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Tablet computer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


For the computer input device, see Graphics tablet. For other uses, see Tablet.
"Tablet PC" redirects here. For the class of Microsoft Windows-based tablets, see
Microsoft Tablet PC.
"Convertible (computer)" redirects here. For the IBM computer of this name, see IBM
PC Convertible.

Apple's iPad (left) and Amazon's Fire (right) are commercially successful tablets.
A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile PC, typically with a
mobile operating system and LCD touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a
rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package. Tablets, being computers, do
what other personal computers do, but lack some I/O capabilities that others have.

Tablets typically have other I/O capabilities that suit them to their usual tasks.
These may include front-facing or rear-facing digital cameras, a microphone, GPS
receiver, a flashlight, magnetometer, proximity sensor, hall effect sensor,
gyroscope and an accelerometer, so images on screens are displayed upright, or to
sense velocity. Some have a fingerprint sensor or iris scanner. Most tablets use
Wi-Fi, and some can also use cellular networks, for Internet access. Tablets can
run various software known as apps; most basic apps (such as camera, photos, web
browser, voice/video calls, emails, text messages, maps, weather, calendar,
contacts, notes, App Store, virtual assistant, etc) come pre-installed with the
system. Others may be installed online from the app store.

The touchscreen display uses gestures by finger or stylus to replace the mouse,
trackpad and keyboard of larger computers. On the sides of the device, speakers,
volume buttons (to control the sound emitted by the speakers), a headphone jack,
and a USB port will be present. Devices may have touchscreen home button (takes
user to the starting user interface) at the bottom of the screen, or a physical
home button or multiple buttons may be included below the touchscreen. Some tablets
have a vibration feature, which may be used in games, or for notifications. Tablets
may able to place and receive voice/video telephone calls using Voice over IP on
Wi-Fi or cellular networks. Tablets largely resemble phones, the only key
difference being tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens 7
inches (18 cm) or larger, measured diagonally.[1][2][3][4]

Portable computers can be classified according to the presence and physical


appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a physical keyboard, and
usually accept text and other input by use of a virtual keyboard shown on a
touchscreen-enabled display. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s all have physical
keyboards (although these are usually concealable or detachable), yet they
typically also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and
operating systems like a full laptop, whilst having the flexibility of being used
as a tablet. Most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using Bluetooth.

The format was conceptualized in the mid-20th century (Stanley Kubrick depicted
fictional tablets in the 1968 science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and
prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010,[5]
Apple released the iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread
popularity. Thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and became a
large product category[6] used for personal, educational and workplace
applications.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Fictional and prototype tablets
1.2 Early tablets
1.3 Modern tablets
2 Types
2.1 Slate
2.2 Mini tablet
2.3 Phablet
2.4 Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1
2.5 Gaming tablet
2.6 Booklet
2.7 Customized business tablet
3 Hardware
3.1 System architecture
3.2 Display
3.3 Handwriting recognition
3.4 Other features
4 Software
4.1 Operating system
4.1.1 Android
4.1.2 iOS
4.1.3 Windows
4.1.4 Ubuntu Touch
4.1.5 Hybrid OS operation
4.1.6 Discontinued operating systems
4.2 Application store
5 Sales
5.1 By manufacturer
5.2 By operating system
6 Use
6.1 Sleep
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]

1888 telautograph patent schema


Main article: History of tablet computers

Wireless tablet device portrayed in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
The tablet computer and its associated operating system began with the development
of pen computing.[7] Electrical devices with data input and output on a flat
information display existed as early as 1888 with the telautograph,[8] which used a
sheet of paper as display and a pen attached to electromechanical actuators.
Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined
and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, or commercial products. In addition
to many academic and research systems, several companies released commercial
products in the 1980s, with various input/output types tried out:

Fictional and prototype tablets[edit]


Tablet computers appeared in a number of works of science fiction in the second
half of the 20th century; all helped to promote and disseminate the concept to a
wider audience.[9] Examples include:

Isaac Asimov described a Calculator Pad in his novel Foundation (1951)


Stanislaw Lem described the Opton in his novel Return from the Stars (1961)
Numerous similar devices were depicted in Gene Roddenberry's 1966 Star Trek: The
Original Series
Arthur C. Clarke's NewsPad[10] was depicted in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space
Odyssey (1968)
Douglas Adams described a tablet computer in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
and the associated comedy of the same name (1978)
The sci-fi TV series Star Trek The Next Generation featured tablet computers which
were designated as PADDs.[11]
A device more powerful than today's tablets appeared briefly in The Mote in God's
Eye (1974).[12]
Additionally, real-life projects either proposed or created tablet computers, such
as:

In 1968, computer scientist Alan Kay envisioned a KiddiComp;[13][14] he developed


and described the concept as a Dynabook in his proposal, A personal computer for
children of all ages (1972),[15] which outlines functionality similar to that
supplied via a laptop computer, or (in some of its other incarnations) a tablet or
slate computer, with the exception of near eternal battery life. Adults could also
use a Dynabook, but the target audience was children.
In 1979, the idea of a touchscreen tablet that could detect an external force
applied to one point on the screen was patented in Japan by a team at Hitachi
consisting of Masao Hotta, Yoshikazu Miyamoto, Norio Yokozawa and Yoshimitsu
Oshima, who later received a US patent for their idea.[16]
In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad. The ST-Pad was
based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and prototyped early handwriting
recognition. Shiraz Shivji's company Momentus demonstrated in the same time a
failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own GUI.[17]
In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke and
Kubrick's fictional work.[18] Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based
touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the "NewsPad"; the
project ended in 1997.[19]

Risc User: NewsPad Covered in the October 1996 edition


During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a
prototype handheld device they were demonstrating.[20][21][22]
In 2001, Ericsson Mobile Communications announced an experimental product named the
DelphiPad, which was developed in cooperation with the Centre for Wireless
Communications in Singapore, with a touch-sensitive screen, Netscape Navigator as a
web browser, and Linux as its operating system.[23][24]
Early tablets[edit]

Apple Newton MessagePad, Apple's first produced tablet, released in 1993.


Following earlier tablet computer products such as the Pencept PenPad,[25][26] and
the CIC Handwriter,[27] in September 1989, GRiD Systems released the first
commercially successful tablet computer, the GRiDPad.[28][29] The GRiDPad was
manufactured by South Korean company Samsung Corporation, modified from the Samsung
PenMaster, a prototype that was not commercially distributed.[30][31] All three
products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992,
IBM announced (in April) and shipped to developers (in October) the 2521 ThinkPad,
which ran the GO Corporation's PenPoint OS. Also based on PenPoint was AT&T's EO
Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&T's own hardware, including their
own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital
assistant in 1993. It utilised Apple's own new Newton OS, initially running on
hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had
specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform
design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, who went on to manufacture
their own variants.

In 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and
stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola
Dragonball (68000) CPU. Also in 1996 Fujitsu released the Stylistic 1000 tablet
format PC, running Microsoft Windows 95, on a 100 MHz AMD486 DX4 CPU, with 8 MB RAM
offering stylus input, with the option of connecting a conventional Keyboard and
mouse. Intel announced a StrongARM[32] processor-based touchscreen tablet computer
in 1999, under the name WebPAD. It was later re-branded as the "Intel Web Tablet".
[33] In 2000, Norwegian company Screen Media AS and the German company Dosch &
Amand Gmbh released the " FreePad".[34] It was based on Linux and used the Opera
browser. Internet access was provided by DECT DMAP, only available in Europe and
provided up to 10Mbit/s. The device had 16 MB storage, 32 MB of RAM and x86
compatible 166 MHz "Geode"-Microcontroller by National Semiconductor.[35] The
screen was 10.4" or 12.1" and was touch sensitive. It had slots for SIM cards to
enable support of television set-up box. FreePad were sold in Norway and the Middle
East; but the company was dissolved in 2003.

A Fujitsu Siemens Lifebook tablet running Windows XP, released in 2003


In April 2000, Microsoft launched the Pocket PC 2000, utilizing their touch capable
Windows CE 3.0 operating system.[36] The devices were manufactured by several
manufacturers, based on a mix of: x86, MIPS, ARM, and SuperH hardware. In 2002,
Microsoft attempted to define the Microsoft Tablet PC[37] as a mobile computer for
field work in business,[38] though their devices failed, mainly due to pricing and
usability decisions that limited them to their original purpose - such as the
existing devices being too heavy to be held with one hand for extended periods, and
having legacy applications created for desktop interfaces and not well adapted to
the slate format.[39]

Nokia had plans for an Internet tablet since before 2000. An early model was test
manufactured in 2001, the Nokia M510, which was running on EPOC and featuring an
Opera browser, speakers and a 10-inch 800600 screen, but it was not released
because of fears that the market was not ready for it.[40] In 2005, Nokia finally
released the first of its Internet Tablet range, the Nokia 770. These tablets now
ran a Debian based Linux OS called Maemo. Nokia used the term internet tablet to
refer to a portable information appliance that focused on Internet use and media
consumption, in the range between a personal digital assistant (PDA) and an Ultra-
Mobile PC (UMPC). They made two mobile phones, the N900 that runs Maemo, and N9
that run Meego.[41] Before the release of iPad, Axiotron introduced[42] an
aftermarket, heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a Mac OS X-based tablet
computer. The Modbook uses Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition,
and uses digitization hardware from Wacom. To get Mac OS X to talk to the digitizer
on the integrated tablet, the Modbook was supplied with a third-party driver.[43]

Android was the first of the 2000s-era dominating platforms for tablet computers to
reach the market. In 2008, the first plans for Android-based tablets appeared. The
first products were released in 2009. Among them was the Archos 5, a pocket-sized
model with a 5-inch touchscreen, that was first released with a proprietary
operating system and later (in 2009) released with Android 1.4. The Camangi
WebStation was released in Q2 2009. The first LTE Android tablet appeared late 2009
and was made by ICD for Verizon. This unit was called the Ultra, but a version
called Vega was released around the same time. Ultra had a 7-inch display while
Vega's was 15 inches. Many more products followed in 2010. Several manufacturers
waited for Android Honeycomb, specifically adapted for use with tablets, which
debuted in February 2011.

Modern tablets[edit]
Apple is often credited for defining a new class of consumer device with the iPad,
[44] which shaped the commercial market for tablets in the following years,[45] and
was the most successful tablet at the time of its release. iPads and competing
devices were tested by the US military in 2011[46] and cleared for secure use in
2013.[47] Its debut in 2010 pushed tablets into the mainstream.[48][49] Samsung's
Galaxy Tab and others followed, continuing the trends towards the features listed
above. In March 2012, PC Magazine reported that 31% of U.S. Internet users owned a
tablet, used mainly for viewing published content such as video and news.[50] The
top-selling line of devices was Apple's iPad with 100 million sold between its
release in April 2010 and mid-October 2012,[51] but iPad market share (number of
units) dropped to 36% in 2013 with Android tablets climbing to 62%. Android tablet
sales volume was 121 million devices, plus 52 million, between 2012 and 2013
respectively.[52] Individual brands of Android operating system devices or
compatibles follow iPad with Amazon's Kindle Fire with 7 million, and Barnes &
Noble's Nook with 5 million.[53][54][55]

As of February 2014, 83% of mobile app developers were targeting tablets,[56] but
93% of developers were targeting smartphones. By 2014 around 23% of B2B companies
were said to have deployed tablets for sales-related activities, according to a
survey report by Corporate Visions.[57] The iPad holds majority use in North
America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and most of the Americas. Android
tablets are more popular in most of Asia (China and Russia an exception), Africa
and Eastern Europe. In 2015 tablet sales did not increase. Apple remained the
largest seller but its market share declined below 25%.[58] Samsung vice president
Gary Riding said early in 2016 that tablets were only doing well among those using
them for work. Newer models were more expensive and designed for a keyboard and
stylus, which reflected the changing uses.[59] As of early 2016, Android reigns
over the market with 65%. Apple takes the number 2 spot with 26%, and Windows take
a distant third with the remaining 9%.[60]

In late 2017, the iPad Pro will receive the iOS 11 update, that will add the
ability to run multiple windows, drag and drop from one app to another, and browse
a user's files.[61]

Types[edit]

Crossover tablet device types from 2014: Microsoft Surface Pro 3 laplet, and Sony
Xperia Z Ultra phablet, shown next to a generic blue-colored lighter to indicate
their size.

Comparison of several mini tablet computers: Amazon Kindle Fire (left), iPad Mini
(center) and Google Nexus 7 (right)

Samsung's Galaxy Note series were the first commercially successful phablet devices

Microsoft Surface Pro 3, prominent 2-in-1 detachable tablet

Lenovo Yoga, 2-in-1 convertible with a keyboard that can be rotated at any angle

Asus Transformer Pad hybrid tablet, powered by Android OS

Nvidia Shield Tablet, notable gaming tablet


Tablets can be loosely grouped into several categories, by physical size, operating
system installed, input/output technology and usage.[62]

Slate[edit]
A slate's size may vary, starting from 6 inches (approximately 15 cm).[63] Some
models in the larger than 10-inch category include the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2
at 12.2 inches, the Toshiba Excite at 13.3 inches[64] and the Dell XPS 18 at 18.4
inches.[65] As of March 2013, the thinnest tablet on the market was the Sony Xperia
Tablet Z at only 0.27 inches (6.9 mm) thick.[66] On 9 September 2015, Apple
released the iPad Pro with a 12.9 inches (33 cm) screen size, larger than the
regular iPad.[67]

Mini tablet[edit]
Mini tablets are smaller and lighter than standard slates, with a typical screen
size between 78 inches (1820 cm). The first successful ones were introduced by
Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook Tablet), and Samsung (7-inch Galaxy Tab)
in 2011, and by Google (the Nexus 7) in 2012. They work the same as larger tablets,
however with lower specifications when compared to the larger tablets. On September
14, 2012, Amazon released an upgraded version of the Kindle Fire, called the Kindle
Fire HD, with higher resolution and more features compared with the original Kindle
Fire, though it remained 7 inches.[68] In October 2012, Apple released the iPad
Mini with a 7.9 inch screen size, about 2 inches smaller than the regular iPad, but
less powerful than the then current iPad 3.[69] On July 24, 2013, Google released
an upgraded version of the Nexus 7, with FHD display, dual cameras, stereo
speakers, more color accuracy, performance improvement, built-in wireless charging,
and a variant with 4G LTE support for AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon. In September
2013, Amazon further updated the Fire tablet with the Kindle Fire HDX. In November
2013, Apple released the iPad Mini 2, which remained at 7.9 inches and nearly
matched the hardware of the iPad Air.

Phablet[edit]
Main article: Phablet
Since 2010, crossover touch-screen mobile phones with screens larger than 5-inches
have been released. That size is generally considered larger than a traditional
smartphone, creating a hybrid category called a phablet by Engadget[citation
needed] and Forbes.[70] Phablet is a portmanteau of phone and tablet. At the time
of the introduction of the first phablets, screens of 5.3 to 5.5 inches where
considered phablets, but as of 2017 screen sizes up to 5.5 inches are considered
mainstream. Examples of phablets (2017, exceeding 5.5 inches) are the Samsung
Galaxy Note series (newer models with 5.7 inch), the LG V10/V20 (5.7 inch), the
Sony Xperia XA Ultra [6 i], the Huawei Mate 9 (5.9 inch), or the Huawei Honor
(MediaPad) X2 (7 inch).

Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1[edit]

Main article: 2-in-1 PC


Convertibles and hybrids are crossover devices, featuring traits of both tablets
and laptops. Convertibles have a chassis design allowing to conceal the keyboard,
for example folding it behind the chassis. Hybrids' keyboards can be completely
detached even when the device is running. 2-in-1s can have either the convertible
or hybrid form, dubbed 2-in-1 convertibles and 2-in-1 detachables respectively, but
distinct by support of desktop operating system, such as Windows 10. When
traditional tablets are primarily used as a media consumption devices, 2-in-1s
capable of both that and a content creation. For this reason they are often dubbed
as a laptop or desktop replacement computers.[71]

2-in-1s have a number of typical laptop I/O-ports, such as USB 3 and DisplayPort,
run desktop operating system, like Windows 10, and can connect to a number of
traditional PC peripheral devices and external displays. Asus Transformer Pad-
series devices, which run variants of Android OS, are example of hybrids. The
latest addition to the Apple iPad series, iPad Pro with an optional detachable
keyboard and a stylus is a prominent example of a modern hybrid. Microsoft's
Surface Pro-series devices and Surface Book exemplify 2-in-1 detachables, whereas
Lenovo Yoga-series computers are notable 2-in-1 convertibles.

Gaming tablet[edit]
Some tablets are modified by adding physical gamepad buttons such as D-pad and
thumb sticks for better gaming experience combined with the touchscreen and all
other features of a typical tablet computer. Most of these tablets are targeted to
run native OS games and emulator games. Nvidia's Shield Tablet, with a 8 inches
(200 mm) display, and running Android, is an example. It runs Android games
purchased from Google Play store. PC games can also be streamed to the tablet from
computers with some higher end models of Nvidia-powered video cards. The Nintendo
Switch console is a gaming tablet.

Booklet[edit]
Booklets are dual-touchscreen tablet computers with a clamshell design that can
fold like a laptop. Examples include the Microsoft Courier, which was discontinued
in 2010,[72][73] the Sony Tablet P (which was considered a flop),[74] and the
Toshiba Libretto W100.

Customized business tablet[edit]


Customized business tablets are built specifically for a business customer's
particular needs from a hardware and software perspective, and delivered in a
business-to-business transaction. For example, in hardware, a transportation
company may find that the consumer-grade GPS module in an off-the-shelf tablet
provides insufficient accuracy, so a tablet can be customized and embedded with a
professional-grade antenna to provide a better GPS signal. Such tablets may also be
ruggedized for field use. For a software example, the same transportation company
might remove certain software functions in the Android system, such as the internet
browser, to reduce costs from unnecessary cellular network data consumption of an
employee, and add custom package management software. Other applications may call
for a resistive touchscreen and other special hardware and software.

Games on a Ziosk table ordering tablet at an Olive Garden restaurant


A table ordering tablet is a touchscreen tablet computer designed for use in casual
restaurants.[75] Such devices allow users to order food and drinks, play games and
pay their bill. Since 2013, restaurant chains including Chili's,[76] Olive
Garden[77] and Red Robin[78] have adopted them. As of 2014, the two most popular
brands were Ziosk and Presto.[79]

Hardware[edit]
System architecture[edit]
See also: Comparison of tablet computers
Two major architectures dominate the tablet market,[80] ARM Holdings' ARM
architecture and Intel's and AMD's x86. Intel's x86, including x86-64 has powered
the "IBM compatible" PC since 1981 and Apple's Macintosh computers since 2006. The
CPUs have been incorporated into tablet PCs over the years and generally offer
greater performance along with the ability to run full versions of Microsoft
Windows, along with Windows desktop and enterprise applications. Non-Windows based
x86 tablets include the JooJoo. Intel announced plans to enter the tablet market
with its Atom in 2010.[81][82] In October 2013, Intel's foundry operation announced
plans to build FPGA-based quad cores for ARM and x86 processors.[83]

ARM has been the CPU architecture of choice for manufacturers of smartphones (95%
ARM), PDAs, digital cameras (80% ARM), set-top boxes, DSL routers, smart
televisions (70% ARM), storage devices and tablet computers (95% ARM).[84][third-
party source needed] This dominance began with the release of the mobile-focused
and comparatively power-efficient 32-bit ARM610 processor originally designed for
the Apple Newton in 1993 and ARM3-using Acorn A4 laptop in 1992. The chip was
adopted by Psion, Palm and Nokia for PDAs and later smartphones, camera phones,
cameras, etc. ARM's licensing model supported this success by allowing device
manufacturers to license, alter and fabricate custom SoC derivatives tailored to
their own products. This has helped manufacturers extend battery life and shrink
component count along with the size of devices.

The multiple licensees ensured that multiple fabricators could supply near-
identical products, while encouraging price competition. This forced unit prices
down to a fraction of their x86 equivalents. The architecture has historically had
limited support from Microsoft, with only Windows CE available, but with the 2012
release of Windows 8, Microsoft announced additional support for the architecture,
shipping their own ARM-based tablet computer, branded the Microsoft Surface, as
well as an x86-64 Intel Core i5 variant branded as Microsoft Surface Pro.[85][86]
[87][88] Intel tablet chip sales were 1 million units in 2012, and 12 million units
in 2013.[89] Intel chairman Andy Bryant has stated that its 2014 goal is to
quadruple its tablet chip sales to 40 million units by the end of that year,[90] as
an investment for 2015.[91]

See also: Mobile Internet device Intel MID platforms


Display[edit]

Samsung Galaxy Tab demonstrating multi-touch


A key component among tablet computers is touch input on a touchscreen Liquid-
crystal display (LCD). This allows the user to navigate easily and type with a
virtual keyboard on the screen or press other icons on the screen to open apps or
files. The first tablet to do this was the GRiDPad by GRiD Systems Corporation; the
tablet featured both a stylus, a pen-like tool to aid with precision in a
touchscreen device as well as an on-screen keyboard.[92] The system must respond to
on-screen touches rather than clicks of a keyboard or mouse. This operation makes
precise use of our eyehand coordination.[93][94][95]

Touchscreens usually come in one of two forms:

Resistive touchscreens are passive and respond to pressure on the screen. They
allow a high level of precision, useful in emulating a pointer (as is common in
tablet computers) but may require calibration. Because of the high resolution, a
stylus or fingernail is often used. Stylus-oriented systems are less suited to
multi-touch.
Capacitive touchscreens tend to be less accurate, but more responsive than
resistive devices. Because they require a conductive material, such as a finger
tip, for input, they are not common among stylus-oriented devices, but are
prominent on consumer devices. Most finger-driven capacitive screens do not
currently support pressure input (except for the iPhone 6S and later models), but
some tablets use a pressure-sensitive stylus or active pen.[96]
Some tablets can recognize individual palms, while some professional-grade tablets
use pressure-sensitive films, such as those on graphics tablets. Some capacitive
touch-screens can detect the size of the touched area and the pressure used.[97]
Since mid-2010s, most tablets use capacitive touchscreens with multi-touch, unlike
earlier resistive touchscreen devices which users needed styluses in order to
perform inputs.

Handwriting recognition[edit]

Chinese characters like this one meaning "person" can be written by handwriting
recognition (? animation, Mandarin: rn, Korean: in, Japanese: jin, nin; hito,
Cantonese: jan4). The character has two strokes, the first shown here in brown, and
the second in red. The black area represents the starting position of the writing
instrument.
Some ARM powered tablets, such as the Galaxy Note 10, support a stylus and support
handwriting recognition. Wacom and N-trig digital pens provide approximately 2500
DPI resolution for handwriting, exceeding the resolution of capacitive touch
screens by more than a factor of 10. These pens also support pressure sensitivity,
allowing for "variable-width stroke-based" characters, such as
Chinese/Japanese/Korean writing, due to their built-in capability of "pressure
sensing". Pressure is also used in digital art applications such as Autodesk
Sketchbook.[98][99] Apps exist on both iOS and Android platforms for handwriting
recognition and in 2015 Google introduced its own handwriting input with support
for 82 languages.[100]

Other features[edit]
After 2007, with access to capacitive screens and the success of the iPhone, other
features became common, such as multi-touch features (in which the user can touch
the screen in multiple places to trigger actions and other natural user interface
features, as well as flash memory solid state storage and "instant on" warm-
booting; external USB and Bluetooth keyboards defined tablets. Some tablets have 3G
mobile telephony applications.

Most tablets released since mid-2010 use a version of an ARM processor for longer
battery life. The ARM Cortex family is powerful enough for tasks such as internet
browsing, light production work and mobile games.[101]

Other features are, High-definition, anti-glare display, Touchscreen, Front- and/or


back- facing camera(s) for photographs and video, Lower weight and longer battery
life than a comparably-sized laptop, Wireless local area and internet connectivity
(usually with Wi-Fi standard and optional mobile broadband), Bluetooth for
connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices, Ports for wired
connections and charging, for example USB ports, Early devices had IR support and
could work as a TV remote controller, Docking station: Keyboard and additional
connections, On-board flash memory, Ports for removable storage, Various cloud
storage services for backup and syncing data across devices, Local storage on a LAN

Besides a touchscreen and keyboard, many tablets can also use these input methods:

Accelerometer: Detects the physical movement and orientation of the tablet. This
allows the touchscreen display to shift to either portrait or landscape mode. In
addition, tilting the tablet may be used as an input (for instance to steer in a
driving game)
Ambient light and proximity sensors, to detect if the device is close to something,
in particular, to your ear, etc., which help to distinguish between intentional and
unintentional touches.
Speech recognition Google introduced voice input in Android 2.1 in 2009 and voice
actions in 2.2 in 2010, with up to five languages (now around 40).[102] Siri was
introduced as a system-wide personal assistant on the iPhone 4S in 2011 and now
supports nearly 20 languages. In both cases the voice input is sent to central
servers to perform general speech recognition and therefore requires a network
connection for more than simple commands.
Gesture recognition
Character recognition to write text on the tablet, that can be stored as any other
text in the intended storage, instead of using a keyboard.
Near field communication with other compatible devices including ISO/IEC 14443 RFID
tags.
Software[edit]
Operating system[edit]
Tablets, like conventional PCs, use several different operating systems, though
dual-booting is relatively rare. Tablet operating systems come in two classes:

Desktop computer operating system


Mobile operating system
Desktop OS-based tablets are currently thicker and heavier. They require more
storage and more cooling and give less battery life. They can run processor-
intensive graphical applications in addition to mobile apps, and have more ports.
[103]

Mobile-based tablets are the reverse, and run only mobile apps. They can use
battery life conservatively because the processor is significantly smaller. This
allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop.[104]

At the end of Q1 2013, GlobalWebIndex noted that in two years tablet usage
increased by 282 percent, with 156 million Android tablet users and 122 million
iPad users making up 75 percent.[105] By year-end 2013, Gartner found that 121
million (plus 53M in 2012) Android tablets, 70 million (plus 61M in 2012) iOS
tablets, and 4 million (plus 1M in 2012) Windows tablets had been sold to end-users
(2013 and 2012 results).[106] In early 2016 Android tablets had 65% of the market,
Apple's iOS had 26% of the market and Windows 10 had 9% of the market. [107]

Android[edit]
Main article: Android (operating system)
Android is a Linux-based operating system that Google offers as open source under
the Apache license. It is designed primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablet computers. Android supports low-cost ARM systems and others. Many such
systems were announced in 2010.[108] Vendors such as Motorola[109] and Lenovo[110]
delayed deployment of their tablets until after 2011, when Android was reworked to
include more tablet features.[111] Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) and later versions
support larger screen sizes, mainly tablets, and have access to the Google Play
service. Android includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Other
vendors sell customized Android tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nook, which are
used to consume mobile content and provide their own app store, rather than using
the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android market.[112]
Hardware makers that have shipped Android tablets include Acer, Asus, Lenovo,
Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba. Additionally, Google introduced the Nexus 7 and Nexus
10 tablets in 2012.[113]

iOS[edit]
Main articles: iOS and iPad
The iPad runs on iOS, which was created for the iPhone and iPod Touch. Although
built on the same underlying Unix implementation as MacOS, its user interface is
radically different. iOS is designed for fingers and has none of the features that
required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced multi-touch gestures, such
as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or out, also known as "pinch to
zoom".[114] iOS is built for the ARM architecture.[115]

Windows[edit]
Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3.1 in 1991, Microsoft supported
tablets running Windows XP under the Microsoft Tablet PC name.[116] Microsoft
Tablet PCs were pen-based, fully functional x86 PCs with handwriting and voice
recognition functionality.[117] Windows XP Tablet PC Edition provided pen support.
Tablet support was added to both Home and Business versions of Windows Vista and
Windows 7. Tablets running Windows could use the touchscreen for mouse input, hand
writing recognition and gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft announced
the Ultra-mobile PC initiative in 2006 which brought Windows tablets to a smaller,
touch-centric form factor.[118][119] In 2008, Microsoft showed a prototype of a
two-screen tablet called Microsoft Courier, but cancelled the project.

In 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8, which features significant changes to


various aspects of the operating system's user interface and platform which are
designed for touch-based devices such as tablets. The operating system also
introduced an application store and a new style of application optimized primarily
for use on tablets.[120][121] Microsoft also introduced Windows RT, an edition of
Windows 8 for use on ARM-based devices.[122] The launch of Windows 8 and RT was
accompanied by the release of devices with the two operating systems by various
manufacturers (including Microsoft themselves, with the release of Surface), such
as slate tablets, hybrids, and convertibles.[123] Windows RT was discontinued in
2014.[124] Even not, the 2 programs, Microsoft Surface and Yoga Pro series were not
discontinued because of the accessories.

Released in July 2015, Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as "universal


apps"; expanding on Metro-style apps, these apps can be designed to run across
multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code??including PCs,
tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Windows
Holographic. The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a
mouse-oriented interface and a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available
input devices??particularly on 2-in-1 PCs; both interfaces include an updated
Start menu which incorporates elements of Windows 7's traditional Start menu with
the tiles of Windows 8.

Main article: Windows 10


Ubuntu Touch[edit]
Ubuntu uses the Unity UI. Canonical hinted that Ubuntu would be available on
tablets by 2014.[125] In February 2016 there was a commercial release of an Ubuntu
tablet.[126] TabletKiosk was the first to offer a hybrid digitizer / touch device
running openSUSE Linux.

Hybrid OS operation[edit]
Several hardware companies have built hybrid devices with the possibility to work
with both the Windows 10 and Android operating systems.[127]

Discontinued operating systems[edit]


BlackBerry Tablet OS[edit]
The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer announced in September 2010 that runs
the BlackBerry Tablet OS.[128] The OS is based on the QNX system that Research in
Motion acquired in early 2010. The BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to
US and Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011. As of 2014, Playbook is not available
on sale on any Blackberry websites.

Firefox OS[edit]
Main article: Firefox OS
Firefox OS is an open-source operating system based on Linux and the Firefox web
browser, targeting low-end smartphones, tablet computers and smart TV devices. In
2013, the Mozilla Foundation started a prototype tablet model with Foxconn.[129]
Firefox OS was discontinued in 2016.[130]

WebOS[edit]
Hewlett Packard announced that the TouchPad, running WebOS 3.0 on a 1.2 GHz
Qualcomm Snapdragon CPU, would be released in June 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP
announced the discontinuation of the TouchPad, due to sluggish sales.[131] In
February 2013, HP announced they had sold WebOS to LG Electronics.[132]

MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin[edit]
Main articles: MeeGo, Maemo, and Moblin

The Nokia N800


Nokia entered the tablet space in May 2005 with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a
Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made for their Internet tablet line. The
product line continued with the N900. The user interface and application framework
layer, named Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for generic
computing in a tablet device intended for internet consumption.[133] But Nokia
didn't commit to it as their only platform for their future mobile devices and the
project competed against other in-house platforms and later replaced it with the
Series 60.[134]

Following the launch of the Ultra-mobile PC, Intel started the Mobile Internet
Device initiative, which took the same hardware and combined it with a tabletized
Linux configuration. Intel co-developed the lightweight Moblin (mobile Linux)
operating system following the successful launch of the Atom CPU series on
netbooks.

MeeGo was a Linux-based operating system developed by Intel and Nokia that supports
netbooks and smartphones/tablets. In 2010, Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and
Moblin projects to form MeeGo. The first tablet using MeeGo is the Neofonie WeTab
launched September 2010 in Germany. The WeTab uses an extended version of the MeeGo
operating system called WeTab OS. WeTab OS adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR
and provides a proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device. On
September 27, 2011 the Linux Foundation announced that MeeGo would be replaced in
2012 by Tizen.[135]

Application store[edit]
See also: App store
Apps that do not come pre-installed with the system are supplied through online
distribution. These sources, known as "app stores", provide centralized catalogs of
software and allow "one click" on-device software purchasing, installation and
updates.[136][137]

Mobile device suppliers may adopt a "walled garden" approach, wherein the supplier
controls what software applications ("apps") are available. Software development
kits are restricted to approved software developers. This can be used to reduce the
impact of malware, provide software with an approved content rating, control
application quality and exclude competing vendors.[138] Apple, Google, Amazon,
Microsoft and Barnes & Noble all adopted the strategy. B&N originally allowed
arbitrary apps to be installed,[139][140][141] but, in December 2011, excluded
third parties.[142][143][144][145][146] Apple and IBM have agreed to cooperate in
cross-selling IBM-developed applications for iPads and iPhones in enterprise-level
accounts.[147] Proponents of open source software say that it violates the spirit
of personal control that traditional personal computers have always provided.[148]
[149][150]

Sales[edit]
Around 2010, tablet use by businesses jumped, as business have started to use them
for conferences, events, and trade shows. In 2012, Intel reported that their tablet
program improved productivity for about 19,000 of their employees by an average of
57 minutes a day.[151] In October 2012, display screen shipments for tablets began
surpassing shipments for laptop display screens.[152] Tablets are increasingly used
in the construction industry to look at blueprints, field documentation and other
relevant information on the device instead of carrying around large amounts of
paper.[153]

As of the beginning of 2014, 44% of US online consumers own tablets,[154] a


significant jump from 5% in 2011.[155] Tablet use has also become increasingly
common among children. A 2014 survey found that mobiles were the most frequently
used object for play among American children under the age of 12. Mobiles were used
more often in play than video game consoles, board games, puzzles, play vehicles,
blocks and dolls/action figures. Despite this, the majority of parents said that a
mobile was "never" or only "sometimes" a toy.[156] As of 2014, nearly two-thirds of
American 2- to 10-year-olds have access to a tablet or e-reader.[157] The large use
of tablets by adults is as a personal internet-connected TV.[158] A 2015 study
found that a third of children under five have their own tablet device.[159] While
Android tablets sell more units than iPad, the web browser usage share of iPads is
about 65% as of the middle of 2015.[160]

Unit sales global tablet market


2010[161] 2011[162] 2012[106] 2013[106] 2014[163]
Units (million) 17.6 60.0 116.3 195.4 216.0
Growth (%) - 240.9 93.8 68.0 10.5
By manufacturer[edit]
Tablet market share (in percent)[164][165]
Vendor Q3 2016 Q3 2015 Q3 2014 Q3 2013 Q3 2012
Apple 21.5 19.6 22.1 29.7 40.2
Samsung 15.1 16.0 17.4 22.2 12.4
Others 63.4 64.4 60.9 49.1 47.3
Note: Others consists of small vendors with mostly less market share.
By operating system[edit]
According to a survey conducted by the Online Publishers Association (OPA) now
called Digital Content Next (DCN) in March 2012, it found that 72% of tablet owners
had an iPad, while 32% had an Android tablet. By 2012, Android tablet adoption had
increased. 52% of tablet owners owned an iPad, while 51% owned an Android-powered
tablet (percentages do not add up to 100% because some tablet owners own more than
one type).[166] By end of 2013, Android's market share rose to 61.9%, followed by
iOS at 36%.[167] By late 2014, Android's market share rose to 72%, followed by iOS
at 22.3% and Windows at 5.7%.[168] As of early 2016, Android has 65% marketshare,
Apple has 26% and Windows has 9% marketshare.[169]

Use[edit]
Sleep[edit]
Main article: Electronic media and sleep
The blue wavelength of light from back-lit tablets may impact one's ability to fall
asleep when reading at night, through the suppression of melatonin.[170] Experts at
Harvard Medical School suggest limiting tablets for reading use in the evening.
Those who have a delayed body clock, such as teenagers, which makes them prone to
stay up late in the evening and sleep later in the morning, may be at particular
risk for increases in sleep deficiencies.[171] A PC app such as F.lux and Android
apps such as CF.lumen[172] and Twilight[173] attempt to decrease the impact on
sleep by filtering blue wavelengths from the display. iOS 9.3 includes Night Shift
that shifts the colors of the device's display to be warmer during the later hours.
[174]

See also[edit]
Comparison of tablet computers
History of tablet computers
Laptop, a small portable computer with a keyboard
Smartbook
Ultra-mobile PC
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