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ElasticBendingTheory

Introduction....Superposition....Nomenclature....SimpleBending....Deflection....AreaMomentMethod....CompositeBeams....

Introduction

Thestress,strain,dimension,curvature,elasticity,areallrelated,undercertainassumption,bythetheoryofsimplebending.
Thistheoryrelatestobeamflexureresultingfromcouplesappliedtothebeamwithoutconsiderationoftheshearingforces.

SuperpositionPrinciple

Thesuperpositionprincipleisoneofthemostimportanttoolsforsolvingbeamloadingproblemsallowingsimplificationofvery
complicateddesignproblems..

Forbeamssubjectedtoseveralloadsofdifferenttypestheresultingshearforce,bendingmoment,slopeanddeflectioncanbe
foundatanylocationbysummingtheeffectsduetoeachloadactingseparatelytotheotherloads.

Nomenclature

e=strain
E=Young'sModulus=/e(N/m2)
y=distanceofsurfacefromneutralsurface(m).
R=Radiusofneutralaxis(m).
I=MomentofInertia(m4morenormallycm4)
Z=sectionmodulus=I/ymax(m3morenormallycm3)
F=Force(N)
x=Distancealongbeam
=deflection(m)
=Slope(radians)
=stress(N/m2)

SimpleBending

Astraightbarofhomogeneousmaterialissubjecttoonlyamomentatoneendandanequalandoppositemomentattheother
end...

Assumptions

ThebeamissymmetricalaboutYY
Thetraverseplanesectionsremainplaneandnormaltothelongitudinalfibresafterbending(Beroulli'sassumption)
Thefixedrelationshipbetweenstressandstrain(Young'sModulus)forthebeammaterialisthesamefortensionand
compression(=E.e)


Considertwosectionveryclosetogether(ABandCD).
AfterbendingthesectionswillbeatA'B'andC'D'andarenolongerparallel.ACwillhaveextendedtoA'C'andBDwillhave
compressedtoB'D'
ThelineEFwillbelocatedsuchthatitwillnotchangeinlength.Thissurfaceiscalledneutralsurfaceanditsintersectionwith
Z_Ziscalledtheneutralaxis
ThedevelopmentlinesofA'B'andC'D'intersectatapoint0atanangleofradiansandtheradiusofE'F'=R
Letybethedistance(E'G')ofanylayerH'G'originallyparalleltoEF..Then

H'G'/E'F'=(R+y)/R=(R+y)/R
AndthestraineatlayerH'G'=

e=(H'G'HG)/HG=(H'G'HG)/EF=[(R+y)R]/R=y/R

Theacceptedrelationshipbetweenstressandstrainis=E.eTherefore

=E.e=E.y/R
/E=y/R
Therefore,fortheillustratedexample,thetensilestressisdirectlyrelatedtothedistanceabovetheneutralaxis.The
compressivestressisalsodirectlyrelatedtothedistancebelowtheneutralaxis.AssumingEisthesameforcompressionand
tensiontherelationshipisthesame.

Asthebeamisinstaticequilibriumandisonlysubjecttomoments(noverticalshearforces)theforcesacrossthesection(AB)
areentirelylongitudinalandthetotalcompressiveforcesmustbalancethetotaltensileforces.Theinternalcoupleresultingfrom
thesumof(.dA.y)overthewholesectionmustequaltheexternallyappliedmoment.

Thiscanonlybecorrectif(ya)or(y.z.y)isthemomentofareaofthesectionabouttheneutralaxis.Thiscanonlybezeroif
theaxispassesthroughthecentreofgravity(centroid)ofthesection.

Theinternalcoupleresultingfromthesumof(.dA.y)overthewholesectionmustequaltheexternallyapplied
moment.Thereforethecoupleoftheforceresultingfromthestressoneachareawhentotalledoverthewholeareawillequalthe
appliedmoment

Fromtheabovethefollowingimportantsimplebeambendingrelationshipresults

Itisclearfromabovethatasimplebeamsubjecttobendinggeneratesamaximumstressatthesurfacefurthestawayfromthe
neutralaxis.ForsectionssymmetricalaboutZZthemaximumcompressiveandtensilestressisequal.

max=ymax.M/I
ThefactorI/ymaxisgiventhenamesectionModulus(Z)andtherefore

max=M/Z
ValuesofZareprovidedinthetablesshowingthepropertiesofstandardsteelsections
DeflectionofBeams

Belowisshownthearcoftheneutralaxisofabeamsubjecttobending.

Forsmallangledy/dx=tan=
Thecurvatureofabeamisidentifiedasd/ds=1/R
Inthefigureissmallandxispractically=si.eds/dx=1

Fromthissimpleapproximationthefollowingrelationshipsarederived.

Integratingbetweenselectedlimits.

Thedeflectionbetweenlimitsisobtainedbyfurtherintegration.

IthasbeenprovedrefShearBendingthatdM/dx=SanddS/dx=w=d2M/dx
WhereS=theshearforceMisthemomentandwisthedistributedload/unitlengthofbeam.therefore

IfwisconstantoraintegratatablefunctionofxthenthisrelationshipcanbeusedtoarriveatgeneralexpressionsforS,M,dy/dx,
orybyprogressiveintegrationswithaconstantofintegrationbeingaddedateachstage.Thepropertiesofthesupportsorfixings
maybeusedtodeterminetheconstants.(x=0simplysupported,dx/dy=0fixedendetc)

Inasimilarmannerifanexpressionforthebendingmomentisknownthentheslopeanddeflectioncanbeobtainedatanypoint
xbysingleanddoubleintegrationoftherelationshipandapplyingsuitableconstantsofintegration.

SingularityfunctionscanbeusedfordeterminingthevalueswhentheloadinganotsimplerefSingularityFunctions

ExampleCantileverbeam

Consideracantileverbeam(uniformsection)withasingleconcentratedloadattheend.Atthefixedendx=0,dy=0,dy/dx=0

Fromtheequilibriumbalance..AtthesupportthereisaresistingmomentFLandaverticalupwardforceF.
AtanypointxalongthebeamthereisamomentF(xL)=Mx=EId2y/dx2
ExampleSimplysupportedbeam

ConsiderasimplysupporteduniformsectionbeamwithasingleloadFatthecentre.Thebeamwillbedeflectsymmetrically
aboutthecentrelinewith0slope(dy/dx)atthecentreline.Itisconvenienttoselecttheoriginatthecentreline.

MomentAreaMethod

Thisisamethodofdeterminingthechangeinslopeorthedeflectionbetweentwopointsonabeam.Itisexpressedastwo
theorems...

Theorem1
IfAandBaretwopointsonabeamthechangeinangle(radians)betweenthetangentatAandthetangentatBisequaltothe
areaofthebendingmomentdiagrambetweenthepointsdividedbytherelevantvalueofEI(theflexuralrigidityconstant).

Theorem2
IfAandBaretwopointsonabeamthedisplacementofBrelativetothetangentofthebeamatAisequaltothemomentofthe
areaofthebendingmomentdiagrambetweenAandBabouttheordinatethroughBdividedbytherelevantvalueofEI(the
flexuralrigidityconstant).

Examples..Twosimpleexamplesareprovidebelowtoillustratethesetheorems

Example1)Determinethedeflectionandslopeofacantileverasshown..
 ThebendingmomentatA=MA=FL
TheareaofthebendingmomentdiagramAM=F.L2/2
ThedistancetothecentroidoftheBMdiagramfromB=xc=2L/3
ThedeflectionofB=yb=AM.xc/EI=F.L3/3EI
TheslopeatBrelativetothetanatA=b=AM/EI=FL2/2EI

Example2)Determinethecentraldeflectionandendslopesofthesimplysupportedbeamasshown..

E=210GPa......I=834cm4......EI=1,7514.106Nm2

A1=10.1,8.1,8/2=16,2kNm2
A2=10.1,8.2=36kNm2
A3=10.1,8.2=36kNm2
A4=10.1,8.1,8/2=16,2kNm2
x1=CentroidofA1=(2/3).1,8=1,2m
x2=CentroidofA2=1,8+1=2,8m
x3=CentroidofA3=1,8+1=2,8m
x4=CentroidofA4=(2/3).1,8=1,2m

TheslopeatAisgivenbytheareaofthemomentdiagrambetweenAandCdividedbyEI.

A=(A1+A2)/EI=(16,2+36).103/(1,7514.106)
=0,029rads=1,7degrees

Thedeflectionatthecentre(C)isequaltothedeviationofthepointAabovealinethatistangenttoC.
MomentsmustthereforebetakenaboutthedeviationlineatA.

C=(AM.xM)/EI=(A1x1+A2x2)/EI=120,24.103/(1,7514.106)
=0,0686m=68,6mm

CompositeBeams

Beamsconstructedofmorethanonematerialcanbetreatedbyusingtheequivalentwidthtechniqueifthemaximumstressesin
eachofthematerialsiswithintherelevantmaterialselasticlimit.Consideracompositebeamasshownbelow.Thesteelhas
anelasticmodulusES=210.103N/mm2andthealuminiumhasanEA=78.103N/mm2.
 Thecompositebeamisanalysedonthebasicassumptionthatplanesurfacesremainplaneduringbendingwithintheelasticlimit
thereforedownthefulldepthofthebeamthestrain(deflection/originallength)isconstanti.ethedeflectionisproportionaltothe
distancefromtheneutralaxisofthebeam.Thestrainisequaltothe(stress/YoungsModulus(E))Refertofigurebelow

Nowtoobtaintheequivalentsectionwhichisallaluminiumthedimensionsofthereplacementaluminiummustbesuchthatthe
mechanicalpropertiesareequivalenttotheoriginalmaterial.Theoveralldepthofthetransformedsectionisthesameasthe
orginalsection.TheresultingstraininanyelementdAofthetransformedsectionmustconstant.

TheequivalentareaofthetransformedsectionbasedonaluminiumisequaltotheareaoftheoriginalsteelsectionxnSA.If
thedepthofthetransformedsectionisthesameastheoriginalsectionthenthewidthofthetransformedaluminiumsectionis
equaltonSAxwidthoforiginalsteelsection.

Theequivalentareaofthealuminiumsectionmustbesubjecttothesamestrainasoriginalsteelsectionpositionedatthesame
distancefromthesectionneutralaxis.Thesimplebeamtheorycanbeusedtocalculatethebendingstressesinthe
transformedsection.Theactualstresseswill,ofcourse,benxthecalculatedstressesinthetransformedsection.

Exampleoncompositebeams

Consideracompositebeamcomprisingsteel,brass,andaluminiumsections.Produceanequivalentsectionbasedon
Aluminium.Calculatethepositionoftheneutralaxisandthemomentofinertiaoftheequivalentsection.
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1. PureBending...MississipiStateU.PureBendingLectureNotes..veryuseful Calculaton
2. simpleBendingtheory...VeryusefulsetofNotes
3. Introductiontobeamtheory...Verysimpleeasytofollownotes

web.clark.edu/bwheeler/Engr%20233/.../Bending%206.36.4.ppt
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LastUpdated25/01/2013