Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No.

1L, 117-124 (2014) 117

Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
An International Journal

http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/081L15

Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly Fed

Induction Generator
Hung-Cheng Chen1, and Po-Hung Chen2
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, 41107 Taichung City, Taiwan
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, St. Johns University, 25135 New Taipei City, Taiwan

Received: 21 Apr. 2013, Revised: 16 Aug. 2013, Accepted: 17 Aug. 2013

Published online: 1 Apr. 2014

Abstract: Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) are increasingly used in grid interfaced wind energy systems to address voltage
regulation and provide adequate reactive power support. This paper presents dynamic modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction
generator based on grid-side and rotor-side converter control. The DFIG, grid-side converter, rotor-side converter, and its controllers are
performed in MATLAB/Simulink software. Dynamic response in grid connected mode for variable speed wind operation is investigated.
Simulation results on a 3.6 MW DFIG system are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy during
variations of active and reactive power, rotor speed, and converter dc link voltage.

Keywords: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Grid-Side Converter, Rotor-Side Converter, Active and Reactive Power Control

1 Introduction 10]. Therefore, the control technologies and the dynamic

The wind power is a kind of renewable green power
sources. It also is a permanent source without exploring
and transporting. To solve the problem of energys
shortage and improve the environmental quality, wind
power is used to produce electricity by a lot of
countries [1, 2]. The power output of a wind power plant
is stochastic, which is determined by the wind speed and
wind turbine generator. If a wind power plant consists of
more wind turbine generators, the change of its power
output will become drastic under wind speed fluctuation.
With the development of wind industry, this kind of large
wind power plants will bring many problems to the power
systems operating [3, 4, 5]. Due to the quick development
of power electronics and relative applications at present,
the variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction
generator (DFIG) was turned into mainstream machine in
the field of exploiting wind energy in the world now [6,
7]. Compared to wind turbines using fixed speed
induction generators, DFIG-based wind turbines offer
several advantages including four-quadrant active and
reactive power capabilities, and variable speed operation.
Such system also results in lower converter costs and
lower power losses compared to a system based on a fully
fed synchronous generator with full-rated converter [8, 9,
Corresponding author e-mail: hcchen@ncut.edu.tw
c 2014 NSP
characteristics of the variable-speed constant-frequency
(VSCF) doubly fed induction generator should be
important topics in wind energy research [11, 12, 13]. In
this paper, we study the dynamic characteristics of the
DFIG and build the mathematical models accordingly.
The complete MATLAB/Simulink model of a 3.6 MW
DFIG generation system is built. Based on these models,
dynamic response in grid connected mode for variable
speed wind operation is investigated. From the analysis of
the simulation results, we can realize that the DFIG active
power output will keep varying with the change of the
wind speed. The zero-reactive-power control in the
ac-to-ac converter keeps the reactive power output near
zero regardless of the wind speed fluctuation.
2 DFIG Modeling and Power Control
2.1 Generator Model
The classical governing equations of the DFIG in a d-q
synchronously rotating reference frame can be written as
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118 H. C. Chen, P. H. Chen: Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly...

follows [14, 15] The voltage balance across the inductors is

d ds

vds = ids Rs + 1 qs va ia d ia Sa un
dt vb = R ib + L ib + Sb vdc + un (5)
d qs v i dt i S u
vqs = iqs Rs + + 1 ds c c c c n
dt (1)
d dr where
vdr = idr Rr + s qr Sa , Sb , Sc : three-phase bridge arm switching function,
dt
respectively.
d qr
vqr = iqr Rr + + s dr S = 1: the top switch is on and bottom is close
dt S = 0: the bottom switch is on and top is close
The flux equations are idc : DC link output current
iL : DC link load current
ds = Ls ids + Lm idr vdc : DC link output voltage
C: filter capacitor
qs = Ls iqs + Lm iqr
(2) L: inductance of grid-side reactor
dr = Lr idr + Lm ids R: resistance of grid-side reactor
qr = Lr iqr + Lm ids

where
1 : synchronous angular frequency i i
s : slip angular frequency
dc L

Rs , Rr : equivalent resistances of stator and rotor L

R
windings, respectively i
Ls , Lr , Lm : self and mutual inductances of stator and v a L a A +
O
R c v
rotor windings, respectively i
B
-
dc

The motion equations are given as follows v b L R

b C

i
d r v c
c

= (Tm Te )/J
dt
3 n
Te = Np Lm (iqs idr ids iqr )
2 (3)
s = s1 = 1 r Fig. 1: Grid-side converter arrangement.
d
= r
dt Due to the summation of the three-phase currents of the
where system without neutral line is zero, i.e. ia + ib + ic = 0. We
r : rotor angular frequency can obtain
s: slip
va + vb + vc 1
Tm : mechanical torque provided to the wind turbine un = (Sa + Sb + Sc )vdc (6)
Te : electromagnetic torque 3 3
J: moment of inertia Defining id , iq and vdc as state variables and utilizing
coordination transformation, the mathematical model of
the there-phase converter in the two-phase rotating
2.2 Grid-Side Converter reference frame can be derived as
did
The grid-side converter is a bi-directional AC/DC ud = L Rid + 1 Liq + vd
converter, which could work in rectifier state and inverter dt
state. It is the major implementation elements of the diq
uq = L Riq 1 Lid + vq (7)
DFIG slip power flow control [16, 17]. In order to study dt
the three-phase PWM converter operation control, the d
model of PWM rectifier is derived as follows: C vdc = idc iL
dt
Figure 1 shows the AC equivalent diagram of the
grid-side converter. The current flowing through the filter where
capacitor is ud , uq : the d-q components of bridge arm output
voltage
dvdc vd , vq : the d-q components of grid voltage
C = idc iL = Sa ia + Sb ib + Sc ic iL (4) id , iq : the d-q components of input currents
dt

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No. 1L, 117-124 (2014) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 119

Under the synchronously rotating frame, the d axis rg Lg

Vdc Grid
aligns with the grid voltage. The grid voltage components igabc
are IGBT Gate
Control Signals
vsabc
g
PWM abcdq
vd = const g Vector Phase
(8) uq* ud* vd Looked Loop
vq = 0 idg *
+ +ud 1 PI - + idg
PI + Vdc*
Neglecting the harmonics due to switching in the - -V
e Liqg dc Power
converter and the machine losses or converter losses, the + uq1 i*
+ qg -Qg *
Calculation

PI PI + Q
active power balance equation is + - iqg
g

e Lidg
3 3
Pr = vdc idc = (vd id + vq iq ) = vd id (9)
2 2 Fig. 2: Vector control model of the grid-side converter.
While Pr > 0, it represents grid-side converter works in
rectifier state and absorbs energy from the grid. While Pr <
0, it represents grid-side converter works in inverter state 2.3 Rotor-Side Converter
and delivers energy to the grid from the DC side. Neglecting the resistance of the generator stator winding,
With the PWM depth m1 as known, we can relate vd to the phase difference between stator flux and stator voltage
vdc as vector is just 90 . Therefore, utilizing the stator
m1
vd = vdc (10) flux-oriented to align the stator flux vector position with
2 2 d-axis, the flux equation is
From (9) and (10), the DC link output current and voltage
ds = s
can be derived as (16)
3m1 id qs = 0
idc = (11)
4 2 To keep the stator flux s constant, the voltage equations
and can be expressed as
dvdc 3m1 id
C = idc iL = iL (12) d
dt 4 2 vds s = 0
dt (17)
It is evident from (12) that DC link voltage vdc may be vqs 1 s = Vs
controlled through id . The reactive power Qr from (to) the
source is where Vs is the space vector amplitude of stator voltage.
3 3 The active and reactive powers of stator can be derived as
Qr = (vd iq vq id ) = vd iq (13)
2 2 3 3
According to the above equations, the reactive power to Ps = (vds ids + vqs iqs ) Vs iqs
2 2 (18)
the grid-side converter from the source or to the source 3 3
from the grid-side converter can be controlled through iq . Qs = (vqs ids vds iqs ) Vs ids
2 2
If the grid-side be controlled with a unit power factor, the
iq command value is equal to 0. For the sake of According to (18), while DFIG is connected to an
simplification, we assume two compensation terms ud1 infinite grid, the stator voltage is considered a constant.
and ug1 as The stator current is the only controlled quantity.
Therefore, the DFIG output power to grid can be
did controlled by the stator current, which achieves the goal
ud1 = Rid + L of independent control for the DFIG active and reactive
dt (14)
diq power output.
uq1 = Riq + L Due to the stator windings are directly connected to
dt
the power systems and the effect of the stator resistance is
Applying the above compensation terms to ud and uq , the very small, the equivalent stator magnetizing current can
effect of the cross-coupling of the input AC current can be be considered a constant, i.e.
eliminated. Furthermore, adding the feedforward s Vs
compensation of the grid voltage, we can obtain the ims = (19)
Lm Lm 1
reference voltage ud and uq
Substituting equation (19) into equation (2), d-q axis stator
ud = ud1 + (1 Liq + vd ) current can be calculated as
(15) Lm idr ds
uq = uq1 (1 Lid ) Lm (idr ims )
ids = =
Ls Ls
The model of the vector control of the grid-side converter (20)
Lm
obtained from the above analysis is shown in Figure 2. iqs = iqr
Ls

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120 H. C. Chen, P. H. Chen: Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly...

Substituting equation (20) into equation (1), the rotor where

voltage can be express as t1G : start-up time (s)
tG : variation cycle (s)
didr MaxG: intensity of fitful wind (m/s)
vdr = idr Rr + Lr s Lr iqr
dt
(21)
L2
 
diqr
vqr = iqr Rr + Lr + s Lr idr + m ims
dt Ls 18

2 17
where = 1 LLsmLr is the leakage factor.

Speed (m/s)
The control variables vdr and vqr of the rotor voltage 16

can be obtained from equation (21). The influence of the

15
cross-coupling between the d-q axis components of rotor
current on system performance is small, which can be 14
0 5 10 15 20 25
eliminated by adopting some control law. The model of Time (sec)
the vector control of the rotor-side converter obtained
from the above analysis is shown in Figure 3. Fig. 4: Speed variation of fitful wind.

Lf
3.2 Gradation Wind
Vdc DFIG Grid
irabc vsabc isabc The mathematical formula to build the model of the
IGBT Gate gradation wind is described as equation (23). The base
Control Signals abcdq
s wind velocity is 12m/s. The start-up time, cut-off time
PWM
- + s Stator Flux and stop time are 5s, 10s and 25s, respectively. The
vdr vqr iqr Calculation
v intensity of graduation wind is 4m/s. The speed variation

+ qr1
PI
- + iqr* PI + PS* of the fitful wind is shown in Figure 5.
+
L2m - PS
s (Lr idr + ims ) PS , QS

Ls * Calculation 0 (t < t1R )
- QS

+ vdr1 + idr
+ QS*


- PI
- idr
PI v
ramp (t1R t < t2R )
sLr iqr vW R =
MaxR (t2R t < t2R + tR )

(23)
Fig. 3: Vector control model of the rotor-side converter.
0 (t t2R + tR )
 
t t2R
vramp = MaxR 1
t1R t2R
3 Wind Speed Modeling where
t1R : start-up time (s)
We utilized mathematical formulas to describe the t2R : cut-off time (s)
variation of the wind speed, and built three different wind tR : stop time (s)
speed models. These models are detailed described in the MaxR: intensity of gradation wind (m/s)
following:

17

3.1 Fitful Wind 16

15
Speed (m/s)

The mathematical formula to build the model of the fitful 14

wind is described as equation (22). In this work, the base 13
wind velocity is 15m/s. The start-up time and variation 12
cycle are 5s and 6s, respectively. The intensity of the fitful
11
wind is 2m/s. The speed variation of the fitful wind is 0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25

shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 5: Speed variation of gradation wind.
0,
t < t1G
vW G = vCOS , t1G < t < t1G + tG

0, t > t1G + tG (22) 3.3 Random Wind
   
MaxG t t1G The mathematical formula to build the model of the
vCOS = 1 cos 2 random wind is described as equation (24). The base
2 tG tG

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No. 1L, 117-124 (2014) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 121

wind velocity is 15m/s. The intensity of random wind is 4.1 Dynamic Responses of the DFIG under
3m/s. The speed variation of the fitful wind is shown in Fitful Wind Action
Figure 6.
vW N = vN Ran(1, 1) cos(vt + v ) (24) The dynamic responses of the DFIG generation system
where under a fitful wind action are shown in Figure 8. The
vN : intensity of random wind (m/s) active power output of the DFIG is shown in Figure 8(a).
Ran(1, 1): random sampling value (range between The wind speed arrives at maximum speed 17m/s at 8s at
1 to 1) which the active power output increases to 3.85MW. Due
to the temporary wind speed variation, the rotor speed
shown in Figure 8(c) reduces after increasing and goes
back to original speed 1.2pu because of the pitch angle of
18
wind turbine adjusted accordingly. The variation of the
17 active power output is therefore temporary and settles
16 down at the original power output 3.6 MW. The
Speed (m/s)

15
14
13
12
0 5
Time (sec)
Fig. 6: Speed variation of random wind.
4 Simulation Results and Discussion
The mathematical models of a 3.6 MW DFIG and its
converters are derived. This system consists of a doubly
fed induction generator with a four-quadrant ac-to-ac
converter based on IGBTs connected to the rotor winding,
and the stator winding directly connects to power
systems. The rotor of the wind turbine is coupled to the
generator shaft with a gear box.
The overall system structure of the DFIG-based wind
controlled pitch angle of wind turbine to maintain
constant power is shown in Figure 8(d). The pitch angle
adjustment results in wind energy conversion under the
maximum security. In Figure 8(b) the variation of the
10 15
reactive power output followed the wind speed fluctuation
is pretty small. The zero-reactive-power control in the
ac-to-ac converter keeps the reactive power output near
zero regardless of the wind speed fluctuation. The
voltages at bus B4160 and B22.8 shown in Figure 8(e)
and 8(g) maintain at 1pu. The currents at bus B4160 and
B22.8 shown in Figure 8(f) and 8(h) vary with the wind
speed fluctuation. The DC link voltage also varies with
the wind speed fluctuation, but the variation is not
obvious as shown in Figure 8(i). While the wind stops
change all of the output variables eventually revert to
original values.
4 0.3

generation system connected to a power system is shown 3.8

0.2

in Figure 7. The output voltage of the DFIG is 4160V, 0.1

Q (Mvar)

3.6
P (MW)

0
which is increased to 22.8kV by a step-up transformer 3.4
-0.1
and connected to a power system through a 20km 3.2
-0.2
transmission line. The power systems rating voltage is 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
161kV which is dropped to 22.8kV by a step-down Time (sec) Time (sec)

transformer. Based on these models, the effects of wind (a) active power output (b) reactive power output
speed fluctuation on the operation characteristics of DFIG 1.3 14

connected to a power system are studied by dynamic 12

1.25
simulation.
Pitch (deg)

10
wr (pu)

1.2
8

1.15
6

Wind
1.1 4
Pattem 0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25 0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25

4160V/22.8kV 22.8kV/ 161kV 161kV

4 MVA Line 60MVA
(c) rotor speed (d) pitch angle
DFIG
1.5 1.5

B 4160 B22.8 1 1
Vabc-B4160 (pu)

Iabc-B4160 (pu)

0.5 0.5

0 0
Wind
-0.5 -0.5
Turbine
-1 -1

Fig. 7: Overall system structure of the DFIG-based wind -1.5

0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25
-1.5
0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25

generation system connected to a power system.

(e) bus B4160 voltage (f) bus B4160 current

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122 H. C. Chen, P. H. Chen: Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly...

1.5 0.5 4 0.3

0.2
1 3.8
Vabc-B22.8 (pu)

0.1

Iabc-B22.8 (pu)

Q (Mvar)
3.6

P (MW)
0.5
0
0 0 3.4
-0.1

-0.5 3.2
-0.2

-1 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (sec) Time (sec)
-1.5 -0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(a) active power output (b) reactive power output
1.26 12
(g) bus B22.8 voltage (h) bus B22.8 current
10
1.24

Pitch (deg)
6600 1.22

wr (pu)
6
6550 1.2
4

1.18 2
6500
Vdc (V)

1.16 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
6450 Time (sec) Time (sec)

6400 (c) rotor speed (d) pitch angle

1.5 1.5
6350
0 5 10 15 20 25
1 1
Time (sec)

Vabc-B4160 (pu)

Iabc-B4160 (pu)
0.5 0.5
(i) dc-link voltage 0 0

-0.5 -0.5

Fig. 8: Dynamic responses of the DFIG under the fitful -1 -1

wind action. -1.5

0 5 10 15 20 25
-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (sec) Time (sec)

(e) bus B4160 voltage (f) bus B4160 current

1.5 0.5

4.2 Dynamic Responses of the DFIG under

Vabc-B22.8 (pu)

Iabc-B22.8 (pu)
0.5

Gradation Wind Action 0 0

-0.5

-1

-1.5 -0.5
The speed variation of the gradation wind studied here 0 5 10
Time (sec)
15 20 25 0 5 10 15
Time (sec)
20 25

linearly increase from 12m/s to 16m/s in 5 seconds. The (g) bus B22.8 voltage (h) bus B22.8 current
dynamic responses of the DFIG generation system under 6600
the gradation wind action are shown in Figure 9. The 6550
original wind speed and active power output are 12m/s 6500
Vdc (V)

and 3.05MW, respectively. While the wind speed 6450

increases to 16m/s at 10s, the active power consequently
6400
increases to 3.95MW and then goes back to 3.6 MW
6350
because of the pitch angle adjustment as shown in Figure 0 5 10
Time (sec)
15 20 25

9(d). The pitch angle approaches to 0 degree when the (i) dc-link voltage
wind speed is below the rated wind speed (14m/s) of the
DFIG to take advantage the wind energy by the optimal Fig. 9: Dynamic responses of the DFIG under the
windward angle and generate the maximum output power. gradation wind action.
When the wind speed arrives at 16m/s, the pitch angle is
adjusted to 10.5 degrees to keep the output power at
rating and avoid an overload. The rotor speed also varies
with the wind speed fluctuation. Although the wind speed 4.3 Dynamic Responses of the DFIG under
has changed from 12m/s to 16m/s, the rotor speed shown Random Wind Action
in Figure 9(c) reduces after increasing and goes back to
original speed 1.2pu because of the pitch angle control. The speed variation of the random wind studied here is
The reactive power output is shown in Figure 9(b). The shown in Figure 6, which randomly varies between
zero-reactive-power control in the ac-to-ac converter 12.3m/s to 17.6m/s. The variations of active power, rotor
keeps the reactive power output near zero regardless of speed, and pitch angle drastically vary with the wind
the wind speed fluctuation. The voltages at bus B4160 speed change are shown in Figure 10(a), 10(c), and 10(d),
and B22.8 shown in Figure 9(e) and 9(g) maintain at 1pu. respectively. The wind speed arrives at maximum speed
The currents at bus B4160 and B22.8 shown in Figure 17.6m/s at 5s at which the active power output increases
9(f) and 9(h) vary with the wind speed fluctuation. The to 3.85MW. The rotor speed changes around to the
DC link voltage varies with the wind speed fluctuation, original speed 1.2pu because of the pitch angle of wind
but the variation is not obvious as shown in Figure 9(i). turbine adjusted accordingly. The pitch angle adjustment

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No. 1L, 117-124 (2014) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 123

results in wind energy conversion under the maximum 5 Conclusions

security. In Figure 10(b) the variation of the reactive
power output followed the wind speed fluctuation is This paper studies the control of active and reactive power
pretty small. However, the zero-reactive-power control in of the doubly fed induction generator connected to a
the ac-to-ac converter attempts to keep the reactive power power system. The direct control of the active and
output near zero under wind speed fluctuation. The reactive power of the DFIG by the stator current provides
voltages at bus B4160 and B22.8 shown in Figure 10(e) global asymptotic regulation in presence of the stator
and 10(g) maintain at 1pu. The currents at bus B4160 and current reference variation. Simulation results show
B22.8 shown in Figure 10(f) and 10(h) vary with the wind control of active and reactive power causes DFIG works
speed fluctuation. The DC link voltage varies with the on active power in addition reactive power and
wind speed fluctuation much obviously under the random consequently voltage maintain constant under variable
wind action as shown in Figure 10(i). wind speed operation.

4 0.3
Acknowledgements
0.2
3.8

0.1 The support of this research by the National Science

Q (Mvar)

3.6
P (MW)

3.4
0 Council of the Republic of China (NSC) under Grants
3.2
-0.1
No. NSC-100-2623-E-167-001-ET and
-0.2

3
NSC-101-ET-E-167-003-ET is greatly appreciated.
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Time (sec) Time (sec)

(a) active power output (b) reactive power output

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of Electrical Engineering,
25, 1028-1039 (2010).
[13] D. Y. Chwa and K. B. Lee, Variable structure control of
National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan. His
the active and reactive powers for a DFIG in wind turbines, research interests include renewable energy systems,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 46, 2545-2555 micro grid control, and partial discharge diagnosis. Dr.
(2010). Chen is a member of the IEEE Taipei Section.
[14] L. Xu and Y. Wang, Dynamic modeling and control
of DFIG-based wind turbines under unbalanced network Po-Hung Chen was born
conditions, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 22, 314- on April 21, 1963, in Taipei,
323 (2007). Taiwan. He received the
[15] A. Tapia, G. Tapia, J. X. Ostoiaza, and J. R. Saenz, Modeling B.S. degree from the National
and control of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction Taiwan University of Science
generator, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 18, and Technology (NTUST),
194-204 (2003). Taipei, the M.S. degree
[16] L. Mihet-Popa, F. Blaabjerg, and I. Boldea, Wind turbine from the National Tsing Hua
generator modeling and simulation where rotational speed University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,
is the controlled variable, IEEE Transactions on Industry and the Ph.D. degree from the
Applications, 40, 3-10 (2004). NTUST, in 1986, 1989, and 1997, respectively, all in
[17] L. Xu, Coordinated control of DFIGs rotor and grid side electrical engineering. Since 1989, he has been with the
converters during network unbalance, IEEE Transactions on St. Johns University, Taipei, where he is currently an
Power Electronics, 23, 1041-1049 (2008).
Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering. His current research interests include power
system planning, partial discharge measurement, and
renewable generation techniques. Dr. Chen is a member
of the IEEE Taipei Section.

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