Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez Fraze

Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale
A
abia The superscripts are hardly (or scarcely) visible.
abordare A more careful approach is needed.
absolut analog In complete analogy with the result, we may prove
that ...
accentua atenie
se accentuiaz atenie asupra In this section, emphasis is placed (or attention is
focussed) on autonomous systems.
accepta o ipotez to accept a hypothesis
aceiai The numbers +8 and +3 have like signs.
No two polynomials can have all their roots alike (or the
same) unless they differ by a numerical factor.
acelai The preceding discussion may be summed up by saying
that the arithmetic for complex numbers is much the
same as that for real numbers.
acum We now want to let j.
For the present we content ourselves with demonstrating
the assertions just made concerning the sets G and H.
arta
acum este uor de artat c We can now easily show that ...
adecvat The model fits the process under study adequately.
adeveri
se adeverete c Thus the martingale (t) turns out to be a process with
independent increments.
s-a adeverit a fi This proved to be a bigger problem than originally
anticipated.
This value was found to be cos(/17).
admite
la fel admite The function (t) also admits decomposition of the form
(4).
adresa
ne adresm la We now turn to the task of considering the continuous-
parameter supermarlingales.
aduce
demonstraia este adus The proof of the theorem is given in [8].
aduna
adunm Now write down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m
and add them to obtain the estimation (6).
afirma
afirm The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that every
integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and only one
way, apart from order, as the product of positive prime
numbers.
1
Bohm [2] claims that there is such a thing as the primacy
of metaphysics in connection with biology.
afirmaie
afirmaie mai general A more general statement can be found in [15].
afirmaie necesar Approaching the limit as N we obtain the required
assertion.
afirmaie reciproc The converse of (5) is false.
The converse of this statement is known to be false.
However, if we are concerned only with versions of a
given process, the converse holds in the following sense.
afla
a afla We are now in a position to determine (or to find) the
value of x*.
ajunge
ajungem la ... Thus we arrive at the following conclusion [definition,
equation, theorem, assertion, result].
ajutor
cu ajutorul By means of the equivalence relation we get the
decomposition of the set of all oriented segments into
disjoint classes such that segments in the same class are
equivalent and segments in different classes are not
equivalent.
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the
first fundamental assumption is that the results of
experiments can be described by means of a certain set
.
The data were obtained with the help (or with the aid) of
a digitizer.
Both problems are solved by constructing a right-hand
inverse matrix Sr-1 of S.
alt Another way to approach the problem is to take a Taylor

series expansion of g(t).
alt Any term may be transposed from one member of
equation to the other, provided its sign is changed.
The random variable may have a different distribution.
altfel This definition also makes use of the abstraction

principle, but in another way.
altfel zis Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if

{fn(x)}~{gn(x)}.
2
amnunit
mai amnunit These operations are discussed in more detail in next
section.
ambele Both estimates are quite rough.

But the functions f and g are both continuous, and thus
the two functions coincide.
Multiplying the two sides of (4) by cosmx and
integrating, we obtain ...
ambele pri The two sides of Young's inequality
are equal if and only if

b=(a).
ambiguu This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding.
aminti
amintim c We recall that the compensator n of the measure of
jumps n is non-negative.
Recall that L is generated by all processes whose
trajectories are right-continuous and have right limits.
analiza
pentru a analiza To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to
non-dimensional variables.
este analizat To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to
non-dimensional variables.
The sum S is analysed analogously.
analogic The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of (10).

analogic cu ... We shall introduce distributions in a way analogous to
that used in the Cantor theory when generalizing rational
to real numbers.
analogie The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid.
anume In this particular case only one side of the triangle,

namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing.
If S consists of a single element x, then R(x), namely the
smallest subring containing x, is commutative.
The extended solutions have the property II, namely of
uniform continuity.
aparatul matematic mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques)

3
a body of mathematics
aparine
aparine la The process X(t) falls into one of the following three
classes depending on its asymptotic behaviour.
This equation falls among the so-called renewal
equations.
care nu aparine This equation contradicts the assumption that G contains
points not belonging to D.
aprea
apare The problem arises of finding the conditions under which
the distribution p(u) is unimodal.
aplica
s aplicm Let us apply this result to the case of an increasing
process At.
pot fi aplicate Formulas (1) and (2) may be employed on condition that
the contour C has no loops.
se poate de aplicat Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable
and hence p=x2+y2.
aproape The temperature was observed to be near zero.

aproape de The angle is closed to 45 deg.
aproape peste tot The Lebesque-integrable functions are equal if and only if
they have the same values almost everywhere.
aproape toate Nearly all scientific problems deal with quantities and
relations among them.
aproape toi It is easy to verify that f(x)<C for almost all x.
aproximativ acelai As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite

directions are much the same, it is natural to assume ...
aproximaie
n prim aproximaie As (or in) a first approximation, x(t) may be chosen to
be t2.
aranja n ordine cresctoare

[descresctoare]
sunt aranjai n ordine cresc- The jump moments t1, t2, ..., tn are arranged in
toare [descresctoare] ascending [descending] order.
arta
arat Fig.12 depicts the slope of the line x versus t.
vom arta We shall show that in this case p must divide b.
4
este artat The slope of the line x versus t is shown schematically
in Fig.12.
pentru a arta c To show that q and r are unique, suppose that q' and
r' is any pair of integers for which a=bq'+r', 0 r' < b.
cum este artat mai sus As has been shown above, the process X t is a continuous
L2-martingale.
arbitrar Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential.

Suppose this is true for an arbitrary n.
argument This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic

equations of the form.
This reason suggests that the solution to Eqn (17) is
unique.
argumente There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.
aritmetic Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics

dealing with the properties of numbers and their
operations.
asigura
asigur Property 1o ensures the feasibility of the addition.
The MIS furnishes (or supplies) data for management.
asociat
asociat cu (referitoare la) The error is associated with (or is due to) the inaccuracy
in computations.
The study is concerned with linear functionals of
supercritical processes.
The first problem is directly related to partial differential
equations.
Further extension of the notion of a stochastic integral is
connected with the extension of the notion of
convergence.
asociat la The polynomial R(t) corresponding to this function by
(6) is almost everywhere nonzero.
The space, S2k-1, and the projective metric, L(r,s),
associated with it will play an important part in the
future.
It is convenient to replace k by a new factor related to
k by the relation =4k.
Thus the following theorem has been proved.

astfel
The factors and k are related as follows: =4k.
astfel nct Let X be a space such that from every open cover we can
select a finite cover.
We break up the component a into several components in
such a way that A and B now belong to different
5
components.
We select a basis in the underlying space such that ...
Specifically, the parameter can be chosen so that the
distribution is unimodal.
The model is so constructed as to allow further
modification and improvement.
astfel ... ca We take a point on the line such that ...
astfel ... nct We take a point on the line such that ...
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there exists a
periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g(x).
In applications we often come across the so-called

aa numit
Heaviside function.
aa ... pentru care We take a point on the line such that ...
aadar Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be

analytically continued to the whole domain.
The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there
must be one of them, , which is of least positive norm.
Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable
and hence p=x2+y2.
Therefore P(x,s,t,A) saitsfies the Chapman-Kolmogorov
equation.
Consequently,
ataa la
poate fi ataat la The process X(t) may be placed (or put) into one of the
following three classes depending on its asymptotic
behaviour.
atinge
atinge maximum [minimum] The function (x) reaches its maximum [minimum] at
x*=3h/2.
Let b1(s,w) coincide with the z for which the minimum of
the function | B(s,w) z |, | z |=1, is attained and let b2(s,w)
coincide with z for which the above function attains its
maximum.
atinge scopul
de a atinge scopul In order to attain the purpose, we shall not avail
ourselves of the methods of functional analysis.
este atins scopul This aim is attained (or objective is accomplished) by
introducing non-dimensional variables x' = x/x0 and y' =
y/y0.
6
atinge
se atinge Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point
, then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point.
atrage atenia
s atrag atenia The reader should take notice of the fact that the scale
parameter a does not enter into the expression for G(u).
It is necessary to pay special attention to the behaviour
of F(x) at infinity.
se atrage atenia Recently much attention (or thought / consideration)
has been given to the study of the diffusion processes.
atribui sens
pentru a atribui sens To attach a meaning to the solution of this stochastic
equation, we must define the measure more accurately.
se atribuie sens Analogous meaning is attached to the notation D[0,).
atribui valoarea
atribuim valoarea We assign the value 0 to this state.
valori pot fi atribuite A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number of
values can be assigned in an investigation.
automat It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple rings

are strongly Rm-semisimple.
auxiliar As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall

discuss several auxiliary assertions.
avantaj
avantaje To appreciate the merits (or the advantages) of this
theory, it suffices to observe that ...
avantaj principal The main (or principal / major) advantage of this
approach is that it enables the results of the previous
chapter to be extended to the case under consideration.
avea
avem Since a satisfies (1), we have Y 1=Y 2.
nu are
For instance, the function has
not a derivative at the point 0.
The prime number p possess no factors other than 1 and
p.
poate avea It follows that the solution can have only a finite number
7
of zeros in D.
nu poate avea It follows that the solution cannot have more than a finite
number of zeros in D.
avea de-a face

avem de-a face In this section we deal only with rational integers.
avea intenia
vom avea intenia In this section we are going to modify our definition of
distribution so as to obtain a notion equivalent to that of
S. Sobolyev and L. Schwartz.
avea loc
aceast nu poate avea loc This cannot be, for l/p is not a rational number.
aceast are loc n cazul This happens to be the case for those equations in
which S increases.
avea maxim [minim]

are maxim [minim] The function (x) has a maximum [minimum] at the
point x*=3h/2.
avea neajunsul
au neajunsul These equations possess a fundamental defect (or
demerit / draw back / disadvantage).
are neajunsul His hypothesis has limitations of its own.
avea nevoie de
vom avea nevoie de In order to achieve this, we shall need some material
from elementary number theory.
avea o form ...

are o form ... Equation (3.2) is of the following form ...
avea o mare importan

are o mare importan In applications the following theorem is of great
importance.
avea sens
dac are sens
The symbol , if it is meaningful, always

represents a number.
nu are sens If the common part is empty, the difference has no sense.
8
avea soluie unic
are soluie unic Equation (7) has a unique solution.
avea un caracter
are un caracter Noise (t) is stochastic in character (or in nature).
Noise (t) is of a stochastic character (or nature).
avea valoarea
are valoarea The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
B
baza pe
se bazeaz pe The proof is based on the ideas of Kunita and Watanabe
[36].
The previous analysis proceeds from the assumption
that the class M* contains the class M2,.
bineneles It is clear that the definitions and properties given

below can be extended to -algebras.
biunivocitate Hence from (6) and the remark concerning the one-to-
one-ness of the correspondence, relation (8) yields F=0.
C
ca de obicei As usual, we use continuous versions of (4).
ca i n As in the example discussed above, we can easily

prove the following proposition.
ca i n cazul ... In the same manner as in the case of convergence to

a Wiener process, one can easily deduce the following
result.
In the case of distributions, as in the case of functions,
the following properties hold true.
9
ca urmare Such a solution does not exist in consequence (or on
account) of (6) and Remark 4.
calcula As is easy to calculate ...

sunt calculate The coefficients of expansion (9) are evaluated (or
computed) from formulas (5).
cum este uor de calculat as is easy to calculate
as is easy to evaluate
calcula integral dea-lungul

to take the integral along a curve
curbei
calcula integral pe domeniu to take the integral over a domain
care In classical analysis there have been considered several

sequences of functions which are distributionally
convergent to (x).
Choose in D2 any function that tends to infinity as
x0.
crui A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number
of values can be assigned in an investigation.
al crui Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of
definition does not depend on t.
care este Consider the function (y), which is a periodical
distribution coinciding with (y) for | y | < 1/2.
caz
caz particular This formula can be considered as a particular case of
formula (14).
cazul considerat In the case under consideration the process (t) is
continuous.
Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under
discussion.
cuta
vom cuta We shall seek a solution to (12) in the form z(t,u) = x(t)
y(u).
sunt cutate It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters for
the numders which are sought.
cutat The sought-for quantity M is involved in the equation
reciprocally.
The desired value of m can be determined from
conition (4).
care va fi cutat Consider the equation (3), where f(t) is the function to
be found.
Here v* is the value of v to be determined.
10
cutare
n cutarea In looking (or in search) for the optimal solution we
discovered that ...
cteva To see this, we shall prove several lemmas.

A few words should be said about physical meaning of
this parameter.
Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be
given after the following lemma.
cteva modaliti There is more than one way to approach the problem.
ce For instance, the Dirac delta distribution cannot be

identified with any continuous function, which will be
proved in Section 8.
cel mai bine The nature of this problem can best be made plain by
examples.
cel mai mare divizor comun The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers
(CMMDC) h and k is the largest positive factor common to both h
and k.
cel mai mic multiplu comun Twelve is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and
(CMMMC) 4.
cel mult The set of the points of discontinuity of f(t) is at (the)

most countable.
cel puin Formula (7) is true under the hypothesis that at least
one of the integrals on the left-hand side is meaningful.
cercetare
cercetare profund the in-depth study
cercetare ulterioar To determine whether these ideals coincide, we must
make a further study of the polynomials.
cere
se cere It is required to estimate in the best possible manner
the value of a random variable .
se cere ntrebarea It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
11
cerin mai puternic The process Mt, satisfies the conditions of (1) with the
stronger requirement that be an L2-martingale.
chiar n cazul cnd This example shows that the ordinary derivative does
not always coincide with the distributional derivative,
even when the ordinary derivative wrists everywhere
except at one point.
Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the

ci
system.
ciocni cu
ne ciocnim cu In applications we often come across the so-called
Heaviside function.
cititor The reader will find it a useful exercise to supply the

details of the proof.
clasic In classical analysis there have been considered several

sequence of functions which are distributionally
convergent to (x).
clar
este clar c Clearly, the sum, difference and product of such
integers are of the same form.
It is clear that a and -a are both in the set A.
intuitiv este clar It is clear intuitively that every collection, finite or
infinite, of non-negative integers contains a smallest
one.
the coefficient of smth.

coeficientul pe lng
the coefficient multiplying smth.
coeficientul pe lng A polinomial is monic if its leading coefficent is 1.
termenul
superior
coincide
coincide cu For an arbitrary function F(x) satisfying conditions 1) -
6) there exists a unique probability measure whose
distribution function coincides with F(x).
The characteristic through A is the same as the one
through B.
complet satisfctor Completely satisfactory solution of the functional

12
problem is given in [6].
completa
este completat It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed (or
augmented) by all P-null sets.
complicat The problem of optimization is, in general, more

complicated.
Integration of equation (3.2) represents a rather
involved boundary-value problem.
conclude From a>b and b>c we conclude that a>c.
condiie
condiia asupra This result was established in another way under
somewhat weaker conditions on the diffusion
coefficients.
condiiile conform crora The problem arose of finding the conditions under
which the distribution p(t) is unimodal.
condiie de convergen la The condition for convergence to a Wiener process is
stated in the next section.
condiie de existen i Let the coefficients of equation (9) satisfy the
unicitate a soluiei condition for the existence and uniqueness of the
solution.
condiii exacte pentru The exact conditions for equilibria to exist and be
stable are examined.
condiie mai fin The tangent bundle of the manifolds provides a
sharper necessary condition.
condiii sunt verificate Assume that conditions (5) and (20) are satisfied.
If the conditions of Theorem 10 are satisfied and,
moreover, A(,t) is continuously differentiable, then ...
Let the conditions of Theorem 4 be satisfied and the
function be twice continuously differentiable.
alte condiii fiind aceleai The distinction between (14) and (15) is that the
variable x entering into (15) depends on , other
things being equal.
n condiia c Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined,
provided that it exists everywhere.
Any term may be transposed from one member of
equation to the other, providing its sign is changed.
The abstraction principle can be applied to sets of
arbitrary elements provided there exists an equivalence
relation ~.
These functions are locally Riemann-integrable under
(or on) the condition that their values are equal at all
points of continuity.
n condiiile teoremei Under the conditions of Theorem 6.1 the limit
exists and is differentiable.
13
conduce
conduce la ecuaia This reasoning yields a simple equation.
confirma ipoteza to verify a hypothesis
conform
conform algoritmului The classes can be formed by the FLAMENCO
algorithm.
conform criteriului By the Eisenstein's criterion, the polynomial xn-2 is
irreducible over the field of rational numbers.
conform definiiei Then, by definition, ...
conform ipotezei induciei By the induction hypothesis, the theorem is true for
f(x).
conform lemei By Lemma 2.3, the sequence {gn(x)} is fundamental.
conform presurunerii By assumption, E(1)=0.
By the assumption of the lemma, the solution to (1) is
positive.
Since ... by hypothesis, (4) is a bounded sequence.
conform proprietii By property (4) of norms, every element in T has norm
at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them, ,
which is of least positive norm.
conform teoremei By Theorem 1.1, we can find q and r so that b=dq+r, 0
r < d.
consecin
consecin din To complete the proof of the lemma, we use the
corollary of Lemma 2.
este o consecin The inequality f(x)0 is a direct consequence of the
system fi(x)0, i=l, 2, ..., n.
consecutiv When an expression contains parentheses within

parentheses, they may be removed in succession,
beginning with the innermost.
considera
considerm Consider the rational number a/b.
poate fi considerat The problem can be approached in many different
ways.
s considerm Let us now consider the case a>1.
Consider now the case a>1.
sunt considerate Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
Some properties of the operator L are dealt with in the
next chapter.
considerat An integral part of the creative approach to the problem
under consideration (or under study) is the analysis
14
of its similarity to and difference from the analogous
problems.
poate fi considerat ca C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable metric
space under the topology of uniform convergence.
n lucrare se consider The paper deals with the theory of distributions of

finite order.
considera acum
considerm acum We now consider the process (t).
Consider now the process (t).
considera de la nceput
vom considera de la nceput Consider first the simplest case where a=0.
We will first confine our attention to discrete-
parameter martingales.
considera util
considerm util We find it useful to define a new concept of conjugacy
and to discuss its relation to the old.
considerabil mai simplu Theorems IV and VI are considerably simpler than the
analogous theorems in the differential calculus.
consideraie We now turn to the task of considering the continuous-

parameter stochastic processes.
The consideration (or discussion) of this problem in
more detail shows that ...
We must now subject the concept of equivalence to a
somewhat closer scrutiny.
Further inspection (or examination) of Fig.1 discloses
that there are two points of inflection on the curve.
consta
const n ... The abstraction principle consists (or lies) in the
identification of objects (mathematical entities) which
have a common property.
construcie By a slight change in the method of (7), the

construction of such functions is easily carried out.
construi
pentru a construi The abstraction principle is often applied in
mathematics to construct new notions.
15
In the case under consideration the process (t) is
continuu
continuous at every point of the interval (c,d).
continu din dreapta dup t Ft is continuous from the right (or right-continuous)
in t if for all t 0 .
contrazice
ce contrazice So is a unit, contrary to the hypothesis.
So p|L, contradicting the fact that L is prime.
aceast contrazice This contradicts r 0.
contrazice presupunerii This equation contradicts the assumption that G

contains a point not belonging to D.
This contradicts the hypothesis that k and that (6)
holds for all l<km.
contribui
pentru a contribui la This series of expository presentations of the best
rspndirea thoughts and keenest researches in pure and applied
mathematics is intended to contribute to the
dissemination of mathematical knowledge.
conine
se conine The subgroup Pn is contained in the centralizer of the
element p in B.
conine proprieti The following list contains the fundamental properties
of the norm.
convenabil
convenabil In some cases the following complex form of
trigonometrical series is advantageous.

mai convenabil It is more convenient to break up the experiment into
three phases.
este convenabil It is convenient to call two Gaussian integers
associates if =, where is a unit.
va fi convenabil It will be convenient to define the convergence of fn(x)
in the following sense.
deseori este convenabil It is often convenient to establish the position of
points by giving their coordinates.
conveni
vom conveni We shall agree to write A(x,t)S if A(x,t) is a process
with independent increments.
16
converge
converge absolut The series (1) converges absolutely.
converge aproape peste tot to converge almost everywhere
converge n medie to converge in (the) mean
converge n probabilitate to converge in probability
converge uniform Thus the series (4) converges uniformly.
convinge
ne convingem c Make (or be) sure that the coefficients have no
common factors other than +1.
To complete the proof, check that ...
Before applying Theorem 10.7, check to see that there
is an in A such that ...
a se convinge n To prove the convergence X nM, it suffices to make
sure that ...
trebuie s se conving c The investigator must assure himself that the errors
are within the admissible limits.
pentru a se convinge n ... To see that if satisfies an equation anxn + an-1xn-1 + ...
+ a0 = 0, then there is a rational r such that r is an
algebraic rational, observe that an satisfies (3).
To be certain that c is the required element, check that
D[c,A]>0.
pentru a se convinge n To see this, notice that Powell's frequency function is
aceasta identical with our function b(x).
se poate de convins c Then, similarly as has been done in [1], one ascertains
that the limit function satisfies the equation (4).
este uor de convins c It is easy to make sure that (x) is convex on [c,).
coordona
se coordoneaz The theory checks well (or agrees / is in good
agreement) with experiment.
The hypothesis fits the experimental data.
This conjecture is in line with that of Seidenberg.
corect This definition is correct; since the sequence {pn(m)(x)}

is fundamental.
corectitudinea definiiei To verify the correctness of this definition, we must

prove that ...
coresponden biunivoc The one-to-one correspondence established above

makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
cresctor
17
cresctoare There is an increasing sequence of integers km such
that ...
strict cresctor Introduce a strictly increasing funstion g(x) defined on
[0,).
crete
crete monoton dup t Ft monotonically increases in t, that is Fs Ft, for s<t.
cu ... ce tinde ... Each summand on the right of (12) becomes

vanishingty small with (or as) n.
cub al numrului When a is used three times as a factor, the product is

called the third power of a, or the cube of a.
cunoate
cum noi deja cunoatem Since, as we already know, all these trigonometrical
integrals vanish, we obtain formula (5).
cunoscut cu The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can
interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the
equality almost everywhere.
este cunoscut c It is well known that for an arbitrary function F(x)
satisfying conditions 1) - 6) there exists a unique
probability measure whose distribution function
coincides with F(x).
cum este cunoscut As is well known, the nth partial sum of the series
is nothing else
than the Dirichlet kernel .

este bine cunoscut It is well known that there exist sequences {Tn} and
{Sn} such that n=Tn-Sn.
este cunoscut ca This relation is known as the Biot-Savart law.
cuvnt
cu alte cuvinte To put it in another way, the gross weight W can be
represented as W=Wst+We+Wp.
D
da
d The repeated application of relation (2.1) yields ...
18
The following theorem provides the description of the
everywhere dense set E.
dm We give (or present) below a synthesis of various
approaches available.
da posibilitate
d posibilitate The martingale approach enables us (or permits) to
suggest a new method for constructing solutions of
stochastic differential equations.
Knowledge of the numerical values of a and b offers a
means of (or makes possible) determining ...
This method makes it possible to tackle the boundary-
value problem under discussion.
The main advantage of this approach is that it enables
the results of the previous chapter to be extended to the
case under consideration.
da restul de la mprire
d restul de la mprire Every integer a leaves a remainder r, 0 r < m, on
division by m.
dac In the course of the proof of the theorem we have

described the method for determining the functions n
(x0, ..., xn) if X is locally compact.
dac acesta este cazul If this is the case, the deterministic approach is quite
suited for this purpose.
dac acesta exist Hence, it follows that the representation of f(x) in the
form (4), if it exists, is unique.
dac este necesar The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any
greater integer.
dac n-ar fi Were is not for the discontinous coefficient,the problem
would be much simpler.
dac nu If there is no such , we write max f = .
Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be
assumed to be in force.
dac numai Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined, provided
(that) it exists everywhere.
dac i numai dac R is a realization of (t) if and only if ...

dac i numai dac exist The martingale (t) is uniformly integrable if and only
if there exists a random variable such that E || <
and (t) = E { | Ft}.
dac ..., atunci Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point
, then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point.
dac ... nu Unless u is a power of 2, this can always be done.
19
dar Element belongs to V, whereas (or and) belongs to
W.
This value is negative not positive.
dar atunci But then we could proceed from the pair (x, y) to a still
smaller in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2).
dar nu With time the number of particles increases, rather
than remains constant.
date iniiale the initial (or the input) data
datorit Delacherie and Meyer are well known for their book
'Stochastic Processes and Potentials'.
Mathematics, due to (or owing to / because of) its
abstract nature, finds wide application in most spheres
of human activity.
de aceea For this reason the points belonging to are called

elementary events.
Conversely, if N=1, we have a+b=1, so that either a=0
or b=0.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there
must be one of them, g, which is of least positive norm.
de asemenea Observe also that |Dn(s)| C logn.

From equation (3) we find, as well,
.
If and belong to F, so do and if
0.
de fapt In fact, this follows from the consideration that the

sequence gn(x) is bounded for x>0.
Since these are continuous processes, we actually
have ...
de fiecare dat cnd In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be
given whenever the rule is applied.
de k ori Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there exists

a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)(x)=g(x).
Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
20
de la The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI
century.
Prof. Romanov is giving a course of lectures on chaos
and bifurcations in room 406, commencing October 1.
In order to start from the very beginning, we introduce
first the basic notions and concepts of the theory of
measurements.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
We shall start with the basic notions and concepts of the
theory of measurements.
de unde Setting (*) we obtain (**), whence, in view of

inequality (1), ...
The author does not explain from whence the estimate
(7) emerges.
deduce
deducem Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer (or deduce)
that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with
G0(k)=g(x).
deducem ecuaia We derive (or deduce) the equation for the distribution
of cell size at division and the distribution of generation
time.
defini
definim Define unit and prime just as we did for the Gaussian
integer.
definit The function h(x) is defined at every point of the
interval [c,d].
The variable, whose value is determined once the value
of the independent variable is given, is called the
dependent variable.
bine definit
The integral is well defined in accordance

with the above definition.
definit anterior Using the Haar family {gn} defined above, we
introduce functions {hn}.
pozitiv definit A complex-valued function f(x) is called positive
definite if for any n and complex numbers zj
definire
n definirea In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption
that b(x)=0 for x<a.
21
definiie In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace
the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
din definiie From the definition it follows at once that G(u)
satisfies condition (2).
definiie echivalent It is possible to give an equivalent definition of
integral (1) as the limit of sums (2).
definiie exact A precise definition is given below.
demonstra
demonstreaz This proves that d is a factor shared by both a and b.
pentru a demonstra To prove the theorem, it suffices to show that ...
este demonstrat Since N<N, the inequality (3) is established.
pentru a demonstra To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the
double integral in (6), after which all the integrals
except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate
change of variables.
To prove the theorem, note first that neither a nor b can
be zero.
nu este ce demonstra If p|a, there is nothing to prove.
se poate de demonstrat c It may be proved that if ...
de la nceput vom demonstra We shall first prove the following two lemmas.
nainte de a demonstra Before proving the theorem we illustrate its
teorema applications.
trebuie s demonstrm c We must prove that the two factorizations differ at
most in the order in which the primes appear.
demonstrare
n procesul demonstrrii In the course of the proof of this theorem we have
made use of the following lemma.
demonstraie
fr demonstraie We shall assume without proof the following theorem.
denumire The name 'distribution' is due to L. Schwartz, who

developed the theory in 1945 and later.
deoarece This cannot be, for 1/p is not a rational number.

In the theory of distributions a distinction between the
trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is
unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical
series is an expansion of a periodic distribution.
Because (3), we have ...
deoarece n caz contrar All numbers amn can be arranged in a sequence {bk}
convergent to b0, for otherwise it would suffice to
neglect a finite number of initial terms a1n, a2n, ..., apn to
get a contradiction to property (5).
deoarece ..., atunci Since the functions w are solutions of this equation, the
22
difference of any two of them may be regarded as the
solution of a certain linear differential equation.
deosebi
se deosebete prin The function f(x) differs from F(x)(k-1)by a constant.
se deosebesc prin We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most
in the order in which the primes appear.
se deosebesc una de alta prin The equation f'(x) = g'(x) holds if and only if the
distributions f(x) and g(x) differ from each other by a
constant function.
deosebire
spre deosebire de ... The absolute value of a number a, as distinguished
from its algebraic value, is represented by |a|.
As opposed to (or as distinct from / in contrast to) the
real case, any polynomial always has a root in the field
of complex numbers.
In fundamental contrast to M. R. Stein, we have
preferred the algebraic approach.
deosebit
este deosebit de important The case of a linear substitution is especially important
(or is of particular importance) for us.
depinde
care nu depinde de To this end, we establish first that there exists a constant
L not depending on s and n such that ...
nu depinde de alegere The distribution (1) does not depend on the choice of
the indefinite integral (x).
depinde esenial de In this new definition the fact that the choice of the
integer k depends on the interval [a,b] is essential.
depinde monoton de t Let (2) be a family of finite stopping times which are
monotonically dependent on t and right-continuous in
t.
deriva
deriva ... dup x To differentiate v(t,x) with respect to x.
deriva ... n raport cu x To take the derivative of v(t,x,u) with respect to x.
derivnd In fact, by differentiating (3) we obtain ...
Hence, by successive differentiation we obtain ...
derivnd de k ori Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
derivnd succesiv Hence by successive differentiation we obtain ...
derivata dup x A derivative of u(t,x,u) with respect to x.
23
deschide
deschide posibiliti The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that
direction.
deschiderea parantezelor the removal of parentheses
descompune n factori to expand the number into factors

to factor the number
to present smth in a factor form
to factor smth into components
descompune n serie
descompunem n serie Expand function (x) in a Taylor series.
descompunem n serie n Expand function u(t,x,u) into a Taylor series about x.
raport cu x
poate fi descompus n serie Under certain conditions a continuous function can be
expanded into a Fourier-Bessel series.
Function f(x) can be expanded as an infinite power
series.
Any supermartingale (t) has exactly one

descompunere
decomposition of the form (t)=(t)-(t).
descompunere n 6 = 2*3 = 3*2 are the only factorizations of 6 into
positive prime factors.
descompunere n fracii The decomposition of a fraction into partial fractions.
elementare
descompunere n serie Hence, we obtain the expansion of ctgx: ctgx = 2(sin2x
+ sin4x + sin6x + ...).
descresctor Let {an} be a decreasing sequence and {bn} an

increasing sequence of numbers.
descriere formal A formal description of the basic notions is usually

based on the set-theoretical model of probability theory
developed by A. N. Kolmogorov in 1929.
descris
descris anterior We now show how the method described above can be
extended to move the existence of .
descris de ecuaie We will consider only those systems whose evolution is
given by the equation of form (8).
desemna
desemneaz The symbol Fn(x) will denote that the sequence
24
{Fn(x)} converges almost uniformly to a function.
desen
pe desen In Fig.11 the planes 1 and 2 are shown as coinciding.
din desen se vede c In Fig.10 it is seen that ...
n limitele desenului In this particular case only one side of the triangle,
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the
drawing.
dei It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist,

although the distributional derivative has a value at this
point.
detaliat
mai detaliat It is necessary to consider this problem in greater
detail.
detaliile The details can be found in most texts on the theory of

equations, for example in the book of Thomas listed in
bibliography.
The Introduction gives details concerning the
application of stochastic differential equations in natural
sciences.
determina
determin Two sequences {fn(x)} and {gn(x)} determine the same
distribution if and only if they are equivalent.
determinat cu exactitate de The indefinite integral is determined up to a constant.

Integrating f(x) k times, we obtain a locally integrable
function F(x), which is determined up to a polynomial
of degree less than k.
deveni
devine The relation of equivalence is then transformed into
the usual equality.
With this terminology Theorem 1.5 becomes
meaningful for the Gaussian integers.
dezacord This explains the discrepancy in behaviour of the two

functions.
diferen
unic diferen ntre The only difference among them is the order of
25
appearance of the factors.
diferi
difer de The function f(x) differs from F(k-1)(x) by a constant.
The proof is not like that of Theorem 5.6.
diferite de Consider the numbers which are different from 0 and
1.
The prime numbers p possess no factors other than 1
and p.
dificil
este mai dificil It is slightly more difficult to see that
dificultate
dificultate poate fi trecut This difficulty can be remedied by a slight restatement
of the fundamental theorem to include negative
numbers.
din nou Now we can, once again, use the arguments analogous
to those presented in Section II.
direct This inequality can be proved directly (or immediately)

using (7) and Lemma 9 in Section 1.
direcie
n aceea direcie The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that
direction.
discontinuitate de spea ntia With probability 1 (t) has no discontinuities of the

[a doua] first [second] kind.
discuta
discutm In Chapter 8 we discuss the filtering problem.
nu va fi discutat The validity of this assumption will not be debated
here.
distinge
pentru a distinge The one-to-one correspondence established above
makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
distingere In the theory of distributions a distinction between the
26
distribuie comun the joint (or simultaneous) distribution
divide
se divid Then the numbers 1, 2, ..., p-1 fall into pairs such that
the product of any pair is congruent to 1 modulo p.
se divide The procedure is then broken down (or divided /
subdivided) into the three steps: ...
se divide prin Nine is a multiple of three.
divizibil
sunt divizibile prin All the terms on the right are divisible by p.
domeniu de definiie Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of

definition does not depend on G.
dori
dorit Passing to the limit in (6) we obtain the desired result.
This is exactly the wanted decomposition.
este de dorit It is desirable in many applications that the function Xt
be also measurable.
dup ce To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the

E
ecuaie
din ecuaia From equation (2) we find that ...
ecuaie cu n necunoscute the equation in n unknowns
ecuaie de gradul n the equation of degree n
ecuaie iniial the input equation
ecuaie n raport cu the equation in (the unknown) x
(necunoscuta) x
ecuaie rezolvabil n raport the equation solvable for x
cu x
27
editarea The publication of this monograph was made possible
due to ...
He has over 70 published works.
efectua
pot fi efectuate The calculations can be carried out (or performed) in
the same way as in Section 15.
de a efectua transformarea On many occasions it is useful to take the Laplace
transform of equation (15).
egal
sunt egali The vectors and are equal in magnitude.
elabora
era elaborat The statistical theory has been developed quite
recently.
elementar The solution of equation (5) is obtained in an

elementary manner by expanding function x(t) in a
Fourier series.
elibera
s ne eliberm de But here we need only free ourselves of the term
V(x)*.
enunul problemei The most general statement of the problem can be

formulated as follows.
evident A more exact answer to the question requires

apparently (or evidently) a refinement of the definition
of a system.
este evident It is obvious (or evident) that Xt is progressively
measurable.
Obviously (or evidently / apparently), the above
theorem hot index set is taken to be a finite interval
[0,T ] instead of R+.
eveniment We note that any subset of is called an event.

eveniment sigur the sure event
evident The proof of this property is obvious since b=0.

Applying Theorem 12.3 to the obvious equality (*) we
get ...
28
evita
pentru a evita confuzii To avoid possible confusion, the continuity condition
will be restated in each case.
pentru a evita nenelegeri To avoid misunderstanding, we may call the first kind
of intervals (including end-points) the closed intervals
and the second kind the open intervals.
pentru a evita repetri n To avoid repetitions in future, we present here basic
viitor concepts and definitions.
exact
exact unul Any prime divides exactly one positive rational
prime p.
mai exact More precisely, we shall assume that the following
condition is satisfied.
exactitate
cu exactitate de Then we can write for the division-size density function
(up to a normalization factor) .
The factors in product (4) are determined uniquely
except for order.
Factorization of any positive integer is unique to within
the order of factors.
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that
every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and
only one way, apart from as the product of positive
prime numbers.
excepie
cu excepia The function possesses the property (1) for all and t
except for some sets of measure 0.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the
exclude
se exclude The second of these possibilities is excluded, for r(x) is
in T.
exclude posibilitate This approach excludes the possibility of considering
the equations having solutions which belong to a more
general class of numbers.
exemplu Another example of the abstraction principle is the

Cantor definition of a real number.
Let us first look at some simple examples.
de exemplu For instance (or for example), the coefficient of
variation, CV, of size at division is typically 10% and
the CV of age at division is typically 20% or more.
29
As an example, let =5 and =1+2i.
prin exemple The nature of this problem can best be made plain by
examples.
We shall explain it by means of examples.
exemplu interesant We shall construct an interesting example of such a
process in this chapter.
exemplu tipic The polynomials Bn(t) are typical examples of
generalized Brownian functionals.
unele exemple Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be
given after the following lemma.
n calitate de exemplu As an example, consider the primitive polynomials
x2+3 and 3x2+7x-11.
exista
exist limita With probability 1 there exists the limit .
existen The existence of the Wiener process follows easily

from the Kolmogorov's criterion.
explica
vom explica We shall explain the essence of the problem by giving
several examples.
pot fi explicate The variations are greater than can be accounted for by
chance.
pentru a explica Chance is unlikely to account for so great variations.
exponentul puterii A figure or a letter placed a little above and to the right
of a number is called an index, or an exponent, of the
power thus indicated.
expresie algebric An expression composed of numbers, letters and signs

of algebraic operations and aggregation is called an
algebraic expression.
exprima
exprima ... prin ... To express the solution of equation (2) in terms of w(t),
it is sufficient to observe that w(t) satisfies equation (3).
s exprim recunotin I wish to express deep gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for
her valuable advice and her interest in my work.
expunere The exposition of mathematical subject is set forth in a

manner comprehensible not only to teachers and
students specializing in mathematics, but to all those
taking interest in mathematics and its applications.
30
extinde
va fi extins The definition of a stochastic integral will be further
extended to cover the alternating functions.
extindem ... asupra We now extend the definition of a stochastic integral to
a wider class of random processes.
de extins n cazul In 21 we show how to extend the basic definitions and
theorems to the case of distributions of infinite order.
extinde rezultatele
de a extinde rezultatele The main purpose of this section is to extend the
results of the preceding section to the processes of a
continuous argument.
rezultatele pot fi extinse These results can be extended to all other cases.
extinderile noiunii de As it is currently being recognized, similar extensions

of the notion of entropy are needed in the field of
biology.
extrage rdcin patrat [cubic] To extract the square [cube] root of a number.
extragere a rdcinei Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a

root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
extremitate
cu extremiti In every closed subinterval with ends a and b there is at
most a finite number of poles.
F
face
de a face This helps to make the proofs of all the theorems
elementary and very simple.
fcnd ... Making (or letting) n along the subsequence nk, we

have ...
s facem cteva observaii Before presenting the main results, we want to make a
referitor few comments on the notion of entropy.
face de prisos The one-to-one correspondence established above
makes it unnecessary to distinguish between function
f(x) and distribution [f(x)].
face referin
de a face referin la To complete the proof, it is sufficient to refer to the
31
Cantor theorem on uniform continuity.
facem referin la For the proof of this theorem, we refer the reader to
Theorem 9.
poate s fac referin la For further information the reader is referred to
Chapter VI.
fals That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
familie (set) M is a collection (or family / set) of processes mt , tT.
fi
poate fi In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be
replaced by the requirement (i).
fi de prisos
este de prisos In the theory of distributions a distinction between the
fi n relaie
sunt n aa relaie nct When two variables are so related that the value of the
first variable is determined when the value of the
second variable is given, then the first variable is said to
be a function of the second.
fi n stare
suntem n stare We are now in a position to prove the fundamental
theorem stated in the opening paragraph of the chapter.
fi recunosctor ... pentru ...

sunt recunosctor ... I am particularly indebted to Miss Leila R. Raines for
pentru ... her painstaking assistance in the revision and
preparation of the manuscript for publication.
fie Put w=5.7.

Set v=t.
Let d be the smallest positive number in the set A.
Let G denote the set of all Gaussian integers, and J the
set of all rational integers.
acum fie
Now set .
fie c este dat Let there be given a continuous increasing process (t).
fie dat Given point A,construct point B symmetrical to the
32
given point A in relation to plane .
Given any >0, we fix an index n0 such that | fn(x) - f(x)
|< for all n>n0.
fiecare
fiecare dintre care Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each
of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent random variables.
pentru fiecare din M is the set of processes mt for each of which there
exists a random variable m such that ...
fix acelai Precisely the same proof is valid for Gaussian primes
provided only that we can find one prime.
fixa
vom fixa We fix some tS.
Fix k points -1 x1 < x2 < ... < xn 1.
fixat Indeed, let c>0 be an arbitrary fixed number.
este fixat A quantity whose value is fixed in any investigation is
called a constant.
folosi In the order to construct the solution to (2), we can use

(or utilize / make use of / apply / employ) relation
(12).
The reader can draw on the data from [4].
se folosete The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI
century.
This property is utilized (or exploited) in numerous
technical applicarions.
The term "information" is sometimes used (or applied)
to mean "data".
ne vom folosi acum de ... Let us now make use of the fact that the trajectory of
process is right-continuous.
font aldin The title should be printed in bold type.
forma
formeaz The numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., p-1 form a complete residue
system modulo p.
a forma ecuaia to set up (or to formulate / to form / to write) the
equation
formalizare
n formalizarea When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the
first fundamental assumption is that the results of the
33
.
form
de form The function (t) also admits decomposition of the
form (4.3).
An integral of this form can be evaluated by
substitution.
n form Write equation (3.2) as (or in the form) ...
n form explicit To represent the solution of equation (12) explicitly, it
is necessary to solve equation (8) for u(t).
ntr-o form concis An equation that states a rule in a brief form is called a
formula.
ntr-o form mai simpl More recently some of results were obtained in a
simplified form.
formula
s formulm Let us formulate the conditions under which the
statement is valid.
formulare The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is

this.
formul
formula schimbului de
Apply now the change of variables formula to (1).
variabil
formul iniial the assumption formula
funcie
funcii absolut continue The class of indefinite Lebesgue integrals of locally
integrable functions is the class of absolutely
continuous functions.
funcie caracteristic E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
unity inside and to zero outside .
funcie invers the inverse function
G
garanta
garanteaz This condition ensures (or assures) the uniqueness of
the solution.
gsi
34
gsim From (5), (6) and (7), we find ...
se poate gsi The facts used below can be found in [5]-[7].
greuti mari The estimation of runs into severe (or great)

difficulties.
genera
genereaz Here w(t) denotes the process which generates the
current {Ft}.
generat Fs is a -algebra generated by the events {(s)B}.
general
mai general More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost
everywhere, then it converges also in a distributional
sense.
If the function f(x) is sectionally continuous, or, more
generally, if it is Riemann-integrable, equation (1) is
also true except of the points of discontinuities of f(x).
generaliza
pentru a generaliza To generalize the theorem, it is necessary to modify the
definition of convolution.
poate fi generalizat We now show how the method described above can be
extended to prove the existence of .
poate uor fi generalizat Theorem 6 can be easily generalized.
generaliza ... pentru cazul Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under
discussion.
poate fi generalizat pentru This theorem may be generalized to the case of

cazul multiplicative error.
generalizare Distributions are a generalization of functions.
grad
de gradul n pn(x) is a polynomial of degree n.
grupa
grupm termenii asemenea To solve the equation 2x+x=12, unite (or group /
collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain 3x
and then divide both members by 3 to find the value of
x to be 4.
35
I
imediat Using Lemma 2 we can prove at once that G(u) satisfies
condition (ii).
It follows at once from 12.4 that ...
imita
vom imita In proving that Theorem 1.5 holds for the Gaussian
integers we shall imitate as far as possible the proof
already given for rational integers.
implica
aceast implic This implies the completeness of {hn} in L01[0,).
important
foarte important In applications the following theorem is of great
importance.
una din cele mai importante The concept of hierarchy is among the most important
in the theory of general systems.
importan The importance of the primes is due to the fact that,

together with 0 and 1, all the other integers can be
constructed from them.
impresie fals That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
impune
s impunem condiii asupra In order that the solutions converge, we must impose
the following conditions on the coefficients of
equations (2).
include
include (ind. prez. 3 sg.) It is obvious that the set F includes the set of rational
numbers.
Equation (8) incorporates normal losses.
The dictionary contains (or includes) some information
about the appropriate use of collocations.
sunt incluse Some elements of artificial intelligence are now
incorporated in system.
36
inclusiv The function f(x,y) possesses bounded partial derivatives
up to the third order inclusive.
Let Ft be a -algebra of the events observed up to and
including the moment t.
independent By a slight change in the method of [3] the reader can

easily prove the theorem by himself.
independent de Let be a random variable independent of the -
algebra.
This is true irrespective of whether E is a Hausdorff
space or not.
We can always do this, no matter how many points
from D are contained in the sphere S.
After each moment of regeneration the process X(t)
evolves independently of its past.
The distance between two points is the same
irrespective of the direction in which it is measured.
The function ex remains unaltered regardless of the
number of times it is differentiated.
mutual independente Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each
of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent variables.
indica
indic c These results indicate (or suggest) that ...
indiferent
este indiferent It makes no difference whether we say that t is a
stopping time relative to {Ft} or {F't}.
imposibil
este imposibil But this is impossible for any pair of integers a and b is
in J.
It is impossible to represent 12 as m2 + n2.
Many of these questions are difficult if not impossible
to answer.
inducie
dup inducie We shall prove the theorem by induction.
Define the random variables Mn inductively.
inducie dup k We shall prove the relation by induction in k.
infinit
la infinit The value of a function f(x) at infinity, written f(), is
the limit of this function as x .
pn la infinit to infinity
infinit mic the infinitesimal (or the infinitesimal quantity / the
37
infinitely small quantity)
The limit distribution functions are determined by the
fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small (or
infinitesimal) with n.
iniial The distribution of the initial vector converges

weakly to a limit as u0.
The reader should be reminded that the initial value of
was chosen to be 0=7.18.
instructiv This example is instructive because it displays the

structure of the process (P).
integra prin pri to integrate by parts
integral
integral definit the definite integral
integral improprie If g(x) is a locally integrable function and the improper
integral exists, then g()=0 provided g()

exists.
integral nedefinit By an indefinite integral of a function f(x) we
understood each function (x) such that '(x) = f(x).
integrant the integrand (or the expression under the integral

sign)
integrare
dup integrare Replacing x by x+t in (1), we have, after integration, ...
integrare prin pri the integration by parts
interesant
este interesant de observat It is interesting to observe that the above formula
c remains true if the summation is understood according
to the method of arithmetic means.
intra
intr n This term appears in (or enters into) equation (9) in
parentheses.
care intr n ... The coefficient a*(x,s) entering into (or involved in)
the expression for I t can be assumed to be constant.
38
introduce
introducem Introduce the sequence {an}n N of positive numbers.
Allow sinu within the differential sign.
introducnd Introducing 2n new variables i and i we deduced 2n
equations.
a fost introdus The notion of distribution was introduced to
mathematics by S. Sobolyev in 1936.
sunt introduse Data are entered (or fed) into the computer from the
keyboard.
intuitiv The model emerged from the intuition that the notions
of hierarchy, complexity, stability, and entropy were to
be very important.
inutil pentru If the coefficients of equation (2) do not satisfy the

Lipschitz condition, then the method of successive
approximations is unsuitable for the construction of
solutions.
invers Conversely, formula (6) defines a measurable linear

functional for any sequence of numbers (z,ek).
ipoteza despre Observe that if the hypothesis on the existence of

values of F(x) at a and b is not fulfilled, the equality
may be wrong.
The proof might have been arranged in a different way
if we had made no hypothesis about the value of G.
n
n acest scop To this end, we establish first that there exists a
constant L such that ...
For this purpose (or with this object in view / with
this in mind), an attempt will be made to generalize the
notion of entropy.
n afar E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
n aplicaii In applications we often come across the so-called
Heaviside function.
n aa mod nct For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function
in such a manner that the fundamental properties are
preserved.
39
A variable x is said to vary continuously through an
interval [a,b] when x increases from a to b in such a
manner as to assume all the values between a and b in
the order of their magnitudes.
It follows from (1), (2) and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes so that two
elements are in the same abstraction class if and only if
they are equivalent.
n concordan cu In accordance with the law of large numbers, a m =
x.
n conformitate cu In accordance with (or by) the law of large numbers, a
m = x.
n continuare Next, define M as the limit of Mt , as t.
n fond Basically, the difficulty with establishing inequality (6)
is that ...
n grupe The cards may be processed singly or grouped (or in
groups).
n interior E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
All points of lie in the interior of y2<d.
n ntregime We will not attempt here to solve the problem in its
entirety.
Though the macroscopic properties of the cell
population as a whole follow a deterministic growth
law, the descriptors of individual ceils (such as size at
division and age at division) are highly variable.
The contents of this book may not be reproduced either
in whole or in part.
n loc de aceast Instead, we will assume that ...
n mare msur The theory is based, to a large extent, on heuristic
considerations.
n realitate Actually, we shall prove somewhat more that we need
for the present.
n sfrit Finally, to prove (5), suppose p is prime.
n spiritul The paper is written in the spirit of the Wilkinson's
error analysis.
n totalitate The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
n totalitate The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
n vigoare Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be
n virtutea In view of Theorem V, the sequences from Example 2
converge.
By virtue of the basic assumptions, ...
Right-angle projection is most widely used because of
its comparative simplicity.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions
in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions
of finite order.
By 2.4, the limit of an(x) - gn(x) is also a polynomial of
40
degree less than l.
n caz In the case discussed above the left-hand side of (1)

can also interpreted as ...
n caz contrar In the opposite case the point x0 is said to be singular.
Moreover Np=0, for otherwise p0 so that =,

contrary to assumption.
n caz general This derivative is, in general, not a function, but a
distribution.
n caz particular In the special (or particular) case where =1 equation
(3) can be solved explicitly.
In the specific case of Fig.12 the function B(u) has two
extrema.
n caz special In the special case where the L2-martingale is
continuous, the variation <M> will also be continuous.
n cazul acesta In this case ...
n cazul cnd In case where (or in the case when) a = 4k+3 equation
(2) assumes a more simple form.
In the case when measure is transferred from F into a
smaller space F0, the space F0 often turns out to be a
linear space.
n cazul considerat In the case under consideration the process (t) is
continuous.
n cazul dac In the case of a negative determinant a quadratic
equation has no roots.
n cazul limit In the limiting case the stochastic process (t) becomes
a constant.
n cazul mai sumplu In the simpler case where =1 this relation takes the
form p=he2/3.
n acest caz particular In this particular case only one side of the triangle,
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing.
n cel mai bun caz This problem has received at best only fragmentary
treatment.
n multe cazuri For many purposes (or in many cases / on numerous
occasions) we shall need the following assumption.
n mod
n mod analogic Analogously (or similarly / likewise), it is sometimes
useful consider only positive solutions to Eqn (17).
This theorem can be proved in much the same way (or
manner) as Theorem 1.
A similar argument yields ...
The plane passing through the vertex A and the vertex
C can likewise be constructed.
n mod arbitrar The first term can be made arbitrarily small by an
appropriate choice of .
The variable, to which the values may be assigned at
pleasure, is called the independent variable.
41
The initial values of and may be chosen arbitrarily
(or at will).
n sens
n sens intuitiv Distributions may be, in an intuitive sense,
approximated by functions.
n sens larg The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can
interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the
equality almost everywhere.
n sens uzual A sequence of constant functions converges in the
distributional sense if and only if it converges in the
usual sense.
n sensul More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost
everywhere, then it converges also in the distributional
sense.
This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
n sensul c This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
First of all, probabilistic methods are preferable in
biological studies in that they allow to take into
consideration the variability of the live matter.
n sensul larg in a broad (or wide / loose) sense
n sensul nou So has n conjugate in the new sense, but m in the old.
n sensul urmtor The converse holds in the following sense.
n sensul vechi Sequences fundamental in the earlier sense are
equivalent in the new sense if and only if they are
equivalent in the earlier sense.
So has n conjugates in the new sense, but m in the
old.
ntr-un anumit sens A minimal, in some sense, current is obtained if one
observes nothing else, but the process (t) itself.
Here the solution is a non-decreasing function of the
drift coefficients and, in a sense, of the jump functions.
nainta
a fost naintat A new theory has been put forward this year.
We were informed that a new idea had been advanced
at the closing session.
nainta o ipotez to advance a hypothesis
nc Many roadblocks must still be overcome before all the

subgroups of G are described.
nc mai mult These estimates could be further improved by
including additional data in the computation.
In order to improve the estimates still further,
additional data should be included in the computation.
nc unul Let us formulate one further assumption.
42
To conclude, consider one more example.
ncepe
vom ncepe cu To find the sum of the series, we start from the known
formula (1).
se ncepe Each command begins with a forward slash (/).
nceput
de la nceput We first establish the necessity of the condition.
First let us define ...
ncheia demonstrarea
pentru a ncheia
To complete the proof, it suffices to observe that ...
demonstrarea
ndoial
fr ndoial Undoubtedly (or without a doubt), the introduction of
the theory ...
ndrepta atenia
vom ndrepta atenia asupra Let us take note of the fact that the portions of the
straight lines A1A2 and A3A2 are equal.
nlocui
este nlocuit F is replaced by Ft if t[0,T ].
poate fi nlocuit prin The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any
greater integer.
nlocuit ... prin Replacing in (2) by and afterwards x by x we
obtain ...
nlocui a prin b to replace a with (or by) b
to substitute b for a
to change a for b
se poate de nlocuit In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be
replaced by the requirement (3).
putem nlocui prin In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace
the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
nsemna
nseamn A(C) denotes the completion of B(C) with respect to .
va nseamna The letter M, with subscripts, will denote positive
constants.
'ln' signifies the natural logarithm.
The expression (a+b)c signifies that the sum of a and b
is to be multiplied by c.
43
In this equation X stands for the velocity to be found.
The subscript i identifies the number of the group.
aceast nseamn c This means that a is different from any of a1, a2, ..., an.
ntmpina dificulti
ntmpinm dificulti If we try to apply the principle of unique factorization
to negative integers, we encounter an obvious
difficulty in the possible presence of minus signs in the
factors.
ntoarce
ne ntoarcem We turn to the proof of the theorem.
ntre We can restrict the variable so that it takes on only

values lying between a and b.
Denoting by p(x) the polynomial within (or between)
the signs | | on the left-hand side of (3), we can write ...
ntreaba
se ntreab It is asked what properties the limit distribution
function must possess.
ntrebare considerat These ideas can bring advantages in attacking the

problem under consideration, over the usual theories.
ntrece
care nu ntrece The distribution (x) is the derivative of the function
E(x/2), where the symbol E(a) denotes the greatest
integer not exceeding a.
nelege Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the

sence of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
nelegem By the integral of the P-measurable function f we mean
the Lebesgue-Stiltjes integral.
prin ... vom nelege ... By the product of a distribution f(x) = [fn(x)] by a
number we understand the distribution [fn(x)].
By an indefinite integral of f(x) we mean a function of
the form (2).
prin ... se nelege A current is understood to be an increasing family of
-algebras such that ...
nelegere profund This information is needed for a fundamental

understanding of (or a deep insight into) the
properties of ...
44
J
jos
mai jos The operations introduced below will be identical with
the usual operations on functions.
de mai jos The definitions given below are for the processes
defined on R+.
juca un rol
va juca un rol decisiv The following fact will play a decisive role in the
proof.
joac un rol important The class of normal functionals plays an important
role from the viewpoint of the causal calculus.
just Let us formulate the conditions under which the

statement is valid (or true).
L
la fel
la fel ca n cazul This is proved in the same manner as in the case of
discrete-argument submartingales.
la fel ca i But then we could proceed from the pair (x,y) to a still
smaller pair in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2,
y2).
lsa
lsm The rest we leave to the reader.
va fi lsat cititorului The slight change in the original proof which is
needed here will be left to the reader.
lega
este legat de The estimation of runs into (or entails) great
difficulties.
limita
ne vom limita la Not striving for the greatest generality, we shall
confine ourselves to he study of martingales with
continuous characteristics.
In this section, we shall restrict our attention to
45
integration over processes (t) with continuous
characteristics.
For the present we shall content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the
sets G and H.
We will first confine our attention to discrete-
parameter supermartingales.
We will restrict ourselves to the simplest case of
=0.
este limitat de Accuracy is limited only by that of the original data.
ne vom limita la cazul We shall restrict ourselves, in this paper, to the case
...
limit
n limit In the limit, as n, the last term in (8) vanishes.
limit inferioar de integrare the lower limit of an integral
limit superioar de integrare the upper limit of an integral
literal In the term 4x2y the numerical multiplier of the literal

part is the coefficient.
lua n consideraie
lum n consideraie If we consider (or take into consideration) that the
series is a series of positive terms, we have ...
fr a lua n consideraie ... The analysis has been made without reference (or
without regard) to heat losses.
Regardless of the last term which is sufficiently
small, equation (9) may be solved in radicals for x.
dac se ia n consideraie c The statement becomes apparent when it is
considered (or if it is remembered) that ...
The statement becomes apparent when it is
considered (or taken into account) that ...
trebuie de luat n consideraie One should keep in mind (or it should be kept in
c mind / it should be remembered) that the partial
sums of the series (2.2) are the Fourier transforms of
functions Bn(t).
lua n paranteze rotunde [patrate, to put (or to enclose) in parentheses [brackets,

figurate] braces]
M
mai
mai ales This chapter deals mainly (or chiefly /
predominantly) with semigroups.
46
mai mic dect Now p is in T and has norm less than N().
mai mult ca att Moreover, every solution of (9) may be represented in
the form (3).
mai mult dect ... Over (or more than) two thousand scientists took part
in the 1st World Congress.
mai multe ... dect The set B contains much more elements than the set A.
The set B contains twice as many elements as the set
A.
margine
margine inferioar exact the greatest lower bound
margine superioar exact the least upper bound
matematic
matematic aplicat applied mathematics
matemitic finit Finite mathematics is considered as superior tool to
use, over differential equations.
matematic pur pure mathematics
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material

material
material bogat despre This volume presents a wealth of material on
stochastic integrals.
matrice invers the inverse matrix
maxim We denote by xmax the point at which the function f(x)

has a maximum (or is at its maximum).
maximum Any polinomial of degree n 1 has at most n distinct

roots.
We shall make the most (or the best use) of the
notation proposed by Dynkin in [8].
mrgini
putem mrgini We can restrict the variable so that it shall take on only
values lying between a and b.
mrginit The sequence gn(x)=1/(1+e-nx) is bounded by number 1.
mrimea erorii The investigation of the magnitude of this error is

connected with profound properties of the geometry of
numbers.
membru al ecuaiei (parte a Any term may be transposed from one member (or
ecuaiei) side) of equation to the other, provided its sign is
47
changed.
meniona
n primul rnd trebuie de The first thing to notice is a wide variety of concepts
menionat of entropy in the scientific literature.
menionm We note that any arbitrary subset of is called an
event.
Observe that (t ,Ft) is a potential.
vom meniona c It should be observed here that this definition of
equality is usually adopted in the theory of the
Lebesgue integral.
metoda aproximrilor succesive the method of successive approximations
minuios The results reported by Dr. Evans need thoroughly be

checked.
modifica
puin modificnd We shall modify slightly the definition of ...
modificnd puin metoda By a slight change in the method of (3) the reader can
easily prove the theorem by himself.
modificare a metodei This is a modification (or an adaption) of the method

of steepest descent.
moment
din acest moment From now on, we assume B to be a complete separable
metric space.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
pn la momentul Define the -field of events prior to a moment (or a
time / an instant) as
Let Ft be a -algebra of events observed up to and

including the moment t.
pn la acest moment Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of (t).
n momentul t n punctul x Let a(t,x) be a velocity of the particle at time t at point
x.
multiplu Twelve is a multiple of three.

multiplu ntreg 12.6 is a whole (or an integer) multiple of 4.2.
mulime
mulime de msur 0 The -algebra A is generated by the P-null sets.
mulime dintr-un singur We will assume in the future that the -algebra, N,
48
element contains all single-element sets.
N
neajuns To appreciate the demerits (or disadvantages) of the
theory, to observe that ...
neaprat
nu neaprat In general, e and * need not be identical.
Let (t) be an increasing (but not necessarily adapted)
integrable process.
necesar Hence one of the factors of f(x) necessarily has the

same degree as g(x).
necesar We are going to show that the function F(x) has the
required property.
este necesar In some problems of the filtering theory, it is necessary
to work with Wiener processes on R.
este necesar ca In order that two triangles be congruent, it is necessary
that two angles of the first triangle be equal,
correspondingly, to those of the second triangle.
necesar pentru ca G(x) is the time needed for a cell to grow from size a to
size x.
necesitate By Theorem 2.1 it suffices to prove the necessity.
necunoscut the unknown

the unknown quantity
the sought-for (or the desired) quantity
A number whose value is to be found is called an
unknown number.
cu dou necunoscute Thus we obtained an equation in two unknowns.
nedescresctor The comparison theorem for diffusion equations asserts

that the solution of these equations is a non-decreasing
function of the drift coefficient.
nici
nici o ... a crei Let be p-dimensional cycles, no linear combination
of which is homologous to zero.
nici un No sD is an element of .
nici ... No linear combination of is homologous to zero.
49
nici ..., nici ... The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.
nota
vom nota We denote by the set of all points of discontinuity of
F(x).
s notm prin Let us denote by C the completion of S in this norm
and by C* the corresponding conjugate space.
Denote the points by P1, P2, ..., Pn.
este notat prin The area of the triangle FGH is denoted by S.
This volume is designated as V.
sunt notate prin Variables are denoted usually by the later letters of the
alphabet.
pentru a nota The symbol f(x) is used to denote a function of x.
notaie Let us introduce the following notation
where '(x) = f(x).

The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI
century.
The following designations are used: =1/a, =c/a, and
=b/a.
notaie standard the standard notation
noiune When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the

first fundamental assumption is that the results of
.
noiuni i definiii de baz basic concepts and definitions
nu The line L does not intersect A or B.

Last time we were not appealing to Theorem 7.
But nothing in this definition indicates from whence the
class [x] is obtained.
This shows that this method cannot give all solutions of
the equation.
It is not a mere academic exercise to pick out the cases
of equality in such an inequality as Gronwall's.
Never did mathematicians worry much about the
foundations in algebra.
If there is no such , we write max f = .
nu ..., ci ... Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the
system.
numeraie roman The Roman system uses seven capital letters to express
numbers, viz.: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500),
and M(1000).
50
numai We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most
in the order in which the primes appear.
Only then we can proceed to the limit in (14).
It was not until the beginning of this century that the
Euclidean geometry became completely axiomatized.
This fact was not known until 1947.
The process X(t) depends solely on u(t) and is
independent of (t) and (t).
Algebraic means alone is not sufficient to prove the
fundamental theorem of algebra.
nu numai In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be
given whenever the rule is applied.
These factorizations differ not merely in the order of
the factors, but in the factors themselves.
numr
numr ntreg A unit or an aggregate of units is called a whole
number, or an integer.
numr la cub A number a3 is read 'the cube of a', or 'the third power
of a'.
numr la ptrat A number a2 is read 'the square of a', or 'the second
power of a'.
numi
vom numi Let 1 and -1 be called units.
We shall call r the radius of the set D.
se numete Such an instant of time is called (or is termed) a
random time.
Occasionally it is referred to as a random variable
independent of the future, as a Markov moment or as a
stopping time.
se va numi Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random
time.
The method will be termed the method of imbedding.
This portion of the curve will be called (or be named)
the stable section.
O
oare We don't know whether the limit law exists for such a
process.
If f(x) and g(x) are locally integrable functions, then the
symbol f(x)+g(x) has the same meaning whether we
interpret them as functions or as distributions.
51
obinuit In the case where the distribution is a function, this
definition coincides with the usual one.
observa
observai c Notice that U is not unique.
se observ c It may be noted that the problem lies actually in
finding an such that M(t) C for all t.
To prove 2o, observe that ...
Observe that s is not uniquely determined.
Note that for s<t .
este util de observat c It is useful to remark that the integer k which occurs
in the definition of fundamental sequences can be, if
necessary, replaced by any greater integer.
de la nceput observm c Observe first that ...
trebuie de observat c It is worth noticing that, in accordance with the law of
large numbers, a m = x.
It should be noted that R(t) is almost everywhere
nonzero.
obine
obinem Identifying equivalent oriented segments we obtain the
notion of free vector.
Hence, by the induction hypothesis, we infer that
a1=...=an=0.
Thus we arrive at a factorization m=p1p2...pn, where
each pi is positive and prime.
se obine This function is obtained by application to expression
(4) a nonlinear differential operator .
obine forma In this case equation (7) becomes (or takes the form /
assumes the form) ...
obinem n rezultat After k similar steps we finally obtain ...
obine valori Let f(x,t) take on (or assume) values in Rm.
ocupa
ocup poziie n spaiu Two lines may occupy the following relative positions
in space: 1) they may be parallel, 2) they may be
intersect or, 3) not intersect.
ocup un loc special The prime numbers occupy a special position among
integers.
omite
putem omite
Since and n > 200, we may drop the
last term on the right of (19).
omitem It would take us too far afield to give a proof of this
theorem, so we omit it and content ourselves with
demonstrating some applications of the theorem.
este omis The proof is omitted here.
52
operaie
operaii aritmetice asupra It follows immediately from the definition of
convergence that the arithmetic operations on limits
of sequences of distributions can be performed in the
same way as on sequences of functions.
operaie invers Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a
root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
Division is the inverse of multiplication.
ordine
n ordine aleatoare Numbers may be added in any order.
ordinea integrrii To prove this, interchange the order of integration in
the double integral in (6).
oricare n-ar fi Whatever (or no matter what) t (may be), one can
always find a sufficiently large N to satisfy the
inequality N>t.
orict ar dori Let be an arbitrary however small value.
orice
pentru orice For each , the function is called the
sample path.
For every number >0 there exists an index n0 such that
| am - an |< for all m, n>n0.
P
pagin
la pagina Powell's carrier distribution, C() on page 245, is our
distribution fm(T).
parantez
n paranteze When numbers are collected by the sign of aggregation
( ), they are commonly said to be in parentheses.
The expression between (or in) the brackets is
precisely the Laplace transform of the function *(t).
paranteze rotunde [patrate, The signs of aggregation are the parentheses (), the
figurate] brackets [] and the braces {}.
paranteze pot fi deschise When an expression contains parentheses within
parentheses, the parentheses may be removed in
succession, beginning with the innermost.
53
parcurge
parcurge valorile If x goes through the values 1, 2, ..., p-1, then, by
Theorem 2, ax goes through a complete residue system
modulo p, excepting 0.
parte
parte component An integral part of the creative approach to the
problem under consideration is the analysis of its
similarity to and difference from the analogous
problems.
parte dreapt The right-hand side of equation (12).
parte ntreag The integer (or whole) part of a real number is the
greatest integer not exceeding the number.
parte stng The left-hand side (or member) of equation (12).
partea fracionar The fractional part of 5.6 is 0.6.
n partea dreapt The term on the right-hand side (or on the right) of
(12) vanishes as k.
n partea stng The term on the left-hand side (or on the left) of Eqn
(12) vanishes as k.
pe de alt parte On the other hand, if [fn(x)] = f(x), then the first two
conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied.
partiie Let tk, k =1, ..., m, be a partition of the interval (s,t) into
subintervals of equal length.
patrat al numrului When a is used twice as a factor, the product is the

second power of a, or the square of a.
pstra
pstreaz Absolute constants retain the same value in all
problems.
vom pstra Since distributions are a generalization of the notion of
functions, we shall retain for them the usual notation of
functions, i.e., f(x), g(x), etc.
sunt pstrate For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function
in such a manner that the fundamental properties are
preserved.
primi
fi primit It should be observed that this definition of equality is
usually adopted in the theory of the Lebesgue integrals.
The height of the triangle is taken to be 12m.
pentru
54
pentru aceasta For this purpose we select first the Gaussian integers.
To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
pentru ca In order that the last property be valid, it is sufficient
that ...
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material
To formulate the corresponding result, we consider the
following conditions which are the strengthened
versions of conditions of Theorem 8.
pentru care It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
pentru comoditate For convenience we define a continuous locally
increasing process to be an adapted process which has
properties (1) through (4).
pentru nici un The function cannot be constructed for any value of x.
pentru simplitate For the sake of simplicity, consider the concentration
of particles at height x above a horizontal barrier.
periodic cu perioada We say that a function f(x) is periodic with a period ,

if f(x+) = f(x).
peste By the Eisenstein's criterion the polynomial xn-2 is

peste tot The function H(p(x)) is everywhere equal to 0.

peste tot dens To determine IT (Ft), it is sufficient to describe the
everywhere dense set IT2(Ft).
principial nou We will describe a radically (or fundamentally) new

approach to the problem.
probabilitate
cu probabilitatea With probability 1 there exists the limit
.
polinom de By a polinomial in x1, x2, ..., xn we mean a sum of the

form (6).
poseda
posed The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
The stochastic integral (4) possesses finite moments up
to the (2m)th order inclusive.
posed o proprietate The function possesses the property (1) for all and
55
t.
We are going to prove that the limits exist
and the function F(x) has the required property.
posibil
posibil To avoid possible confusion, we shall use this
notation ...
The error, if any, will be allowed for by visual
estimation.
este posibil ca It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist,
although the distributional derivative has a value at this
point.
este ntotdeauna posibil de This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational
fcut integers nearest to A and B respectively.
practic Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the

sense of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
precedent
precedent On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions in
the earlier sense can be identified with distributions of
finite order.
This follows from the previous theorem.
nivele precedente Here X(t) is the number of paths, by which we go from
the preceding levels of a hierarchy to the new level t.
precum i Using this technique we can calculate the phase as well

as the amplitude of the process at time t.
preliminar I think that my project is only tentative and subject to

continuous revision as the work makes a progress.
presupune
se presupune c It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed by all P-
null sets.
All stochastic processes considered in this book will be
assumed to be measurable.
{Ft} is assumed to be right-continuous.
vom presupune c We assume that F*G=H, the operation * being defined
by F*G=RS, where R=TV.
Suppose Xt is a continuous process.
Suppose that the theorem is true for k-1.
Suppose the conclusion of the theorem to be true for all
f(x) of degree between 0 and n-1 inclusive.
presupunem contrariul Suppose the contrary.
56
presupunere
presupunerea c In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption
that b(x)=0 for x<a.
This equation contradicts the assumption that G
contains points not belonging to D.
presupunerea conform crei The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can
be somewhat weakened.
presupuneri sunt fcute The following assumptions are made concerning the
random process (t): 1) the process is Ft-adapted and 2)
it satisfies condition (1).
Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of n(t).
prezenta n forma
poate fi prezentat n forma Any potential t can be represented in the form ...
prezenta un interes
prezint un interes Of interest also are the induced statistics.
The results have encouraged (or aroused) a more
serious interest in precision methods of control.
va prezenta un interes I hope this paper will be of interest to you.
prezint un interes aparte To prove the existence of <a,a>t, the following lemma,
which is of interest in its own right, will be required.
care prezint un mare interes Another theoretical approach of great interest consists
in looking at the evolution toward equal phenotypic
fitness.
prin
prin alegere This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational
integers nearest to A and B respectively.
probabil
puin probabil These conditions are unlikely to occur in practice.
probabilist There is presented below a glossary translating set-

theoretic notions into probabilistic notions.
problem de baz We are now in a position to state the basic problem of

algebraic number theory.
proces coordonat A random process (t), t 0, is said to be adapted to a

current of -algebras {Ft}t0 if for every t the random
variable (t) is Ft-measurable.
provine
57
provine de la The word 'school' has its origin in the Greek word
'schole' meaning 'leisure'.
provin de la The arithmetic symbols were derived from the Arabs
and the Hindus.
punct
n punct
The function has no a
derivative at the point 0.
n puncte Such an identification can be extended to a wider class
of functions which have the poles at some points and
are locally integrable elsewhere.
punct ce se mic dea-lungul
In the equation of straight line x and y are the
variable coordinates of a point moving along the line.
punct de vedere
din punct de vedere logic From the logical point of view, this generalization is
exactly of the same type as the generalization of rational
numbers in the Cantor theory.
din punct de vedere practic Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
punct de referin Here the starting point is the notion of fundamental

sequences of rational numbers.
Approximation is our starting point for the definition
of distributions.
pune n coresponden
operatorul pune n The operator , assigns to (or associates with) any
coresponden function from D a function from D(,0].
este pus n coresponden A probability is assigned to each outcome.
purta numele
poart numele It is instructive to study the Ito's method of defining the
stochastic integral that now bears his name.
putea
nu putem If n=1, we cannot impose this condition.
nu se poate If n=1, this condition cannot be discarded.
As regards the solution of equation (3), it may not be
argued that it satisfies Condition 2.
puterea a n-a a numrului If a is used n times as a factor, the product is called the
nth power of the number.
58
puin This definition will be somewhat generalized below.
The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can
be somewhat weakened.
R
raionament There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.
Following the argument of N. N. Bautin, we can
now easily show that ...
raiona
raionnd analogic Reasoning similarly we convince ourselves that the
solution to Eqn (7) is also unique.
raionnd ca Reasoning as in the proof of Theorem 7, we can
prove, under suitable assumptions, that relation (1)
holds for s>N.
rdcin
rdcin cubic din 2 is the third, or cube, root of 8.
rdcin de ordinul n din indicates the nth root of a.
rdcin din numr When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the
factors is called the root of the number.
rdcin patrat din 5 is the square root of 25.
rmnea
rmne It therefore remains only to verify that At is
uniformly integrable.
Much remains to be done in this area.
This relation remains valid when one passes from
functions to their differentials.
rmne de demonstrat Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each
particular system considered that an equilibrium
actually exists and is stable.
rmne n vigoare Theorem 4 and Lemma 9.5 remain true.
This result holds true if we proceed from the group
G to any of its subgroups.
rspuns The answer to the question must be postponed until

later.
reaminti
reamintim Because of its great importance in this book, we
recall the definition of a normal distribution.
59
reamintete c The reader is reminded that the conjugates over F of
a number algebraic over F are the roots of the
minimal polynomial of over F.
trebuie de reamintit c It should also be recalled that R(t) is almost
everywhere nonzero.
reciproc
i reciproc Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.
reduce
reduce la This fact reduces the construction of the solution to
(2) to that of a process such that
is a martingale.
se reduce la Under these conditions equation (3) reduces to (4).
This investigation amounts (or boils down) to
finding the operator U such that U=UU.
reduce ecuaia la form to reduce the equation to the form ...
reduce termenii asemenea

reducem termenii asemenea To solve the equation 2x+x = 12, unite (or group /
collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain
3x and then divide both members by 3 to find the
value of x to be 4.
referi
se refer la The Henry's Law refers only to the effect of pressure.
nu se refer la Evidently the Einstein's restriction does not apply to
the case under consideration.
care se refer We now state a number of results concerning
ordinary differential equations.
ceea ce se refer As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the
solution of equation (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2o.
As for property (ii), suppose first that a is a unit.
regul The rule for differentiation of a product.

The rule for the change of variables in integral
calculus.
relativ As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the

solution of Eqn (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2.
The process (t-) is a supermartingale with respect to
60
the family of -algebras (Ft-) t0.
Given point A, construct point B symmetrical to the
given point A in relation to plane .
For the present we content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning
the sets G and H.
relativ la In relation to , an experiment is completely
characterized by a certain class of events.
remarca
este cazul de a remarca It is relevant to remark that the diffusion
corresponds to the increase of entropy.
repeta
poate fi repetat This procedure can be repeated with q2, q3, ... until
all the prime factors on one side are exhausted.
repetat The repeated application of this procedure proves the
assertion.
reprezenta
reprezentat n form Any potential t can be represented in the form (3).
poate fi reprezentat n form By the well-known Weierstrass approximation
theorem, every distribution can be represented in
the form [pn(x)], where pn(x) are polynomials.
de a reprezenta ... ca ... To prove this statement, it suffices to present the
integral as a limit of
respectiv The largest -factors are 1 and 2 respectively.
respinge o ipotez to reject the hypothesis
restrnge generalitate
fr a restrnge generalitate We shall also assume, without restricting the
generality, that z0=s0=0.
We can assume, without any restriction of
generality, that all numbers amn can be arranged in a
sequence {bk} convergent to b0.
In our discussion we may assume, without loss of
generality, that M is a subset of the set of natural
numbers.
restricie With this additional restriction the problem just

61
posed received an exhaustive solution in the papers of
Bawty and Khinchin.
a rezolva ecuaia n raport cu x

to solve the equation for x explicitly [implicitly]
explicit [implicit]
rezolva n raport cu x to solve for x
rezolvare
la rezolvare problemei It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters
for the numbers which are sought.
rezulta
rezult din The result follows from the induction hypothesis.
The term R/n results from the Bohr theory.
Much of the utility of the theorem stems from the
properties of the binomial coefficients.
rezult imediat The proof follows immediately if we observe that ...
rezult nemijlocit Since u(t) is continuous, it follows at once that
x(u(t),t) satisfies condition (ii).
aceast rezult din This results from the following lemma.
This follows from the fact that e i/2 = i.
din cele spuse rezult c From what has been said it follows that ...
It follows from what has been said that T>0 almost
surely on the set B.
din ... rezult c It follows from (1), (2), and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes without common
elements so that two elements are in the same
abstraction class if and only if they are equivalent.
de aici rezult c From this it follows that A is consistently defined
except on a P-null set.
This implies that ...
It follows from this that ...
It follows that R(s) is a commutative ring.
nemijlocit rezult din It follows directly from the definition that ...
This assertion follows immediately from relation
(2).
ridica
ridica la puterea n to raise to the nth power
ridica un numr la cub to cube a number
ridica un numr la patrat to square a number
The process of finding any required power of a

ridicarea la putere
number is called involution.
62
S
satisface
se satisfac condiiile Condition (4) is equivalent to the following conditions
being satisfied.
sau ..., sau Since a satisfies (1), we have that either a=1 or a=p-1.
schimb
schimb de variabil Relation (8) follows from the general rule of the
change (or the substitution) of variables in integral
calculus.
schimb de variabil la
the change of a variable in integration
integrare
schimba
schimbm ordinea de To prove this, interchange the order of integration in
integrare the double integral in (6).
fr a schimba The introduction of locally integrable allows us to
strengthen Lemma 6.8 without changing its proof.
este schimbat semnul Any term may be transposed from one member of
schimbare
schimbare mic A slight change in the original proof will be left to the
reader.
schimbarea ordinii de The main point of the proof is to justify the
integrare interchange of the order of integration in (8.4).
fr schimbri With this transform the first term in (4) vanishes,
whereas the last one remains unaltered (or
unchanged).
scoate n afar parantezelor

scoatem n afar parantezelor Now factor out of the expression in parentheses the
largest positive factor common to all the bi.
Now take the largest positive factor out of the
brackets.
scop (obiectiv) The purpose (or objective) of this monograph is to

make available elementary parts of classical algebraic
number theory.
The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
integral for a wider class of predictable integrands and,
at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
scopul acestei lucrri The purpose of this paper is to present the
63
elementary exposition of the theory of distributions.
scopul const n ... The purpose of introducing real numbers is to make it
always possible to carry out certain operations, e.g.,
the evaluation of roots or logatithms.
scrie
se poate de scris n form The function F(x) can be written in the form ...
putem scrie Then we can write for the division-size density
function (up to a normalization factor)
.
scriind Writing down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m
and adding them we obtain the estimation ...
vom scrie Write down the coordinates of the points A, B and C.
If there is no such G, we write max f = 0.
scriem ... n form Write the equation as (or in the form) (2).
scriere
n scrierea In writing numbers, the figures are separated into
groups of three figures each, called periods.
semn
cu semn opus Subtracting any number is equivelent to adding it with
its sign changed (or with reversal of its sign).
semnul opus The numbers +2 and -2 have unlike signs.
The number -2 is opposite in sign to +2.
sub semnul The products under the sign of are the products of
continuous functions.
sub semnul integralei under the integral sign
sens In the last formula the symbol 0 has two different

meanings: on the left-hand side it denotes the number
zero and on the right-hand side the zero distribution.
serie absolut [condiional]

the absolutely [conditionally] convergent series
convergent
sfat I wish to express gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for her

valuable advice.
similar Progressive measurability of an S-valued process is

defined similarly.
Reasoning similarly, we convince ourselves that the
solution to Egn (17) is also unique.
similar ca The definition is the same as the one given above, but
with R instead of [0,T ].
64
simplifica
simplificm Simplify 4a-(2a-2b).
simplific Thus the introduction of distributions makes the
calculation easier.
pentru a simplifica To simplify the equation, make the substitution u=2x2-
1.
poate fi simplificat This equation can be simplified by the substitution
u=2x2-1.
simplifica fracie prin a

To reduce the fraction by the factor a.
simplifica prin
putem simplifica prin We can divide out (p-1)! from each side to obtain the
conclusion.
sistem
sistem de notaii the system of notation
sistem zecimal The Arabic system, which is a decimal system,
employs ten figures to express numbers, viz.: naught,
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine.
situa
situate aproape This quantity may take on any values, however closely
spaced.
slbi
putem slbi Hence, we can weaken condition in the following
way.
pentru a slbi restriciile The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
referitor ... integral for a wider class of predictable integrands and,
at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
soluie
soluie unic Equation (7) has a unique solution.
spaiu
spaiu de stri A function S is called an S-valued stochastic
process and S is called the state space of .
spaiu metric separabil C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable
complet metric space under the topology of uniform
convergence.
spaiu-faz The values of (t) are sometimes called the states of a
stochastic system and the space S, the phase space
of the system .
65
specifica
cum a fost specificat mai sus As has been stated (or specified) above, the functions
pm(x) defined by (1.6) are bounded.
dac nu este specificat We agree to assume, unless otherwise specified, that
contrariul all processes are adapted.
Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be
spune
spune (ind. prez. 3 sg.) The principle of mathematical induction says: "If P is
true ..."
The second law states (or reads): "If the same current
flows ..."
The theory holds (or states) that ...
Stated in a simple form, the hypothesis runs as
follows.
se spune If conditions (i) and (ii) are also fulfilled, then the
current is said to satisfy the 'ordinary' conditions.
vom spune If the members of a pair are equal, say to a, then a2=1
(mod p).
vom spune c ... We shall say that two integers a and b are relatively
prime if they share no factors except 1.
spunnd The function F is, so to say, the optimal cost of the
continuation of control.
spunnd mai exact To put it more exactly, ...
din cele spuse mai sus From what has been outlined (or said) above the
following conclusions may be drawn.
stabili
stabilete This requirement places (or sets) the upper limit on the
admissible error.
stabilim We first establish the necessity of the condition.
a fost stabilit This fact was ascertained (or established) from
experience.
a fost stabilit The average value was found to be 16 3.
de a stabili condiii Theorem 1.6 allows to lay down the conditions under
which the solutions to equations (6) are continuous in
parameter z.
strict Approximations, strictly defined, is our starting point

for the definition of distributions.
studia
studiat The experiments studied in probability theory are
carried out when a certain set of conditions Y is
satisfied.
66
substitui
substituim For this we make the substitution t-x=s.
substituind ... n Substituting these numbers into (or in) (1), we find
that ...
substitui a cu b to make the substitution of b for a

to carry out the change of a for b
substituia b cu a the substitution of b for a
suficient This equation determines a sufficient condition.

suficient de mare Whatever t may be, one can always find a sufficiently
large N such that ...
Now ECt < /2, if n is taken large enough.
suficient de mic The term can be made sufficiently small
by makingthe partition of the interval [0,T ] fine
enough.
este suficient By theorem 2.1, it suffices to prove the necessity.
este suficient de artat c ... It suffices to show that if is a Gaussian integer, so is
and hence .
este suficient de spus c ... Suffice it to say that ...
It suffices to say that ...
It is enough to say that ...
este suficient pentru ca In order that the series (1) of independent random
variables converge, it is sufficient that the series (2)
and (3) converge.
pentru aceast este suficient To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
ca the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
suma parial
A series is said to be convergent if the
sequence of its partial sums fn(x) = g1(x) + ... + gn(x)
converges.
sumar A survey of the general theory of stochastic processes

can be found in [4].
supune
se supune legii The distribution of errors adheres to the law of
probability.
The kinetics of the system obey (or follow) the ideal
gas law.
se supune ecuaiei It the coefficients on the right of (2) satisfy the
Lipschitz condition, then the function w(t) obeys the
equation (3.1).
67
The equilibrium distribution of particles in a
gravitational field adheres to (or is governed by) the
Boltzmann equation.
sus
mai sus It is easy to see that the relation of equivalence defined
above has the following properties.
de mai sus
The integral is well-defined in accordance

with the above definition.
The definition is the same as the one given above, but
with R instead of [0,T].
T
tia
taie Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.
trziu
mai trziu We shall show later on that this generalization contains
also class of non-continuous functions.
teorem
teorema despre valoare
the theorem of the mean
medie
teorema probabilitii totale the theorem of total probability
teorem preliminar Some preliminary theorems will be established first.
teorem reciproc The converse theorem in not true.
teoretic Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each

particular system considered that an equilibrium
actually exists and is stable.
teorie
teoria jocurilor the theory of games
teoria mulimilor the theory of numbers (or the set theory)
teoria numerilor the theory of numbers (or the number theory)
teoria probabilitilor the theory of probability
teoria proceselor stocastice the theory of stochastic processes
teorie unitar the unified theory
teoria ce va fi dezvoltat Continuous functions on a fixed interval are the starting
point for the theory to be developed here.
68
termen Any term may be transposed from one member of
termen cu termen Roughly speaking, each convergent series can be
differentiated term by term (or termwise).
termina
termin This completes (or concludes) the proof of Lemma 4
and also that of Theorem 2.
am terminat Then r=s and we are done.
terminologie
n terminologia {Ut} is the 'dual predictable projection' in the
terminology of Dellacherie and Meyer [42].
timp
n timp ce Thus 5 and 9 are relatively prime, whereas 6 and 9 are
not.
As the point x tends to a, the function g(x) approaches
the value g(a).
tinde la
cnd ... tinde la Each summand on the right of (12) becomes vanishingty
small with (or as) n.
cnd ... tinde la infinit to let smth approach (or to let smth go to) infinity
tinde la infinit to tend to (or to approach) infinity
tinde la zero (ind. prez. 3 sg.) The limit distribution functions are determined by the
fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small with
n.
toate
dup toate Summing up these conditional probabilities over all the
newborn particles in the sample, we find that ...
tot (n ntregime) Thus the integral on the right side of (5) can be
analytically continued to the whole domain.
The class of functionals of degree n covers the entire
space Hn(-n).
toi When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the
69
factors is called a root of the number.
toi urmtorii Every succeeding (or subsequent) member an must be
less than aN.
nu toi However, not all distributions can be represented in the
form [f(x)], i.e., not all distributions can be identified
with continuous functions.
pentru toi The function possesses the property (1) for all and
t.
transforma
a transforma ecuaia to rearrange the equation
s transformm la form Let us transform (1) to the form (2).
a se transforma n infinit to become infinite
transformare invers the inverse transform
trebui
trebuie The problem must be solved as soon as possible.
To ensure the existence of a solution to (14), additional
assumptions need be made.
Much needs to be done to complete the theory.
It should be particularly emphasized that condition (*)
is not essential and was introduced solely for the sake of
convenience.
To comprehend the main idea of my talk, it is essential
(or necessary) that the students be familiar with the
generalized Galois theory.
care trebuie In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must
be given whenever the rule is applied.
ceea ce trebuia But p is of the form 1+4n, so that a p=l+im, as
required.
ceea ce trebuia de It follows that the points C1 and C2 lie on the line of
demonstrat intersection of the planes and , which is what had
to be proved.
However, by condition m>n/2 one has q>2, q.e.d.
trece
trecnd la limit Approaching the limit as k and utilizing Fatou's
lemma we obtain (8).
Proceeding (or passing) to the limit in equality (5) we
convince ourselves that this limit is a solution of
equation (2).
de a trece la limita To obtain equation (3), it is necessary to pass to the
limit in relation (1).
poate fi trecut dintr-o parte a Any term may be transposed from one member of
ecuaiei n alt equation to the other, provided its sign is changed.
70
trecere
trecerea de la ... The identification of equivalent elements consists in the
passage from the elements of the set in question to the
abstraction classes.
trecerea la limit This equation is obtained from relation (3) by passing
to the limit.
la trecerea la limit Inequality (7) becomes the exact equality if one passes
to the limit.
When passing to the limit, inequality (7) becomes the
exact equality.
ine minte
innd seam Considering (or taking into account) that the series is
a series of positive terms, we have ...
trebuie s inem minte c It is to be remembered (or it should be borne in
mind) that the specific properties of the limit
distribution functions are determined by the fact that ...
U
unul i numai unul Hence there is one and only one x which satisfies the
congruence.
unde We assume that F*G=RS, where R=TV.
uneori Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random

time.
Sometimes a current is understood to be an increasing
family of -algebras.
unic The element q is unique.

If S consists of a single element x, then R(x) is
commutative.
univoc This set of conditions uniquely determines the results of

the experiment.
univoc determinat Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined
provided it exists everywhere.
71
urma
aceast urmeaz din This follows from the Fundamental Theorem of
arithmetic.
cum urmeaz din cele spuse As appears from the above, the cycle C determines a
curve L.
urmtorul Such an element is unique.

urmtoare Making the change of variables x=acos and t+
the following relation may be obtained
.
este urmtoare The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is this.
uor
este uor de ... It is not difficult to establish the existence of an infinite
number of rational primes.
util This property of martingales may be useful when

proving the existence theorems for stochastic
differential equations.
The following result will be very helpful in proving the
theorems of this chapter.
utiliza
putem utiliza metoda In order to construct such a process, we can take such
an approach.
va fi utilizat permanent We shall prove below a very useful result which will be
constantly used in our work.
utilizate de obicei Using condition 2) of the theorem and commonly
employed estimates we assure ourselves that ...
V
valoare The value of a function f(x) at x=x0 will be denoted by
f(x0).
cu valori The problem of interpolation consists in approximate
evaluation of a function f(x) at a given point x1<x*<xn
from its values on a finite set of points x1, x2, ..., xn.
cu valori n Let (,t) be a random function with values in Rm.
72
valoare n punct The Dirac function (x) has the value 0 at each point
x0 and has no value at the point x=0.
valoare absolut The absolute value of b is greater that of a.
dup valoarea absolut These numbers are equal in absolute magnitude.
variabile aleatoare cu acelai Let j , j=1, 2, ..., n, be mutually independent

repartiie identically distributed random variables.
vedea
vedei See, for example, the deduction of inequality (11) in
the proof of Theorem 1.
este uor de vzut c It is easy to see that {gn} is complete in L1[0,1].
It will readily be seen that that for any >0 the
sequence Z(n,) forms a Galton-Watson process.
cum este uor de vzut As is easily seen, there exists a Borel function s such
that ...
verifica
se verific In the case of distributions the following identities are
valid.
Since inequality (4.8) holds true, the function (x) is
non-negative.
sunt verificate Since the conditions (1), (2) and (3) are fulfilled,the
set of all fundamental sequences gets decomposed into
disjoint abstraction classes.
verific cetine The functionals L and M satisfy (or meet) the
aforementioned requirements.
pentru a verifica To verify that h(t) is the desired solution, observe
that ...
este uor de verificat c It is easily verified that the polynomial xn-2 is
dac o serie de condiii este The experiments studied in probability theory are
verificat carried out when a certain set of conditions F is
satisfied.
verific condiia Assume that the function B(,t) satisfies the local
Lipschitz condition.
verific ecuaie We shall prove that the function F(x) satisfies (or
fulfils) equation (1).
vom verifica ipoteza despre ... We shall test the hypothesis that ...
viitor
n viitor In what follows the notation 'm|n' means 'm divides n'.
Here and in the sequel the ai denote positive
constants.
Henceforth we shall adhere to the following model of
73
the probability theory.
In the future n will always be assumed to be
bounded.
In the future, when continuous local martingales are
discussed, the n will always be assumed to take
values from T.
voluminos This method is too cumbersome (or awkward /

unwieldy).
vorbind n general The results of the experiments will, generally, be

different.
Generally, Eqn (10) may have no solution.
74

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alt Another way to approach the problem is to take a Taylor

altfel This definition also makes use of the abstraction

altfel zis Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if

ambele Both estimates are quite rough.

are equal if and only if

ambiguu This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding.

analogic The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of (10).

analogie The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid.

anume In this particular case only one side of the triangle,

aparatul matematic mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques)

aproape The temperature was observed to be near zero.

aproximativ acelai As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite

aranja n ordine cresctoare

arbitrar Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential.

argument This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic

aritmetic Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics

Thus the following theorem has been proved.

In applications we often come across the so-called

aadar Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be

automat It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple rings

auxiliar As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall

avea de-a face

avea maxim [minim]

avea o form ...

avea o mare importan

The symbol , if it is meaningful, always

bineneles It is clear that the definitions and properties given

ca i n As in the example discussed above, we can easily

ca i n cazul ... In the same manner as in the case of convergence to

calcula As is easy to calculate ...

calcula integral dea-lungul

calcula integral pe domeniu to take the integral over a domain

care In classical analysis there have been considered several

cteva To see this, we shall prove several lemmas.

ce For instance, the Dirac delta distribution cannot be

cel mult The set of the points of discontinuity of f(t) is at (the)

Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the

cititor The reader will find it a useful exercise to supply the

clasic In classical analysis there have been considered several

the coefficient of smth.

complet satisfctor Completely satisfactory solution of the functional

complicat The problem of optimization is, in general, more

conclude From a>b and b>c we conclude that a>c.

confirma ipoteza to verify a hypothesis

consecutiv When an expression contains parentheses within

n lucrare se consider The paper deals with the theory of distributions of

consideraie We now turn to the task of considering the continuous-

construcie By a slight change in the method of (7), the

contrazice presupunerii This equation contradicts the assumption that G

trigonometrical series is advantageous.

corect This definition is correct; since the sequence {pn(m)(x)}

corectitudinea definiiei To verify the correctness of this definition, we must

coresponden biunivoc The one-to-one correspondence established above

cu ... ce tinde ... Each summand on the right of (12) becomes

cub al numrului When a is used three times as a factor, the product is

than the Dirichlet kernel .

dac In the course of the proof of the theorem we have

dac i numai dac R is a realization of (t) if and only if ...

dac ... nu Unless u is a power of 2, this can always be done.

date iniiale the initial (or the input) data

de aceea For this reason the points belonging to are called

de asemenea Observe also that |Dn(s)| C logn.

de fapt In fact, this follows from the consideration that the