14/02/2017 UnifiedThermodynamics:MuddyPoints

LectureT8:TheSteadyFlowEnergyEquationShaftworkandFlowwork

LectureT9:SteadyFlowEnergyEquationStagnationTemperature

Generalcomments

ThiswasadoublelecturesoIaskedforonlyonesetofmudcards.Sotheresponsesarecombinedhere.The
lecturesfocusedonthesteadyflowenergyequation(SFEE).Thesteadyflowenergyequationisanexpression
ofconservationofmassandenergyforanopenthermodynamicsystem.Itiscommonforpeopletohave
difficultybothwithunitsandwithsignswhenapplyingtheequationtosolveaproblem.Therefore,Iusedthe
firstPRSquestiontoemphasizetheimportanceofgettingthisright.Wethenmovedontooneofthemore
confusingconceptsthedistinctionbetweenflowworkandotherformsofexternalwork(shaftworkbeingthe
mostcommonexample).WhenweexpresstheSFEEintermsofshaftworkandflowwork,theflowworkcan
becombinedwiththeinternalenergytermstoarriveatenthalpy.Remembertheenthalpyistheenergytransfer
toanopensystemwhenflowcrossesthesystemboundary.Partofthisenergytransferistheinternalenergy
carriedbytheflow(u),theotherpartistheworkdonebythesystemwhentheflowcrossestheboundary(pv).
Thelatterwecalltheflowwork.Forasteadyflowsystem,withmassflowingbothinandout,theflowworkis
thesumoftheworkdonebythesystemwhenthegasflowsin(pinvin)andtheworkdonebythesystemwhen
thegasflowsout(+poutvout).ThisisalsoequaltoR(ToutTin).WedidthesecondandthirdPRSquestionsto
highlightthedistinctionbetweenshaftworkandflowwork.ThesecondPRSquestionwasintendedto
emphasizethatanytimethereisatemperaturechangethereisflowwork,evenifwearecommonlyaccustomed
tothinkingofthedeviceproducingshaftwork(e.g.acompressororaturbine).ThethirdPRSquestionfocuson
applyingsomeoftheequations(theSFEEandtheexpressionforflowwork)todeterminetherelative
magnitudesofshaftwork,flowworkandworkforaturbine.

Andbetweenthe2ndand3rdPRSquestions,WEBROKEFORDONUTSRemember,youeach
probablyateaboutaMJofenergy.

Wethenmovedontodiscusswhathashistoricallybeenthemostconfusingpartofthethermolecturesin
Unified:stagnationquantitiesandinparticularissuesregardingframedependenceofstagnationquantitites.The
stagnation(ortotal)temperatureisthetemperaturetheflowwouldreachifitweredeceleratedtozerospeedina
particularreferenceframeviaanadiabaticprocesswithnoexternalwork.Theaccelerationanddecelerationof
gasescanveryfrequentlybewellmodeledwithsuchaprocess.WebeganwithafourthPRSquestionto
highlightwhyitisimportanttounderstantthestagnationtemperature(itsetstheskintemperatureonahigh
speedvehicle).Notethatevenmovingflowshaveastagnationtemperature(i.e.,theydon'thavetobestopped,
thestagnationtemperatureisthetemperaturetheywouldreachIFyoustoppedthemviathisparticularprocess.)
Thetotalorstagnationenthalpy(cpTtotal)isaquantitythatisconservedfortheseprocesses.Wealsorelatedthe
stagnationtemperaturetotheMachnumber(insteadoftheflowspeedinm/s).Thestagnationtemperatureis
dependentonthespeedofthereferenceframe.Itisnotathermodynamicproperty.Thethermodynamicproperty
isT(whichwesometimesmakeconfusingbycallingitthe"static"temperature.Here"static"hasnothingtodo
withstoppingtheflow.Itisjustthewordpeoplehavehistoricallyusedtodistinguishthethermodynamic
properties.Soyes,our"p"forpressure,isoftencalledthe"static"pressure.)

Rememberthefollowingpoints.1)Youcanonlyapplythesteadyflowenergyequationinareferenceframe
wheretheflowappearsassteady.2)Flowsstagnateonsurfaces.3)Iftwopointsarenotmovingrelativetoone
another(i.e.theyareinthesamereferenceframe),andtheflowmovesfromonepointtoanotherwithoutheat
additionorexternalwork,thenthetotalenthalpyisconstantandthestagnationtemperaturesatthetwopoints
arethesame.4)Ifaflowmoveswithoutheatadditionorexternalwork,theenthalpyisreduced(andthe
temperaturealongwithit)asthekineticenergyisincreased(becausetotalenthalpyisconstant).5)Ifareference
frameismovingrelativetoastationaryframe,flowsthatstagnateinthemovingframehaveahigherstagnation
temperature(thestagnationortotalenthalpyinthemovingframeishigher).Thestagnationtemperatureis
dependentonthespeedofthereferenceframe.
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WeconcludedwithafifthPRSquestiontotestyourknowledgeofthestagnationtemperatureandframe
dependence.Mostofyougotthiswrong.Thisistobeexpected.Oncewetryafewmorequestionsandyouhave
somemoretimetothinkaboutit,youwilldobetter.

Responsesto'MuddiestPartoftheLectureCards'

(60respondentsoutof74students)

1)Itwouldseemtomethattheflowworkwouldaffecttheshaftwork.(1student)Thedetailedfluid
mechanicaldesignoftheturbineandcompressorsetsboththeshaftworkandtheflowwork,andthetwoforms
ofworkareinterdependent.Thatis,changingtheshapeorspeedofthebladeswilleffectbothflowworkand
shaftwork.Butifyougototheinletandoutletofthedeviceyoucanstillmeasuretwodifferentquantities(flow
workandshaftwork).

2)Canwesetaprecendentfornamingthestatictemperaturesomethingelse,somethingbetter?(1student)
Probablynot,thisnamingconventionissetprettydeep.

3)Whatisshaftwork?(4students)Aflowofenergyintooroutofasystemviaashaft(suchasashaftattached
toacompressororturbine).NoteIusethisintheequationsinthenotesbecauseitisthemostcommonsituation,
butingeneralwsshouldbereplacedwithallexternalformsofworkotherthanflowwork.Youcouldmeasure
theshaftpowerbyknowingthetorqueandtherateofrotationoftheshaft.Doesn'ttheshaftworkina
compressorhaveanegativesign?(1student)Yes.Whatisflowwork?(3students)Forasteadyflowsystem,
withmassflowingbothinandout,theflowworkisthesumoftheworkdonebythesystemwhenthegasflows
in(pinvin)andtheworkdonebythesystemwhenthegasflowsout(+poutvout).ThisisalsoequaltoR(Tout
Tin).Thinkofthisashowmuchenergywouldberequiredtopushakilograminoneendofacontrolvolume
whileatthesametimepushingakilogramouttheotherendofthecontrolvolume,butwherethevolumes
occupiedbyeachkilogramandthepressureateachendweredifferent.Ifthereisonlyflowworkfromthe
combustor,thenwhatdrivestheturbine?(1student)Energyistransferredtotheturbineinletintwoforms,the
internalenergycarriedbytheflow,andtheworkrequiredtopushtheflowintotheturbine(theflowwork).This
energyisthentypicallyconvertedtokineticenergyinanozzlewhichthendirectsahighspeedflowagainstthe
turbineblades,causingthemtospin(creatingmechnicalenergyinthespinningrotor).Youwilllearnallthe
detailsofthisinthespringpropulsionlectures.

4)Canyouexplainthesignificanceofdividingbymdottoget ?(2students)Itis
oftenusefultosolveproblemsonaperkilogrambasisinsteadofapersecondbasis.WhenyoudivideJ/sby
kg/syougetJ/kg.Iamnotsurehowyoucansubstitutecp(T2T1)forh2h1.(1student)Foranidealgas
cpdT=dh.Ihavefurtherassumethatcpisaconstant(i.e.notafunctionoftemperature).

5)Howdoyounotconfuseh"height"andh"enthalpy"intheSFEE?(1student)Ineglectchangesin
potentialenergysoIdon'thavetoworryaboutthechangesinheight.Otherpeopleuse"z"forheight.Thisis
whatIuseinthenotes.Ijustwasn'tpayingenoughattentionontheboard.Ineedabiggeralphabet.

)IntheAndersonbookitmentionsthattheairsurroundingthevehicleheatsup.Isthatairdirectlyaround
thevehicle(stucktoit)orflowingandrelatedquestions(3students)Someoftheairmoleculesaretouching
thesurfaceofthevehicle.Thesemoveatthespeedofthevehicle(andarethehottest).Othersasmalldistance
awayarepulledalongwiththevehiclebutlagbehind.Thesearealittlecooler.Amoredetaileddiscussionif
providedbelow.Whycan/domoleculesstop?Whydon'ttheydripacrossthesurfacelikewateronacar
windowwhenitrains?(1student)Thedropsform(onawindow)becauseofsurfacetensionintheliquid.This
onlyoccursifthereisaeasilydeformablesurfacebetweentheairandtheliquid.Forwaterthatflowsarounda
fishorairthatflowsaroundanairplane,thereisnosurfacethatcanbedeformedasaresultofthesurface
tension.Itisasinglephaseflowagainstafairlyrigidbody.

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13)Isn'ttheexhaustgastemperatureofaturbineenginegreaterthantheinlettemperature?(2students).
Yes.ThereissomeconfusionaboutthewordsIuse.Aturbineisadeviceforextractingworkfromafluid.Agas
turbineenginecontainsaturbine(followingthecombustor)aswellasacompressor.ThePRSquestionasked
aboutaturbine,notagasturbineengine.Whatisacompressor?(1student)Adeviceforraisingthepressureof
afluid.

14)Howcanthestagnationtemperaturebecalculated?(1student)UsingtheSFEEwithq=0andws=0.

14)DothebladesinsideagasturbinereallygoatM=2?(1student)Itdependsonthedesign.Mostrunattip
Machnumbersalittlelessthanthis(sayMach1.2toMach1.5),butsomerunfaster(Mach2.5).

15)Whatformulaedoweneedtocareabout/know/use?(1student)Throughdoingthehomeworkproblems,
youwillgetabetterfeelforthecommonlyusedequations.Inknowthatitisdifficultwhenyouareseeingthem
forthefirsttimetodeterminewhichequationsaremostusefulandwhicharejuststepsinaderivation.Arrgh!
Toomanyequations,toomanyvariables(2students).Practicewillhelp.Also,feelfreetoseemeortheTA's
forhelp.

)ThelastPRSquestionwasconfusing(14students)Thisisdiscussedindetailinthenotes.Andwewillhave
moreexamplestomorrow.

)Generalconfusionaboutstaticandstagnationquantitiesandrelatedquestions(16students)More
discussionandexamplesareontheway.Inthemeantime,herearetwoadditionaldiscussionsfromtheoldmud:

OLDMUD#1:Howcanaparticlebeacceleratedtoagivenspeedwithoutwork?Howdidthechunkofgas
intheexamplegettoposition(1)ifnoworkwasdoneonit?andrelatedquestions(3students)Thereiswork,
butitisflowwork,notexternalwork.Remember,ourcontrolvolumeisdefinedbyasetofstreamlines.
Betweentheinletandtheoutletofthestreamlinesthevelocityoftheflowchanges,butitdoesthiswithoutheat
transferandwithoutexternalwork.Rememberworkisthetransferofenergyacrossasystemboundary.Itis
whenitcrossesthesystemboundarythatwelabelandidentifyit.

OLDMUD#2:Iamunclearastowhytheleadingedgeofthewingheatsupinthefirstexample,thenlater
yousaidtemperaturedropsoverthewingcausingthecondensationtrails.Howcanitgethotterandcolderat
thesametime?(1student)Thisisaverygoodquestion.Itdoesgethotterandcolderatthesametime.Justnot
inthesameplace.Theflowveryclosetothebodygetshotter,theflowfartherfromthebodygetscooler.You
needtoknowalittlemoreaboutfluidsbeforetheanswerisclear.Therearetwodifferentprocessesgoingon.
Thefirstisliketheexampleoftheenginesittingmotionlessonthegrounddrawinginairthe(static)
temperatureand(static)pressuredrop.Thesecondisliketheexampleoftheskintemperatureofasupersonic
airplanebeingsignificantlyelevatedabovetheambientatmospherictemperature.Inthefirstcase,noenergyis
addedtotheflowenergyisjustconvertedfrominternalenergytokineticenergy.Inthesecondcase,energyis
addedtotheflow.Nowletusdiscusswhythishappens.

PROCESS1:Whenabodymovesthroughafluiditcreatesadisturbance.Thatis,itchangesthe
velocity,pressureandtemperatureoftheflowaroundit.Ittellstheflow"Getoutofmyway,Iam
comingthrough!"Thisdisturbanceisfeltsomedistanceawayfromthebody(adistanceofabout
twotimesthecharacteristicphysicaldimensionofthebody).Youcanthinkofthislikethebow
waveinfrontofaboat,thewaterstartstomoveoutofthewaybeforetheboatgetsthere.This
informationistransmittedupstreamofthebodyatthespeedofsound.Soforasupersonicbody
(onetravelingfasterthanthespeedofsound),theflowdoesn'tknowtogetoutoftheway
sometimesuntilthebodyhaspassed(ithappenswhentheshockwavepassesthroughtheregionof
flow).Thereisnoexternalworkdoneincausingtheflowtomove(therecanbeflowwork).Sothe
totalenergyoftheflowisthesame.Whenitmovestogetoutoftheway,thekineticenergymust
comefromsomewhere.Itcomesfromtheinternalenergy(ormoreappropriately,theenthalpysince
stagnationenthalpyistheconservedquantityfortheseprocesses)andthusthetemperatureand
pressurearereduced.

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PROCESS2:Fortheflowveryclosetothebody(withinaninchorsoofthesurfaceforalarge
airplane),thebodyaddsenergytotheflow.Thatisitpullsitalongwithit.Wediscussedthisin
lectureT1andinaPRSquestion.Somenumberofmoleculesveryclosetothesurfaceofthebody
sticktothebody.Theyinturnpullontheparticlesnexttothem.Thisisexactlythesame
mechanismbywhichhoneystickstoaspoon.Themoreviscousthefluid,thestickieritisandthe
moremoleculesgetpulledalongwiththebody(comparehowmuchhoneystickstoaspoonto
howmuchwaterstickstoaspoontohowmuchairstickstoaspoon).Whatdevelopsissomething
calledaboundarylayer.Sothevelocityverynearthesurfaceofthebodylookslikethesketch
shownbelow.Thethicknessoftheboundarylayerdependsonhowviscousthefluidis,onhowfast
thebodyismoving,andonthedistancefromtheleadingedgeofthebody.Theboundarylayeris
thickerthemoreviscousthefluidis,thinnerthefasterthebodyismoving,andthickerthelonger
thedistancefromtheleadingedge.Bydimensionalanalysisyoucanseethatthethicknessofthe
boundarylayerisproportionaltosqrt(x/c)whereisthekinematicviscosity(units=m^2/s),xis
thedistancefromtheleadingedgeofthebodyandcisthespeedofthebody.Sotocausetheflow
tostagnateonabody(moveatthesamespeedasthebody)kineticenergymustbeadded,thus
raisingthetotalenergyoftheflow.

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13)Nomud(16students).Good.

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