons, particcularly in a
globalizedd environmment. As Chapter
C 7n noted, since the ninetteenth cenntury many liberal
theorists h
have argue ed that trad
de createss mutual ga ains for all countries iinvolved;
globalizattion has inccreased the opportun nity cost off non-partic
cipation annd created
incentivess for econoomic openn ness (Friedden and Ro ogowski, inn Keohanee and Milne er, 1996).
The 'harmmony of inte erests' shaared by all countries in preserving these ggains will dampen
d
conflict an
nd make fo or a more peaceful
p w
world.
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
possible in order to take full ad
dvantage o
of the bene
efits that ac
ccrue from
m wider parrticipation
in the worrld econom
my.
Mo
oore and Yang,
Y 2001, p. 226
In 2005, fformer National Secu urity Adviso or Zbigniew w Brzezinski espouseed a simila ar belief,
writing thaat the need d to sustain n economi c growth would
w exertt a moderaating effectt on
Chinese fforeign policy (Brzeziinksi and M Mearsheim mer, 2005). The mitiggating effec ct of free
trade and democraccy on intern national co onflict is a hallmark of the liberaal tradition of
political th
heory. It iss this belieff that has led many liiberal analysts of Ch ina's WTO O
accession n to repeattedly stress s the mutu al gains to o be realize
ed in Chinaa's accessiion
(Rumbaug gh and Bla ancher, 200 04: p. 12).
2) Multila
ateral (eco
onomic) In
nstitutions
s and liberral theory
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
international organizzations inc
creased fro
om 21 in 19
977 to 52 in 1997 (Laampton, 20
001, p.
230).
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
IR Theorry in Practtice Case Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Section 3
onstructiv
Social Co vist Theory
y and Chin
na's WTO Accessio
on
Introducttion
In addition
n to this se
ection you should con nsult the Realist,
R Libe
eral, Marxiist, and Poost-
colonial th
heory sectiions of the case stud dy for impoortant alternnatives to cconstructiv
vism. The
purpose o of this secttion is to su
uggest wayys in which h the insighhts you wil l have learrnt from
Chapter 1 10 of The Globalizatio
G on of Worlld Politics (6e)
( illustra
ate importaant aspectss of
China's WWTO accesssion from constructivvist theoretical persp pectives. Ass with the previous
section, b
by no mean ns can the following b be an exha austive surrvey of the possible ways
w
social connstructivism
m might he elp you thin
nk about China's
C accession.
In this casse, we will briefly focus on: 1) tthe social constructtion of thee "China th
hreat,"
and 2) de ebates ove er China's changing g identity.
Noting a sstrong corrrelation between soccial identific cation and threat percception,
constructiivists positt that the attribution to
o China off a negative e "Other" iddentity exp
plains the
presence and persisstence of fear f of Chinna and perrceived pottential for cconflict. In
ndeed,
many Chinese officiials argue that the "C China threa at" is an un
nfairly prejuudiced conception of
the country's interessts, based not only o n an inacc curate repreesentationn of the couuntry's
material ccapabilitiess but a prejjudiced ideea of its interests andd intentionss; indeed, an
a
impugning g of its "intternational character"" (Deng, in n Johnston and Ross , p. 186).
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
Chinese oofficials have stresseed that onee major bennefit of China's WTO membership is that
it may hellp to dispel notions of the "Chin
na threat," replacing iti with a "C
China oppoortunity"
theory and bolsterinng the imagge of the coountry (Deeng in Johnnston and K Kim, p. 201).
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
Constructtivist scholars concurr that beha aviour has changed, butb are nott unanimou us in their
conceptio on of the exxtent to wh
hich China''s participa
ation reflects a fundammental cha
ange in
identity. OOn the onee hand exissts the vieww that Chinna underw went a paraadigm shift during
the post-11976 Reforrm Era. Sc ceptics, ho
owever, strress that deespite incre
reased partticipation,
Chinese a attitudes re
emain amb bivalent (Ecconomy, p. 232).
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
IR Theorry in Practtice Case Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Section 4
Marxist a
and Post-c
colonial Th
heory and
d China's WTO
W Acce
ession
From read ding Chapters 9 and 12 of The Globalizattion of World Politicss (6e.), you u should
now be fa h the basic tenets of M
amiliar with Marxist and Alternatiive Internattional Relaations (IR)
theories. You are addvised to consult
c thesse crucial chapters iff you have not done so
already, a
as their con
ntents will not be rep
peated here e. In additio
on, materiaal in Chaptters 16
and 27 may be usefful for this case studyy.
Introducttion
n to this se
In addition ection you should con nsult the Realism,
R Libberalism, aand Constrructivism
sections oof the casee study for important alternative es to the th
heories disccussed here. The
purpose o of this secttion is to su
uggest wayys in whichh the insigh
hts you wil l have learrnt from
Chapters 9 and 12 of o The Glo obalization of World Politics
P (6e.) illustratee importantt aspects
of China'ss accession to the WTO from M Marxist andd alternative theoreticcal perspec ctives. As
with the p
previous se ection, by non means ccan the following be an exhausstive survey of the
possible wways altern native theo ories mightt help you think
t about the accesssion process.
1) China's Colonia
al History and
a Soverreignty
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
Resistancce to foreig
gn occupattion was a key compo onent in the struggle for legitim
macy
between tthe Guomindang or Nationalist
N Party, and
d the Chineese Comm munist Party y. In
1949, Mao Zedong famously stood
s in Tia
ananmen Square
S and proclaimmed, "China a has
stood up,"" a phrase repeated much morre recently,, when then-presidennt Jiang Ze emin
visited Ha
arvard Univversity.
ess, 2014.
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Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T
The Globa
alization of World Pol itics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
interests. This is pa
artly becau
use the relaationship between
b private corpoorations an
nd state
policy is e
evolving an
nd accordinngly less aambiguous under China's continnually marketizing
economy;; although some com mpanies rem main state-owned en nterprises, the governnment has
in many ccases divessted and business in terests hav med the saame organized
ve not form
domestic lobbying groups
g as exert
e influe
ence in the
e United States.
There is n
no doubt th
hat elemen nts of the U
United States governm ment see tthemselves s as
acting to p
promote US
U business interestss overseas, or at leas st to allow aan environment in
which thoose businessses can compete
c in what the US
U perceiv ves is a fai r environm
ment.
Pearson, however, notes that part of Ch hina's econ
nomic reforrms begun in the 197 70's
included ""acceptancce of comp parative addvantage as a 'global law' ratheer than a to ool of
capitalism
m" (p. 354).. In July 2004, the UUnited State
es and four other WT TO membe ers
objected tto the PRC
C's policy of
o applying a value-ad dded tax ono importedd semi-con nductor
makers. It remains to be seen n how futurre adjudica
ations will go
g and how w these will be
perceivedd by Chinesse policym makers.
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Baylis,, Smith and
d Owens: T alization of World Pol itics 6e
The Globa
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accessionn, 2001
IR Theorry in Practtice Case Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Web links
s
http://www
w.chinabussinessrevie ew.com/ten
n-years-of--wto-memb bership/
A review oof ten yearrs of WTO membersh hip by US--China Bus siness Couuncil (USCBC)
Presidentt John Frisbie, with co
ommentaryy on beneffits, challen
nges, and the next te
en years.
www.wto..org/Englissh/thewto_e e/countriess_e/china__e.htm
Part of the
e WTO we ebsite, this page conttains inform
mation on China's
C paarticipation in the
organization, including the proocess of acccession.
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/
The webssite of the Chinese
C Ministry
M of C
Commerce
e's Departm
ment of WT
TO Affairs.
http://new
ws.bbc.co.u
uk/1/hi/business/1548 8866.stm
BBC New ws story on the China
a entering tthe WTO, from
f Septe
ember 20001.
www.cid.hharvard.eddu/cidtrade/issues/acccessions.hhtml
This webssite by Harrvard's Cen
nter for Inte
ernational Developm
ment providdes an overrview of
the WTO accession n process.
www.whittehouse.go ov/news/releases/200
01/11/2001
11111-1.httml
Text of Prresident Bu
ush's rema
arks upon C
China and Taiwan's accession
a to the WT
TO in
Novembe er 2001.
www.usccc.gov/
The US-C China Econ nomic and Security R
Review Com mmission has
h held h earings on
n China's
participatiion in the WTO
W and US-China
U ttrade relations.
https://ww
ww.uschina..org/china-h
hub
The US-C China Businness Coun ncil has a w
webpage with
w informa ation on C hina's partticipation
in the WTTO, with a focus
f U corpora te activities in China.
on US
ess, 2014.
Oxford University Pre
Ba
aylis and Smith:
S The Globalizattion of Worrld Politics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accession n, 2001
IR Theorry in Practtice Case Study: Ch
hina's WTO
O Accessiion, 2001
Referenc
ces
Brzezinskki, Zbigniew
w, and Joh
hn Mearshe
eimer, "Cla
ash of the Titans,"
T Fooreign Polic
cy,
Jan/Feb 2005, www.foreignpolicy.ccom/story/ccms.php?s story_id=27740
Carlson, AAllen, "Morre Than Juust Saying No: Chinaa's Evolvingg Approachh to Sovere eignty
and Interventioon Since Tiananmen,," in Alastaair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross,
eds., New Dire ections in th
he Study o
of China's Foreign
F Po
olicy (Stanfford: Stanfford
Univversity Presss, 2006), pp. 217-24
41.
Christenssen, Thoma
as, "Chines
se Realpollitik," Foreiign Affairs 75(5): Seppt Oct 1996
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h, "The Imp
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ernational Regimes
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P
Making: Broadening Persspectives aand Policie
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Lampton, ed., The Makinng of Chineese Foreign and Security Policyy in an Era a of
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Feeney, W
William R., "China annd the Mulltilateral Ec
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nstitutions,"" in Samue
el S. Kim,
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ain, "Learn
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on: Explain
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na Journal, No. 35: (JJanuary 19
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27-6
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ess, 2014.
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S The Globalizattion of Worrld Politics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accession n, 2001
Lardy, Niccholas R., Integratingg China intto the Worl
rld Econom
my (Washinngton: Broo
okings
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homas G., China in the
t World MMarket; Ch
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e Post-Mao
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amuel S. Kim,
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ess, 2014.
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aylis and Smith:
S The Globalizattion of Worrld Politics 6e
Case Study:
S Chi nas WTO Accession n, 2001
World Tra
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Robert B., "Statemen nt by Depu ty Secreta
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5,
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ess, 2014.
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