Sherlock Holmes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sherlock Holmes (/rlk homz/) is a fictional private

detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan
Sherlock Holmes
Doyle. Known as a "consulting detective" in the stories, Sherlock Holmes character
Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation,
forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the
fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a
wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.

First appearing in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet),

the character's popularity became widespread with the
first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine,
beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891 additional
tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling
four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the
Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and
1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's
friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually
accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often
shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904
Street, London, where many of the stories begin.
illustration by Sidney Paget.
Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes First A Study in Scarlet
is arguably the best known, with Guinness World Records appearance
listing him as the "most portrayed movie character" in
Created by Sir Arthur Conan
history.[1] Holmes's popularity and fame are such that
many have believed him to be not a fictional character but Doyle
a real individual[2][3][4] numerous literary and fan Information
societies have been founded that pretend to operate on Gender Male
this principle. Widely considered a British cultural icon,
the character and stories have had a profound and lasting Occupation Consulting
effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, detective
with the original tales as well as thousands written by Family Mycroft Holmes
authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage (brother)
and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other
media for over one hundred years. Nationality British

Contents

1 Inspiration for the character

2 Fictional character biography

2 Fictional character biography

2.1 Family and early life

2.2 Life with Watson

2.3 The Great Hiatus

2.4 Retirement

3 Personality and habits

3.1 Drug use

3.2 Finances

3.3 Attitudes towards women

4 Knowledge and skills

4.1 Holmesian deduction

4.2 Disguises

4.3 Agents

4.4 Combat

5 Influence

5.1 Forensic science

5.2 The detective story

5.3 Scientific literature

6 Legacy

6.1 "Elementary, my dear Watson"

 6.2 The Great Game

6.3 Societies

6.4 Museums

6.5 Other honours

7 Adaptations and derived works

7.1 Related and derivative writings

7.2 Adaptations in other media

7.3 Copyright issues

8 Works

8.1 Novels

8.2 Short story collections

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

12 External links

Inspiration for the character

Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in
fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later, including Holmes.[5]
Conan Doyle once wrote, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole
literature has developed... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of
life into it?"[6]

Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell,
Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell,
a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, whom Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for
as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute
observations.[7] However, he later wrote to Doyle: "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and
well you know it".[8] Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University
of Edinburgh Medical School, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was
also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Doyle with a link
between medical investigation and the detection of crime.[9]

Other inspirations have been considered. One is thought to be Francis "Tanky" Smith, a
policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester's first private
detective.[10] Another might be Maximilien Heller, by French author Henry Cauvain. It is not
known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 novel (sixteen years before
the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social,
polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris-based detective.[11][12][13]

Fictional character biography

Family and early life

Details about Sherlock Holmes's life, except for the adventures

in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyle's original stories.
Nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family
paint a loose biographical picture of the detective.

An estimate of Holmes's age in "His Last Bow" places his year of

birth at 1854 the story, set in August 1914, describes him as
sixty years of age.[14] His parents are not mentioned in the
stories, although Holmes mentions that his "ancestors" were
"country squires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter",
he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist
Vernet, without further clarifying whether this was Claude
Joseph, Carle, or Horace Vernet. Holmes's brother Mycroft,
seven years his senior, is a government official who appears in
"The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", "The Final Problem",
The cover page of
Beeton's Christmas
and "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" and is
Annual issue which mentioned in "The Adventure of the Empty House". Mycroft has
contains Holmes's first a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all
appearance in 1887 (A aspects of government policy. He lacks Sherlock's interest in
Study in Scarlet). physical investigation, however, preferring to spend his time at
the Diogenes Club.

Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate his
earliest cases, which he pursued as an amateur, came from fellow university students.[15] A
meeting with a classmate's father led him to adopt detection as a profession,[16] and he

spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to
spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to
accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger in 1881 (when the first published story, A Study in
Scarlet, begins).

The two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper (north) end
of the street, up seventeen steps.[17]

Life with Watson

Holmes worked as a detective for twenty-three years,

with physician John Watson assisting him for
seventeen.[18] They were roommates before Watson's
1887 marriage and again after his wife's death. Their
residence is maintained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson.
Most of the stories are frame narratives, written from
Watson's point of view as summaries of the detective's
most interesting cases. Holmes frequently calls Watson's
writing sensational and populist, suggesting that it fails to
accurately and objectively report the "science" of his
craft:

Holmes and Watson in a Sidney

Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science Paget illustration for "Silver
and should be treated in the same cold and Blaze".
unemotional manner. You have attempted to
tinge it ["A Study in Scarlet"] with
romanticism, which produces much the same
effect as if you worked a love-story... Some
facts should be suppressed, or, at least, a just
sense of proportion should be observed in
treating them. The only point in the case which
deserved mention was the curious analytical
reasoning from effects to causes, by which I
succeeded in unravelling it.[19]

Sherlock Holmes on John Watson's

"pamphlet", The Sign of the Four

Nevertheless, Holmes's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship. When
Watson is injured by a bullet, although the wound turns out to be "quite superficial", Watson
is moved by Holmes's reaction:

It was worth a wound it was worth many wounds to know the depth of loyalty
and love which lay behind that cold mask. The clear, hard eyes were dimmed for a
moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one and only time I caught a
glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain. All my years of humble but
single-minded service culminated in that moment of revelation.[20]
The Great Hiatus

The first set of Holmes stories was published between

1887 and 1893. Wishing to devote more time to his
historical novels, Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final
battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James
Moriarty in "The Final Problem" (published 1893, but set
in 1891). After resisting public pressure for eight years,
the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles
(serialised in 19011902, with an implicit setting before
Holmes's death). In 1903, Conan Doyle wrote "The
Adventure of the Empty House", set in 1894 Holmes
reappears, explaining to a stunned Watson that he had
faked his death in "The Final Problem" to fool his enemies.
"The Adventure of the Empty House" marks the beginning
of the second set of stories, which Conan Doyle wrote
until 1927.

Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894

between his disappearance and presumed death in "The
Final Problem" and his reappearance in "The Adventure of Holmes and Moriarty struggle at
the Empty House"as the Great Hiatus (though 1908's the Reichenbach Falls drawing by
"The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge" is described as taking Sidney Paget.
place in 1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle's part). The
earliest known use of this expression is in the article
"Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus" by Edgar W. Smith, published in the July 1946
issue of The Baker Street Journal.[21]

Retirement

In "His Last Bow", Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up
beekeeping as his primary occupation. The move is not dated precisely, but can be presumed
to predate 1904 (since it is referred to retrospectively in "The Second Stain", first
published that year). The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to
aid the war effort. Only one other adventure, "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" (narrated
by Holmes), takes place during the detective's retirement.

Personality and habits

Watson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in his habits and lifestyle. Described by Watson in
The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a "cat-like" love of personal cleanliness, Holmes is
an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order. In "The
Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual", Watson says:
 Sidney Paget illustration from
"The Adventure of the Golden
Pince-Nez"

Although in his methods of thought he was the neatest and most methodical of
mankind... [he] keeps his cigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe end of a
Persian slipper, and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack-knife
into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece... He had a horror of destroying
documents... Thus month after month his papers accumulated, until every corner
of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to
be burned, and which could not be put away save by their owner.[15]

In many of the stories, Holmes dives into an apparent mess to find an item most relevant to
a mystery. The detective starves himself at times of intense intellectual activity, such as
during "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder"wherein, according to Watson:

[Holmes] had no breakfast for himself, for it was one of his peculiarities that in
his more intense moments he would permit himself no food, and I have known him
to presume upon his iron strength until he has fainted from pure inanition.[22]

Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D. J. Grothe that Holmes practices what is
Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D. J. Grothe that Holmes practices what is
now called mindfulness, concentrating on one thing at a time, and almost never "multitasks."
She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain.[23]

Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes's

habitual use of a pipe (or his less frequent use of
cigarettes and cigars) a vice per se, Watsona physician
occasionally criticises the detective for creating a
"poisonous atmosphere" of tobacco smoke.[24] Holmes
acknowledges Watson's disapproval in "The Adventure of
the Devil's Foot": "I think, Watson, that I shall resume
that course of tobacco-poisoning which you have so often
and so justly condemned".

His companion condones the detective's willingness to

bend the truth (or break the law) on behalf of a client
lying to the police, concealing evidence or breaking into
houseswhen he feels it morally justifiable,[25] but
condemns Holmes' manipulation of innocent people in "The
Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton".

Sidney Paget, whose illustrations Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspectors
in The Strand Magazine iconicised with his deductions and has supreme confidence
Holmes and Watson. bordering on arrogancein his intellectual abilities. While
the detective does not actively seek fame and is usually
content to let the police take public credit for his
work, [26] Holmes is pleased when his skills are recognised and responds to flattery.[27] Police
outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby, even during a vacation.[27]
Watson's stories and newspaper articles reveal Holmes's role in the cases, and he becomes
well known as a detective so many clients ask for his help instead of (or in addition to) that
of the police[28] that, Watson writes, by 1895 Holmes has "an immense practice".[29]

Government officials and royalty are among those he serves. A Prime Minister[30] and the
King of Bohemia[31] visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes's assistance the government
of France awards him its Legion of Honour for solving a case[32] Holmes declines a
knighthood "for services which may perhaps some day be described"[20] the King of
Scandinavia is a client[33] and he aids the Vatican at least twice.[34] The detective acts on
behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times.[35] As
shooting practice during a period of boredom, Holmes decorates the wall of his Baker
Street lodgings with a "patriotic" VR (Victoria Regina) in "bullet-pocks" from his revolver.[15]

While the detective is usually dispassionate and cold, during an investigation he is animated
and excitable. He has a flair for showmanship, preparing elaborate traps to capture and
expose a culprit (often to impress observers).[36]

Except for that of Watson, Holmes avoids casual company when Watson proposes visiting a
friend's home for rest, Holmes only agrees after learning that "the establishment was a
bachelor one, and that he would be allowed the fullest freedom".[27] In "The Adventure of
the Gloria Scott", he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one
the Gloria Scott", he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one
friend, Victor Trevor: "I was never a very sociable fellow, Watson, always rather fond of
moping in my rooms and working out my own little methods of thought, so that I never mixed
much with the men of my year... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other
fellows, so that we had no points of contact at all". The detective is similarly described by
Stamford in A Study in Scarlet.

Holmes relaxes with music in "The Red-Headed League", taking the evening off from a case
to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin. His enjoyment of vocal music, particularly
Wagner's, is evident in "The Adventure of the Red Circle".

Drug use

Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially in the

absence of stimulating cases. He uses cocaine, which he
injects in a seven-percent solution with a syringe kept in a
Morocco leather case. Although Holmes also dabbles in
morphine, he expresses strong disapproval when he visits
an opium den both drugs were legal in late-19th-century
England. Watson and Holmes use tobacco, smoking
cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and the detective is an
expert at identifying tobacco-ash residue.

As a physician, Watson strongly disapproves of his

friend's cocaine habit, describing it as the detective's
"only vice", and concerned about its effect on Holmes's
mental health and intellect.[37][38] In "The Adventure of 1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait
the Missing Three-Quarter", Watson says that although of Holmes for "The Man with the
he has "weaned" Holmes from drugs, he remains an addict Twisted Lip"
whose habit is "not dead, but merely sleeping".

Finances

During his career, Holmes works for the most powerful monarchs and governments of
Europe (including his own), wealthy aristocrats and industrialists, and impoverished
pawnbrokers and governesses. Although when the stories begin Holmes initially needed
Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street, by the time of "The
Final Problem", he says that his services to the government of France and the royal house of
Scandinavia had left him with enough money to retire comfortably. The detective is known
to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem's solution in
"The Adventure of the Speckled Band" he says that Helen Stoner may pay any expenses he
incurs and asks the bank in "The Red-Headed League" to reimburse him for money spent
solving the case. Holmes has his wealthy banker client in "The Adventure of the Beryl
Coronet" pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems, and claims the reward posted for
their recovery. In "The Problem of Thor Bridge", the detective says, "My professional

charges are upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit [omit] them
charges are upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit [omit] them
altogether". In this context, a client is offering to double his fee, and it is implied that
wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee.

The detective tells Watson, in "A Case of Identity", about a gold snuff box received from
the King of Bohemia after "A Scandal in Bohemia" and about a valuable ring given to him by
the Dutch royal family in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans", he receives an
emerald tie pin from Queen Victoria. In "The Adventure of the Priory School", Holmes rubs
his hands with glee when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his 6,000 fee, the amount of
which surprises even Watson (at a time where annual expenses for a rising young
professional were in the area of 500).[39] However, in "The Adventure of Black Peter",
Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases
did not interest him.

Attitudes towards women

As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell, "Holmes is as inhuman as a

Babbage's calculating machine and just about as likely to
fall in love".[40] Holmes says in The Valley of Fear, "I am
not a whole-souled admirer of womankind",[41] and in "The
Adventure of the Second Stain" finds "the motives of
women... inscrutable.... How can you build on such
quicksand? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes...
their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a
hairpin or a curling tongs".[42] In The Sign of the Four, he
says, "I would not tell them too much. Women are never to
be entirely trustednot the best of them". Watson calls
him "an automaton, a calculating machine", and the
detective replies: "It is of the first importance not to
allow your judgement to be biased by personal qualities. A
client is to me a mere unita factor in a problem. The
emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reasoning. I
assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was
1904 Sidney Paget illustration of
hanged for poisoning three little children for their
"The Adventure of Charles
insurance-money".[43]
Augustus Milverton"
At the end of The Sign of Four, Watson reveals to Holmes
that "Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept me
as a husband in prospective."

He gave a most dismal groan.

'I feared as much,' said he. 'I really cannot congratulate you.'
I was a little hurt.
'Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice?' I asked.
'Not at all. I think she is one of the most charming young ladies I ever met, and
might have been most useful in such work as we have been doing.
She had a decided genius that way... But love is an emotional thing, and whatever
 She had a decided genius that way... But love is an emotional thing, and whatever
is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things.
I should never marry myself, lest I bias my judgement.' [44]

Watson says in "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches" that the detective inevitably
"manifested no further interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of
one of his problems". In "The Lion's Mane", Holmes writes, "Women have seldom been an
attraction to me, for my brain has always governed my heart," indicating that he has been
attracted to women on occasion, but has not been interested in pursuing relationships with
them. Ultimately, however, in "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot", he claims outright that
"I have never loved".

Despite his overall attitude, Holmes is adept at effortlessly putting his clients at ease, and
Watson says that although the detective has an "aversion to women", he has "a peculiarly
ingratiating way with [them]". Watson notes in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective" that
Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his "remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his
dealings with women. He disliked and distrusted the sex, but he was always a chivalrous
opponent".[45] In "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", the detective easily
manages to become engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a
case, but also abandons the woman once he has the information he requires.

Irene Adler

Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in "A Scandal in
Bohemia". Although this is her only appearance, she is one of the most notable female
characters in the stories: the only woman who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually, and
one of only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle of wits. For this reason,
Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing. The beginning of the story describes the
high regard in which Holmes holds her:

To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention
her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of
her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler... yet
there was but one woman to him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, of
dubious and questionable memory.

Five years before the story's events, Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia
Wilhelm von Ormstein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Opera of Warsaw. Recently
engaged to the daughter of the King of Scandinavia and fearful that, if his fiance's family
learned of this impropriety, their marriage would be called off, Ormstein hires Holmes to
regain a photograph of Adler and himself. Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed,
leaving only a photograph of herself (alone) and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail
Ormstein.

Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in
Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in
the case.

Knowledge and skills

In the first novel, A Study in Scarlet, Holmes' background is presented. In early 1881, he is
a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests, almost all of which make him
adept at solving crimes. Shortly after meeting Holmes, Watson assesses the detective's
abilities:

1. Knowledge of Literature nil.

2. Knowledge of Philosophy nil.
3. Knowledge of Astronomy nil.
4. Knowledge of Politics Feeble.
5. Knowledge of Botany Variable. Well up in belladonna, opium and poisons
generally. Knows nothing of practical gardening.
6. Knowledge of Geology Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different
soils from each other. After walks, has shown me splashes upon his trousers,
and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had
received them.
7. Knowledge of Chemistry Profound.
8. Knowledge of Anatomy Accurate, but unsystematic.
9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature Immense. He appears to know every
detail of every horror perpetrated in the century.
10. Plays the violin well.
11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and swordsman.
12. Has a good practical knowledge of British law.

Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet

Subsequent stories reveal that Watson's early assessment was incomplete in places and
inaccurate in others. At the end of A Study in Scarlet, Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of
Latin. Despite Holmes's supposed ignorance of politics, in "A Scandal in Bohemia" he
immediately recognises the true identity of "Count von Kramm". His speech is peppered with
references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and the detective
quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French. At the end of
"A Case of Identity", Holmes quotes Hafez. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, the detective
recognises works by Martin Knoller and Joshua Reynolds: "Excuse the admiration of a
connoisseur.... Watson won't allow that I know anything of art, but that is mere jealousy
since our views upon the subject differ". In "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans",
Watson says that in November 1895, "Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had
undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus", considered "the last word" on the

subject.[46] Holmes is also a cryptanalyst, telling Watson in "The Adventure of the Dancing
subject.[46] Holmes is also a cryptanalyst, telling Watson in "The Adventure of the Dancing
Men": "I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing, and am myself the author of a
trifling monograph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate
ciphers".[47]

In A Study in Scarlet, Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun
since such information is irrelevant to his work after hearing that fact from Watson, he
says he will immediately try to forget it. The detective believes that the mind has a finite
capacity for information storage, and learning useless things reduces one's ability to learn
useful things. The later stories move away from this notion: in the second chapter of The
Valley of Fear, he says, "All knowledge comes useful to the detective", and near the end of
"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", the detective calls himself "an omnivorous reader with
a strangely retentive memory for trifles".

The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of physical evidence, including latent
prints (such as footprints, hoof prints, and bicycle tracks) to identify actions at a crime
scene (A Study in Scarlet, "The Adventure of Silver Blaze", "The Adventure of the Priory
School", The Hound of the Baskervilles, "The Boscombe Valley Mystery") using tobacco
ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ("The Adventure of the Resident Patient",
The Hound of the Baskervilles) comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud ("A Case of
Identity") using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ("The Adventure of the
Reigate Squire") comparing bullets from two crime scenes ("The Adventure of the Empty
House") analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders ("The Adventure of
the Cardboard Box"), and an early use of fingerprints ("The Norwood Builder").

Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in "A Scandal in Bohemia", luring Irene

Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that an unmarried
woman will save her most valued possession from a fire. Another example is in "The
Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle", where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a
wager: "When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out of
his pocket, you can always draw him by a bet.... I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down
in front of him, that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn
from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager".

Holmesian deduction

Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning.[48][49] Holmesian

deduction consists primarily of observation-based inferences, such as his study of cigar
ashes.[48][50][51] "From a drop of water", he writes, "a logician could infer the possibility of
an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other".[52]

In "A Scandal in Bohemia", Holmes deduces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had "a
most clumsy and careless servant girl". When Watson asks how Holmes knows this, the
detective answers:
 It is simplicity itself... my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just
where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts.
Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped
round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you
see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had
a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.

In the first Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, Dr. Watson compares Holmes to C. Auguste
Dupin, Edgar Allan Poe's fictional detective, who employed a similar methodology. To this
Holmes replies: "No doubt you think you are complimenting me ... In my opinion, Dupin was a
very inferior fellow... He had some analytical genius, no
doubt but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe
appears to imagine". Alluding to an episode in "The
Murders in the Rue Morgue", where Dupin deduces what
his friend is thinking despite their having walked together
in silence for a quarter of an hour, Holmes remarks: "That
trick of his breaking in on his friend's thoughts with an
apropos remark... is really very showy and superficial".[52]
Nevertheless, Holmes later performs the same 'trick' on
Watson in "The Adventure of the Cardboard Box".

Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger's

occupation, such as the retired Marine sergeant in A
Study in Scarlet the ship's-carpenter-turned-pawnbroker
in "The Red-Headed League", and the billiard-marker and
retired artillery non-commissioned officer in "The
Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". By studying
inanimate objects, he makes deductions about their Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock
owners (Watson's pocket watch in The Sign of the Four Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor
and a hat, [53] pipe,[54] and walking stick [55] in other William Gillette
stories). The detective's guiding principle, as he says in
The Sign of the Four and elsewhere in the stories, is:
"When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be
the truth".[56]

Conan Doyle does paint Holmes as fallible (this being a central theme of "The Adventure of
the Yellow Face").[54]

Disguises

Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise. In several stories ("The
Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", "The Man with the Twisted Lip", "The Adventure
of the Empty House" and "A Scandal in Bohemia"), to gather evidence undercover he uses
disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him. In others ("The Adventure of

the Dying Detective" and, again, "A Scandal in Bohemia"), Holmes feigns injury or illness to
the Dying Detective" and, again, "A Scandal in Bohemia"), Holmes feigns injury or illness to
incriminate the guilty. In the latter story, Watson says, "The stage lost a fine actor... when
[Holmes] became a specialist in crime".[57]

Agents

Until Watson's arrival at Baker Street Holmes largely worked alone, only occasionally
employing agents from the city's underclass these agents included a host of informants,
such as Langdale Pike, a human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal,[58]
and Shinwell Johnson, aka Porky Johnson, who acted as Holmes agent in the huge criminal
underworld of London....[59] The most well known of Holmes' agents are a group of street
children he called "the Baker Street Irregulars". The Irregulars appear in three stories: A
Study in Scarlet, The Sign of the Four, and "The Adventure of the Crooked Man".

Combat

Pistols

Holmes and Watson carry pistols with themin Watson's

case, his old service weapon (probably a Mark III Adams
revolver, issued to British troops during the 1870s). In
the stories, the pistols are used (or displayed) on a
number of occasions. In "The Musgrave Ritual" Holmes is
described as decorating the wall of his flat with a
patriotic VR (Victoria Regina) of bullet holes. Holmes and British Army (Adams) Mark III,
which differed from the Mark II
Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the
in its ejector-rod design
Baskervilles, and in "The Adventure of the Empty House"
Holmes pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran. In "The
Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist", "The Adventure of
Black Peter", and "The Adventure of the Dancing Men",
Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals,
and the detective uses Watson's revolver to reconstruct a
crime in "The Problem of Thor Bridge". A Webley Bulldog
(carried by Holmes), Webley RIC, and Webley-Government
("WG") army revolver have been associated with Holmes
and Watson.[60]

Webley Bulldog
Cane and sword

As a gentleman, Holmes often carries a stick or cane. He is described by Watson as an

expert at singlestick and uses his cane twice as a weapon.[61] In A Study in Scarlet, Watson
describes Holmes as an expert swordsman, and in "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" the
detective practises fencing.

Riding crop

In several stories, Holmes carries a riding crop, threatening to thrash a swindler with it in
In several stories, Holmes carries a riding crop, threatening to thrash a swindler with it in
"A Case of Identity". With a "hunting crop", Holmes knocks a pistol from John Clay's hand in
"The Red-Headed League" and drives off the adder in "The Adventure of the Speckled
Band". In "The Six Napoleons", he uses his crop (described as his favourite weapon) to break
open one of the plaster busts.

Boxing

Holmes is an adept bare-knuckle fighter in The Sign of

the Four, he introduces himself to McMurdo, a prize
fighter, as "the amateur who fought three rounds with
you at Alison's rooms on the night of your benefit four
years back." McMurdo remembers: "Ah, you're one that
has wasted your gifts, you have! You might have aimed
high if you had joined the fancy." "The Adventure of the
Gloria Scott" mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer, 1868 Webley RIC
and in "The Yellow Face", Watson says: "He was
undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I
have ever seen".

The detective occasionally engages in hand-to-hand combat with his adversaries (in "The
Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist" and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty") and is always
victorious.

Martial arts

In "The Adventure of the Empty House", Holmes tells Watson that he used martial arts to
fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls: "I have some knowledge... of baritsu,
or the Japanese system of wrestling, which has more than once been very useful to me".
"Baritsu" is Conan Doyle's version of bartitsu, which combined jujitsu with boxing and cane
fencing.[62]

Physical strength

The detective is described (or demonstrated) as possessing above-average physical

strength. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength
by bending a fire poker in half. Watson describes Holmes as laughing, "'I am not quite so
bulky, but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more
feeble than his own.' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort,
straightened it out again." In "The Yellow Face", Holmes's chronicler says, "Few men were
capable of greater muscular effort."

Influence
Forensic science
The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic science, particularly Holmes' acute
The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic science, particularly Holmes' acute
observation of small clues, and literature. He uses trace
evidence (such as shoe and tire impressions), fingerprints,
ballistics, and handwriting analysis to evaluate his theories
and those of the police. Some of the detective's
investigative techniques, such as fingerprint and
handwriting analysis, were in their infancy when the
stories were written Holmes frequently laments the
contamination of a crime scene, and crime-scene integrity
has become standard investigative procedure.

Because of the small scale of much of his evidence

(tobacco ash, hair, or fingerprints), the detective often
uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical
microscope at his Baker Street lodgings. He uses
analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and
toxicology to detect poisons Holmes's home chemistry
laboratory is mentioned in "The Adventure of the Naval
Treaty". Ballistics feature in "The Adventure of the
Empty House" when spent bullets are recovered and
matched with a suspected murder weapon. Sidney Paget illustration of
Holmes for "The Adventure of the
Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and Abbey Grange"
suspects, noting style and state of wear of their clothes,
skin marks (such as tattoos), contamination (such as ink
stains or clay on boots), their state of mind, and physical condition in order to deduce their
origins and recent history.

He also applies this method to walking sticks (The Hound

of the Baskervilles) and hats ("The Adventure of the Blue
Carbuncle"), with details such as medallions, wear, and
contamination yielding information about their owners. In
2002, the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an
honorary fellowship on Holmes[63] for his use of forensic
science and analytical chemistry in popular literature,
making him (as of 2010) the only fictional character thus
honoured.

The detective story

Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective (he

was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin and
19th-century Seibert microscope
mile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq), his name has become
synonymous with the role. The investigating detective
(such as Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L.
Sayers' Lord Peter Wimsey) became a popular character for a number of authors.
Scientific literature

John Radford (1999) speculated on Holmes's intelligence.[64] Using Conan Doyle's stories as
data, he applied three methods to estimate the detective's intelligence quotient and
concluded that his IQ was about 190. Snyder (2004) examined Holmes's methods in the
context of mid- to late-19th-century criminology, and Kempster (2006) compared
neurologists' skills with those demonstrated by the detective.[65][66] Didierjean and Gobet
(2008) reviewed the literature on the psychology of expertise, using Holmes as a model.[67]

Legacy
"Elementary, my dear Watson"

The phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" is never uttered

Sherlock Holmes Museum,
by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan Doyle. He
London
often observes that his conclusions are "elementary",
however, and occasionally calls Watson "my dear Watson".
One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in
"The Adventure of the Crooked Man" when Holmes explains
a deduction: " 'Excellent!' I cried. 'Elementary,' said
he."[68][69]

William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the

phrase with the formulation, "Oh, this is elementary, my
dear fellow", allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes. Study
However, the script was revised numerous times over the
course of some three decades of revivals and publications,
and the phrase is present in some versions of the script, but
not others.

The exact phrase, as well as close variants, can be seen in

newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909 there is
some indication that it was clichd even then.[70] The phrase Drawing room
"Elementary, my dear fellow, quite elementary" appears in P.
G. Wodehouse's novel, Psmith in the City (19091910),[69]
and "Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary" in his 1915 novel Psmith, Journalist (neither
spoken by Holmes).[71] The exact phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" is used by
protagonist Tom Beresford in Agatha Christie's 1922 novel The Secret Adversary. It also
appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Holmes sound
film.[68] The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in The
New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series, broadcast from 1939 to 1947.[72]

The Great Game

Conan Doyle's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the "canon" by Holmes
Conan Doyle's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the "canon" by Holmes
aficionados. Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox
in Britain[73] and Christopher Morley in New York.[74]
Morley founded the Baker Street Irregularsthe first
society devoted to the Holmes canonin 1934.[75]

The Sherlockian game (also known as the Holmesian game,

the Great Game, or simply the Game) attempts to resolve
anomalies and clarify details about Holmes and Watson
from the Conan Doyle canon. The Game, which treats
Holmes and Watson as real people (and Conan Doyle as
Russ Stutler's view of 221B Baker
Street
Watson's literary agent), combines history with aspects
of the stories to construct biographies and other
scholarly analyses of these aspects. Ronald Knox is
credited with inventing the Game.[76]

One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes's birthdate, with Morley contending that the
detective was born on 6 January 1854.[77][78] Laurie R. King also speculated about Holmes's
birthdate, based on A Study in Scarlet and "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" details in
"Gloria Scott" indicate that Holmes finished his second (and final) year of university in 1880
or 1885. Watson's account of his own wounding in the Second Afghan War and return to
England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with Holmes in early 1881 or 1882.
According to King, this suggests that Holmes left university in 1880 if he began university
at age 17, his birth year would probably be 1861.[79]

Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes attended. Dorothy L. Sayers suggested
that, given details in two of the Adventures, the detective must have studied at Cambridge
rather than Oxford: "of all the Cambridge colleges, Sidney Sussex (College) perhaps
offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes's position and, in default of
more exact information, we may tentatively place him there".[80]

Holmes's emotional and mental health have long been subjects of analysis in the Game. At
their first meeting, in A Study in Scarlet, the detective warns Watson that he gets "in the
dumps at times" and doesn't open his "mouth for days on end". Leslie S. Klinger (editor of
The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes) has suggested that Holmes exhibits signs of bipolar
disorder, with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self-absorption. Other modern
readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger's syndrome, based on his intense
attention to details, lack of interest in interpersonal relationships, and tendency to speak in
monologues.[81] The detective's isolation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire to
escape, with William Baring-Gould (author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A Life of
the World's First Consulting Detective) and othersincluding Nicholas Meyer, in his novel
The Seven Percent Solutionimplying a family trauma, the murder of Holmes's mother, as
the cause.

Societies

In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and the Baker Street Irregulars (in New
In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and the Baker Street Irregulars (in New
York) were founded. Both are still active, although the
Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and
revived in 1951. The London society is one of many
worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of Holmes
adventures, such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss
Alps.

The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by many

more Holmesian circles, first in the U.S. (where they are
known as "scion societies"offshootsof the Baker
Street Irregulars) and then in England and Denmark.
There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies worldwide,
including Australia, India, and Japan (whose society has
80,000 members).[82]

Museums

For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes's living room was

reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition,
with a collection of original material. After the festival, Statue of Holmes in an Inverness
cape and a deerstalker cap on
items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (a London
Picardy Place in Edinburgh (Conan
pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens,
Doyle's birthplace)
Switzerland by the author's son, Adrian.[82] Both
exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room
reconstruction, are open to the public.

In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London, followed the next
year by a museum in Meiringen (near the Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to the detective.[82]
A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum,
where the author lived and worked as a physician.[83]

Other honours

Widely considered a British cultural icon, the London Metropolitan Railway named one of its
20 electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes. He was the only
fictional character so honoured, along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron, Benjamin
Disraeli, and Florence Nightingale.[84][85]

A number of London streets are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford
Street, was renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson's Mews is near Crawford Place.[86]

Adaptations and derived works

The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan
The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan
Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media, with varying
degrees of fidelity to the original characters, stories, and setting. According to The
Alternative Sherlock Holmes: Pastiches, Parodies, and Copies by Peter Ridgway Watt and
Joseph Green, the first known period pastiche dates from 1893. Titled "The Late Sherlock
Holmes", it came from the pen of Doyle's close friend, J. M. Barrie, who was to create Peter
Pan a decade later. A common take is creating a new story fully detailing an otherwise-
passing canonical reference (such as an aside mentioning the "giant rat of Sumatra, a story
for which the world is not yet prepared" in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire"). Other
adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in
different times or even universes. For example, Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R.
King's Mary Russell series, is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the
animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, and is meshed with the setting of H.
P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman's "A Study in Emerald" (which won the 2004
Hugo Award for Best Short Story). An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer's
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel in which Holmes's
cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career. It was made into a
film of the same name in 1976 and popularised the pastiche-writing trend of introducing
clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures (such as Oscar Wilde, Aleister
Crowley, or Jack the Ripper) into tales featuring Holmes, something Conan Doyle himself
never did.

Related and derivative writings

In addition to the Holmes canon, Conan Doyle's 1898 "The Lost Special" features an
unnamed "amateur reasoner" intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. The
author's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style, pokes fun at his
own creation. Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early "The Field Bazaar", "The Man
with the Watches", and 1924's "How Watson Learned the Trick", a parody of the Watson
Holmes breakfast-table scenes. The author wrote other material, especially plays, featuring
Holmes. Much of it appears in Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha, edited by Jack
Tracy The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, edited by Peter Haining, and The
Uncollected Sherlock Holmes, compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green.

In terms of writers other than Doyle, authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess, Neil Gaiman,
Dorothy B. Hughes, Stephen King, Tanith Lee, A. A. Milne, and P. G. Wodehouse have all
written Sherlock Holmes pastiches. Notably, famed American mystery writer John Dickson
Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle's son, Adrian Conan Doyle, on The Exploits of
Sherlock Holmes, a pastiche collection from 1954. In 2011, Anthony Horowitz published a
Sherlock Holmes novel, The House of Silk, presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle's
work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate.[87] In early 2014, a sequel, Moriarty,
was announced and published.[88]

Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes.
M. J. Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central
character, beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985. Carole Nelson
Douglas' Irene Adler series is based on "the woman" from "A Scandal in Bohemia", with the
first book (1990's Good Night, Mr. Holmes) retelling that story from Adler's point of view.
Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the
Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the
protagonist. Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts: Enter the Lion by
Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979), a four-book series by Quinn Fawcett, and
2015's Mycroft, by former NBA star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. John Gardner, Michael Kurland,
and Kim Newman, amongst many others, have all written tales in which Holmes's nemesis
Professor Moriarty is the main character. Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George
Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than
Holmes and Watson.

In the 1980 Italian novel The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco, the central character
William of Baskerville alludes to The Hound of the Baskervilles, and his description in the
beginning of the book is a tribute to Dr. Watson's description of Sherlock Holmes when he
first makes his acquaintance in A Study in Scarlet.[89]

Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series (beginning with 1994's The
Beekeeper's Apprentice), set during the First World War and the 1920s. Her Holmes, semi-
retired in Sussex, is stumbled upon by a teenaged American girl. Recognising a kindred
spirit, he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her. As of 2016, the series
includes fourteen novels and a novella tied into a book from King's Kate Martinelli series
(The Art of Detection).

The Final Solution, a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon, concerns an unnamed but long-retired
detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a
Jewish refugee boy. Mitch Cullin's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind (2005) takes place two
years after the end of the Second World War, and explores an old and frail Sherlock
Holmes (now 93) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic this was also
adapted into a film, 2015's Mr. Holmes.

Adaptations in other media

Guinness World Records has listed Holmes as the "most

portrayed movie character",[1] with more than 70 actors playing
the part in over 200 films. His first screen appearance was in
the 1900 Mutoscope film, Sherlock Holmes Baffled.[90] The
detective has appeared in many foreign-language versions,
including a Russian miniseries broadcast in November 2013.[91]

William Gillette's 1899 play Sherlock Holmes, or The Strange

Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of four Conan Doyle
stories: "A Scandal in Bohemia", "The Final Problem", "The
Adventure of the Copper Beeches", and A Study in Scarlet. In
addition to its popularity, the play is significant because it,
Basil Rathbone as Holmes
rather than the original stories, introduced the key visual
qualities commonly associated with Holmes today: his deerstalker
hat and calabash pipe. It also formed the basis for the Gillette's
1916 film, Sherlock Holmes. In his lifetime, Gillette performed as Holmes some 1,300 times.

In the early 1900s, H. A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play.
In the early 1900s, H. A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play.
Between this play and Conan Doyle's own stage adaptation of "The Adventure of the
Speckled Band", Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times.[92]

Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U.S. films (two for
20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures) from 1939 to 1946, and in The New
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on the Mutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 (before the
role of Holmes passed to Tom Conway). While the Fox films were period pieces, the
Universal films were distinctive for abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then-
contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis.

The 19841985 Italian/Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories
for children, with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs. The series was co-directed by
Hayao Miyazaki.[93]

Between 1979 and 1986, Soviet television produced a series of five television films, The
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.[94] The series were split into eleven
episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson. Livanov was
appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire[95] for a performance
ambassador Anthony Brenton described as "one of the best I've ever seen".[94]

Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by critic

Julian Wolfreys.[96] Brett played the detective in four series of
Sherlock Holmes for Britain's Granada Television from 1984 to
1994 and appeared as Holmes on stage. Watson was played by
David Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series.

Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock

Holmes[97] starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael
Williams/Andrew Sachs as Watson,[98] based on throwaway
references in Doyle's short stories and novels.[97] He also
produced original scripts for this series, which was also issued on
CD.[99] Coules had previously dramatised the entire Holmes canon
Jeremy Brett as Holmes for Radio Four.[97][100]
in the Granada series
The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, which earned Robert Downey
Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and which
co-starred Jude Law as Watson, focuses on Holmes's antisocial personality.[101] Downey and
Law returned for a 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. As of May 2016, a
script for a third film is ready and the aim is to begin shooting before the end of the year
further sequels are acknowledged as possible.[102]

Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective (with Martin Freeman as
John Watson) in the BBC One TV series Sherlock, which premiered on 25 July 2010. In the
series, created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, the stories' original Victorian setting is
replaced by present-day London. Cumberbatch's Holmes uses modern technology (including

texting and blogging) to help solve crimes.[103] Similarly, on 27

texting and blogging) to help solve crimes.[103] Similarly, on 27
September 2012, Elementary premiered on CBS. Set in
contemporary New York, the series features Jonny Lee Miller as
Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson.

The 2015 film Mr. Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired

Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947, who grapples with an
unsolved case involving a beautiful woman.[104] The film is based
on Mitch Cullin's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind.

Holmes has also appeared in video games, including the

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles. The
detective is based on Jeremy Brett's portrayal, with the
Benedict Cumberbatch as
series's plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories.
Holmes in Sherlock

Copyright issues

The copyright for Conan Doyle's works expired in the United Kingdom and Canada at the end
of 1980, was revived in 1996 and expired again at the end of 2000. The author's works are
now in the public domain in those territories.[105][106] All works published in the United
States before 1923 are in the public domain this includes all the Sherlock Holmes stories,
except for some of the short stories collected in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. Conan
Doyle's heirs registered the copyright to The Case-Book in 1981 in accordance with the
Copyright Act of 1976.[105][107][108]

On 14 February 2013, Leslie S. Klinger (lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock
Holmes) filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate in the Northern
District of Illinois asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and
Watson were public domain in the U.S.[109] The court ruled in Klinger's favour on 23
December, and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June
2014.[110] The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to hear the
case, letting the appeals court's ruling stand. This final step resulted in the characters from
the Holmes stories, along with all but ten of the Holmes stories, being in the public domain
in the U.S.[111]

Works
Novels

A Study in Scarlet (published 1887 in Beeton's Christmas Annual)

The Sign of the Four (published 1890 in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 19011902 in The Strand)
The Valley of Fear (serialised 19141915 in The Strand)

Short story collections

The short stories, originally published in magazines, were later collected in five anthologies:
The short stories, originally published in magazines, were later collected in five anthologies:

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 18911892 in The Strand)

The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 18921893 in The Strand)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 19031904 in The Strand)
His Last Bow: Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 1908
1917)
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 19211927)

See also
Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes
HOLMES 2 (police computer system)
Inductive reasoning
List of detectives, constables, and agents in Sherlock Holmes
List of Holmesian studies
Giovanni Morelli

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Further reading
Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and Detection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock
Holmes. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN0-517-50291-7.
Baring-Gould, William (1967). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N.
Potter. ISBN0-517-50291-7.
Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: The Life of the
World's First Consulting Detective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC63103488 (ht
tps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63103488).
Blakeney, T. S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD.
ISBN1-883402-10-7.

Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta:
Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta:
University of Alberta Press. ISBN0-88864-415-9.
Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London: Pocket Essentials. ISBN978-0-470-
12823-7.
Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
ISBN0-7153-5493-0.
Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible: An Examination of the World of
Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-904312-31-
4.
Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Look at the Connections Between Historical
London, Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London: MX Publishing.
ISBN978-1-904312-50-5.
Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author: Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood
Years (18911894). London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-904312-69-7.
Fenoli Marc, Qui a tu Sherlock Holmes? [Who shot Sherlock Holmes?], Review
L'Alpe 45, Glnat-Muse Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN978-2-7234-6902-
9
Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The Sherlock Holmes Letters. Iowa City: University of
Iowa Press. ISBN0-87745-161-3.
Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten Literary Studies. London: Duckworth.
ISBN0-7156-0469-4.
Hall, Trevor (1977). Sherlock Holmes and his creator. New York: St Martin's Press.
ISBN0-312-71719-9.
Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London:
Wessex Pr. ISBN0-938501-21-6.
Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Frederick Muller
Ltd.
Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent:
Meresborough Books. ISBN0-948193-25-5.
Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: The Man and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle.
ISBN0-7858-2112-0.
Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock's Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History.
Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN1-85928-394-2.
King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero.
Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0-8108-3180-5.
Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton.
ISBN0-393-05916-2.
Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene
Books. ISBN0-938501-26-7.
Knowles, Christopher (2007). Our Gods Wear Spandex: The Secret History of Comic
Book Heroes. San Francisco: Weiser Books. ISBN1-57863-406-7.
Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin
Books. ISBN0-947731-85-7.
Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling
Green University Popular Press, 1982 Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin
Press, 2007. ISBN978-0-87972-198-5
Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irregular: Unauthorised Biography of
Sherlock Holmes. Romford: Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN0-8021-4325-3.

Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan
 Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight's Publications. ISBN0-
934468-29-X.
Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with Sherlock Holmes: Sexual Elements in Conan
Doyle's Stories. London: Players Press. ISBN0-8021-4325-3.
Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Quebec: McGill-
Queen's University Press. ISBN0-7735-0391-9.
Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. The Unauthorized Biography. London: Grove
Press. ISBN978-0-8021-4325-9.
Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistry and the Royal Institution: A Survey
of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal
Institution of Great Britain. London: Irregulars Special Press. ISBN0-7607-7156-1.
Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes &
Noble Books. ISBN0-7607-7156-1.
Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley.
ISBN978-1-874712-78-7.
Roy, Pinaki (Department of English, Malda College) (2008). The Manichean
Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and
Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. ISBN978-81-7625-849-4.
Sebeok, Thomas Umiker-Sebeok, Jean (1984). " 'You Know My Method': A
Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes". In Eco, Umberto Sebeok,
Thomas. The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce (http://www.visual-memory.co.u
k/b_resources/abduction.html). Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana
University Press. pp.1154. ISBN978-0-253-35235-4. OCLC9412985 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/9412985). Previously published as chapter 2, pp.1752 of Sebeok,
Thomas (1981). The Play of Musement. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
ISBN978-0-253-39994-6. LCCN80008846 (https://lccn.loc.gov/80008846).
OCLC7275523 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7275523).
Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes: A Complete Guide to the
World of the Great Detective. London: Pavilion Books. ISBN1-85793-502-0.
Smith, Daniel (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide. London:
Aurum Press. ISBN978-1-84513-458-7.
Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark
Books. ISBN0-8160-4161-X.
Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall &
IBD. ISBN978-1-883402-05-1.
Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia: Universal Dictionary of
Sherlock Holmes. London: Crescent Books. ISBN0-517-65444-X.
Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My Dear Watson: Sherlock Holmes and the
Cocaine Habit. Bloomington, Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN0-934468-25-7.
Wagner, E. J. (2007). La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri.
ISBN978-0-470-12823-7.
Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken
Books. ISBN1-85891-106-0.
Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Running
Press. ISBN978-0-7624-3252-3.

External links
 "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/boo
ks/19sherlock.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all) - New York Times article
(18 January 2010)
"The Burden of Holmes" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870424050
4574585840677394758)- Wall Street Journal article
The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk/)
(founded 1951)
Discovering Sherlock Holmes (http://dickens.stanford.edu/sherlockholmes/index.html)
at Stanford University
Chess and Sherlock Holmes (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/holmes.html)
essay by Edward Winter,
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books (http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/author/d/doyle.html)
by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida.
Sherlock Holmes plaques (http://openplaques.org/people/2196) on openplaques.org
The Sherlock Holmes Collections (https://www.lib.umn.edu/scrbm/holmes) at the
University of Minnesota (special collections and rare books)

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