COMPUTER APPLICATION-II

ASSIGNMENT-1

Q1-Attempt all the question

(a) Internet
Answer-a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
(b) Web search
Answer- A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information
on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often
referred to as search engine results pages.
(c) Search engine
1. ANSWER- a program that searches for and identifies items in a database that correspond to
keywords or characters specified by the user, used especially for finding particular sites on
the World Wide Web.

(D)URL

ANSWER- URL is the abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator. It is the

global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. For example,
www.webopedia.com is a URL. A URL is one type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); the generic
term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web.

(E)Internet Service Provider

Answer- An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing
and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as
commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Q2- write short note on the following

(i)Difference between internet&intranet.

Answer- Difference between Internet and Intranet

Internet
1. Internet is wide network of computers and is open for all.
2. Internet itself contains a large number of intranets.
3. The number of users who use internet is Unlimited.
4. The Visitors traffic is unlimited.
5. Internet contains different source of information and is available for all.

Intranet
1. Intranet is also a network of computers designed for a specific group of users.
2. Intranet can be accessed from Internet but with restrictions.
3. The number of users is limited.
4. The traffic allowed is also limited.
5. Intranet contains only specific group information.

Therefore the Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a

private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but it is protected by a
password and accessible only to authorized users.

(ii) Difference between windows NT server (iis) versus linux (apache) as a

web server
Answer- If you've been looking in the various forums and newsgroups devoted to webmastering,
You can see lot of debate is about web servers. More precisely, which one is better: Apache or Internet
Information Server (IIS). You can see these both web server platforms are really functionally
equivalent.
Ease of Use:
IIS is much easier for the novice as operators can maintain it from easy-to-use screens and
forms. Windows 2000, on the other hand, costs a lot more than other operating systems such
as Linux, FreeBSD and Unix.

Straight Apache requires a huge learning curve to learn how to operate and administer.
Everything is configured in extremely obscure text files, and these configurations are done by
hand (although you can purchase add-on utilities to enable entry of much of this information
from screens and forms.)

Security:
The security model of IIS is one of the best ever designed, based as it is upon NTFS (the
security model of Windows NT and Windows 2000). This model is far superior to the
anything provided with Apache for non-Windows systems. Of course, on Windows, Apache
can use NTFS as well.

Of course, IIS has been plagued with a number of vulnerabilities lately, and these are a
concern. It's common to patch IIS at least monthly, and to install a new service release (a
collection of patches) twice a year. Most of the bugs were worked out of Apache (prior to
version 2) long ago. Of course, with the release of version two of Apache you can expect a
number of security and other flaws to surface - these are a normal part of a product's life
cycle.

Customization:
IIS does NOT have the equivalent of HTACCESS. The HTACCESS file in Apache is used to
individually configure virtual sites (web sites) without restarting the web server. However,
on IIS you have a very flexible method of configuration with ISAPI filters and other similar
methods. Both methods (HTACCESS and ISAPI filters) are very obscure and for advanced
webmasters.
Efficiency:
According to several reports that the IIS is more efficient than Apache. But as we check for
the performance of the two is roughly the same for static pages. You can see that the PHP
(the server side scripting platform common on Apache) tends to be more efficient than ASP
(the server side scripting system for IIS) according to many sources.

Operating System Integration:

IIS and Windows 2000 is a more "integrated" environment than Apache, since IIS is targeted
specifically for the operating system. This has the advantage that the GUI and controls of IIS
look and feel the same as every other tool on Windows.

On the other hand, you can find Apache for just about any platform, including Lunix, Unix,
BSD, and even such things as OpenVMS. If you need to be able to move between platforms,
then Apache is a great choice.

Email:
SMTP on IIS is primitive but functional. This is because it is only provided to allow scripts
and such to send email from the server. If you need additional email support, you are
expected to use Exchange or some other email system.

Apache does not support SMTP (sendmail), although a version is usually provided on the
target system. The provided email solution is full featured - but you must be very sure to
check the configuration to be sure your system is not an open relay.

The IIS SMTP module is configured through the standard Windows 2000 entry system, while
Sendmail requires configuration file editing. IIS SMTP is absolutely trivial to maintain;
Sendmail can be a challenge.
DNS:
 DNS on Windows 2000 is far, far superior to anything available on Unix or Linux. Bind (he
DNS for Unix and similar systems) has traditionally suffered from a huge number of security
vulnerabilities) and is very involved to maintain.

DNS servers indicate the best solution is a dedicated DNS application box. These are
inexpensive (for a business), easy-to-configure and much more secure than either the
Windows 2000 version or the Unix version.

(iii) Various searching techniques

ASNWER-
INTRODUCTION

This section describes some important methods you can use to search efficiently and effectively. It
gives you guidance on:

1. using symbols to search for alternative word endings and spellings

2. combining your concepts in a search statement
3. searching for phrases
4. performing more specific searches
CONTENTS

1. Truncation and Wild Card symbols

2. Search operators
3. Creating search statements
4. Search string generator
5. Phrase and proximity searching
6. Advanced search features
7. Limiting searches by date, language or document type
TRUNCATION AND WILD CARD SYMBOLS

Use to: widen your search and ensure that you don't miss relevant records
Most databases are not intelligent - they just search for exactly what you type in. Truncation and
wild card symbols enable you to overcome this limitation. These symbols can be substituted for
letters to retrieve variant spellings and word endings.

1. a wild card symbol replaces a single letter - useful to retrieve alternative spellings and simple
plurals
eg wom?n will find woman or women
2. a truncation symbol retrieves any number of letters - useful to find different word endings
based on the root of a word
 eg africa* will find africa, african, africans, africaans
eg agricultur* will find agriculture, agricultural, agriculturalist
Important hint! Check the online help screens for details of the symbols recognised by the database
you are searching - not all databases use the ? and * symbols.
SEARCH OPERATORS

Use to: combine your search words and include synonyms

Also known as Boolean operators, search operators allow you to include multiple words and
concepts in your searches. The shaded areas on the diagrams below indicate the records retrieved
using each operator.

1. AND retrieves records containing both words.

2. In this example the shaded area contains records with both women and africa in the text.
3. It narrows your search.
4. Some databases automatically connect keywords with and.

1. OR retrieves records containing either word.

2. In this example the shaded area contains records with women, or gender, or both words in the
text.
3. It broadens your search.
4. You can use this to include synonyms in your search.

1. NOT retrieves your first word but excludes the second.

2. In this example the shaded area indicates that only records containing just Africa will be
retrieved (not those with both Africa and Asia)
3. Beware! By using this operator you might exclude relevant results because you will lose
those records which include both words.

CREATING SEARCH STATEMENTS

Use to: combine multiple search words

On most databases you can type in a search statement, which involves combining your search words
using search operators. When creating a search statement you must use brackets to ensure correct
processing of the search.
1. Words representing the same concept should be bracketed and linked with OR
eg (women or gender)
2. Groups of bracketed terms can then be linked with AND or NOT

This is an example search statement bringing together all the techniques described above:

(wom?n or gender) and agricultur* and africa*

Searches enclosed within brackets will be performed first and their results combined with the other
searches.

This is how the search would look when entered into the CAB Abstracts database

PHRASE AND PROXIMITY SEARCHING

Phrase searching
Use to: make your search more specific
Phrase searching is a useful technique which can increase the relevance of your results. Sometimes
your search may comprise common words which, when combined in an AND search, retrieve too
many irrelevant records. Databases use different techniques to specify phrase searching - check the
online help.
Some web search engines and databases allow you to specify a phrase using inverted commas.
eg "agricultural development"
eg "foot and mouth"
Hint! Some databases automatically perform a phrase search if you do not use any search operators
eg agriculture africa is not a phrase used in English so you may not find any items on the subject.
Use AND in between your search words to avoid this.
Proximity searching
 Use to: make a search more specific and exclude irrelevant records
Some databases use 'proximity operators'. These enable you to specify how near one word must be
to another and, in some cases, in what order. This makes a search more specific and excludes
irrelevant records. For instance, if you were searching for references about women in Africa, you
might retrieve irrelevant records for items about women published in Africa. Performing a proximity
search will only retrieve the two words in the same sentence, and so exclude those irrelevant
records.

Databases which have this facility vary considerably in their methods

eg: Web of Science - women same africa - retrieves records where the two words appear in the
same sentence.
Hint! Check the online help for details of proximity operators recognised by the database you are
searching.
ADVANCED SEARCH FEATURES

Many databases offer other more advanced features which you can use to refine your searches
further. These techniques include:

1. Search sets
Your results are displayed as "sets", which can be combined with other searches or new
words.
2. Field-specific searching
Most database records are made up of different fields (eg author, title etc.). Field-specific
searching allows you to select a particular field in which to search, rather than performing a
keyword search across all fields. Some databases allow you to type words into specific search
boxes, whereas in others you will need to type in the field name or its code.
Hint! Check help screens for field names or codes, and other hints on searching specific
fields.
3. Searching using indexes
It is possible to search some databases using indexes, which are usually alphabetical lists of
authors or subjects. They allow you to refine your search using the correct form of names or
terms as defined on that particular database.

(iv)ISP
ANSWER- An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing
and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as
commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain
name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.
Access providers ISP
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their
network.Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to
telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL,
typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The
Home or similar names.
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other
ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber
line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate
Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet access.
Mailbox providers
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with
access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email
for end users or other organizations.
Many mailbox providers are also access providers,while others are not (e.g., Yahoo!
Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting
services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and
individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by
implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages
through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a
proprietary protocol.
Hosting ISPs
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services
include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
Transit ISPs
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet
access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide
the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit
data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is
often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more
complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an
upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have
connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.Transit ISPs provide large
amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
Virtual ISPs
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called
a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using
services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual
network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.
 Free ISPs
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display
advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling
the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a
nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
Wireless ISP
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on
wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or
proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and
5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF
band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.

(V)WEBSITE PLANNER
Answer- As the old adage goes, if you fail to plan, you plan to fail. Building a website
without a plan is like constructing a building without blueprints. Things end up in the wrong
place, features are overlooked, and the situation is ripe for miscommunication between
website builder and client. Planning your website ahead of time will give it clear direction as
well as prevent missed deadlines and backtracking. If you are a web designer working with
clients, then this guide will help both of you to plan properly. If you are a business owner or
employee of an organization, then this guide will help lay the groundwork for your coming
website.

1. Set your purpose and goals.

What is the purpose of your website? Is it to gain publicity for your business? To sell your inventory?
To rally support behind a cause? Its important to identify your websites purpose, as well as your
target audience. You should also define your goals. How many visitors do you expect per month?
How many do you expect will sign up for your newsletter? How much in sales do you expect to
make? Set measurable, specific goals for your website that are in line with your marketing goals. An
analytics tool like Google Analytics will allow you to monitor your websites performance over time.

2. Create a budget.
Whether youre an established, mid-sized organization or a fledgling start-up, you should always set
a budget for your website expenses. This will probably include funds for web design, programming,
and web hosting (though other expenses may apply). Research the market by shopping around and
consulting with professionals. Dont sell yourself short by comparing prices alone. What you save in
money you may later pay for with a lackluster site and lots of headaches. Its better to choose team
members based on experience, insightfulness, references, and examples of work.

3. Assign roles.
1. Company stakeholders (owner, marketing manager, or whoever else represents a primary
function of the business)
2. Web developer
3. Content writer and/or editor
4. HTML/CSS professional
5. Web and graphic designer
Make sure everyone on your team knows their role and what is expected of them, and that
they stay abreast of deadlines and new developments.

4. Create a content strategy.

What kind of content will you be displaying on your website? Content is basically anything
that gives your visitors information. It can include, but is not limited to:

1. Blog posts
2. Documents
3. Video
4. Pictures (such as in a gallery)
5. Slideshows
6. Embedded social media feeds (such as your Twitter stream or Facebook page updates)
Your content strategy is the way that you plan to present your content over time. For instance,
you may want to publish two blog posts a month, and put out a free quarterly report for your
subscribers to download four times a year. Since content is such a vital aspect of a website,
bring in help if you need it. Hire a writer who is experienced with writing for the web, and
invest in some professional looking pictures of your storefront and employees.

5. Structure your website.

Decide what pages youll be using and what features will be on each one. Most websites have
an About and Contact page, but the pages you use should meet your business needs.

6. Create a mock-up.
A page mock-up, also know as a wireframe, is essentially the outline of your website (with
the initial design being the first draft). Usually created in Photoshop or Fireworks, you dont
have to put too much detail into your mock-up. Use placeholder text to fill pages, and dont
worry about details. This is just to give everyone an idea of what the website will look like.

If you dont have a design program, you can also map it out with pen and paper! When you
have a general feel of what youd like, you can send it to a designer to create or do so
yourself.

7. Start designing.
The importance of good web design cant be stressed enough. Good website design includes
both usability and aesthetics. An ugly website will drive away visitors, as will a website
thats difficult to navigate. Keep in mind some basic concepts of usability as you go:

1. Make your navigation easy to understand and easy to find. Research shows that most users
expect website navigation to be vertical and centered at the top of the page.
2. Use an easy-to-read font for blocks of text. Choose a background color and text color that
contrast well (Hint: No red text on a hot pink background).
3. Make sure your site fits the screen. Use responsive design (or an equally effective
approach) to make your website one that adapts to all screen sizes.
4. Keep your website light so that it loads quickly.
5. Make the company logo and tag line prominent on the page.
6. Keep styles and colors consistent across the website.
7. Make copy clear and concise, and put important information and features (e.g., your
newsletter sign-up form) above the fold.
8. Make notes about what to include in the style sheet as you design, as you want to keep
style and function separate. This is important, not only to comply with web standards, but
to make it easier to change something in the future if you need to.
9. You should also design with the future in mind. For instance, your website may only have
a few blog posts now, but what about when you have two hundred?

8. Test it out.
Testing is important for getting out bugs out and catching details that you might have missed
initially. Make sure your website shows up the way you want it to in all browsers, including
Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and mobile web browsers like Safari and Opera Mini.
Test it on your cell phone, your tablet, and your colleagues cell phones and tablets too. You
want your site to have a consistent appearance no matter what screen it shows up on. Make
sure all of the links work, that the images are properly sized, and that youve replaced all of
the placeholders with actual content. See to it that all of the forms and other input fields are
working.

9. Maintain your site.

Once your site is launched, the work isnt over. A website is an ongoing entity that
continuously represents your company, so maintenance is very important. Monitor your
analytics software to see how your website is performing with the public. Keep an eye on
metrics like your number of unique visitors, bounce rate, and which pages are most popular
on your website. You might find that certain metrics are more useful to you than others, but
that is information youll find out over time.

You should also have a plan for maintaining the website, such as who is responsible for
posting new content or monitoring site security. And of course, get feedback from your users.
Feedback is a valuable tool for improvement.

Planning a website ahead of time is just as important as planning anything else in business,
yet this step often gets overlooked by those anxious to claim their piece of internet real estate.
Taking the time to plan your website is a great investment, and it will better you chances of
having a finished product that serves you well for as long as you need it.

Q3-Explain the concept of web technology in detail. Also explain the internet explorer
web browser.
Answer- Web technologies are infrastructural building blocks of any effective computer
network: Local Area Network (LAN), Metroplitan Area Network (MAN) or a Wide Area
Network (WAN), such as the Internet. Communication on a computer could never be as
effective as they are without the plethora of web technologies in existence.
Computers and other network devices need to communicate. A mechanism must make it
possible for a computer to communicate with another computer on the same network or
another network. The mechanism must ensure that a message moves from the sender to the
recipient, enable the receiver to retrieve the message and send feedback, and acknowledge
reception or failure of communication.

According to Microsoft.com, some examples of web technologies include:

1) Mark-up languages including HTML, CSS, XML, CGI and HTTP;

2) Programming Languages and Technologies which help in creating applications for the
web; some of the languages are Perl, C#, Java and Visual Basic .Net;

3) Web servers and server technologies which facilitate request handling on a network where
different users have to share the same resources and communicate with one another;

4) Databases, which are crucial for data and information storage on a computer network; and

5) Business applications customized for specific execution of tasks on a network.

In short, web technology provides a platform for effective communication among different
users and devices on a computer network.
You probably know that computers don't communicate with each other the way that you and I do.
Instead, computers require code, which is then turned into commands and binary to allow the
machines to process the needed information. Billions upon billions of ones and zeros getting
processed every second give you the information that you need.
So what does that have to do with your ability to post your latest pictures online? Everything.

The methods with which we as humans interact with computers doing this number crunching
around the world is referred to as web technology. In the past few decades, it has accelerated
greatly, from a few marked up web pages to the ability to do very specific work on a network
without interruption. In this lesson, we'll dig further into web technologies before seeing where the
trends are taking us.

Examples
It may be easier to think of web technology as a gradual process of evolution, many of which are still
in use today. First, try imagining a network without web technologies. You would have direct access
to each individual computer, but there wouldn't be the ability to run anything off the cloud, so to
speak. In other words, any time you wanted to look at a piece of information, you would have to do
it with a direct link to the host computer. This is, simply put, inefficient.
Thankfully, web technologies exist to do away with such inefficiencies by providing us with ways to
interact with hosted information. One of the most basic of these are the ways with which we
interact with websites. Using a variety of markup language, from basic HTML to the flashiest versions
of CSS, these can do everything from deliver text to produce incredible graphics.

Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet
Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a discontinued series of graphical web
browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line
of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on
package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or
in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases
of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows.
Internet Explorer was one of the most widely used web browsers, attaining a peak of about
95% usage share during 2002 and 2003. This came after Microsoft used bundling to win
the first browser war against Netscape, which was the dominant browser in the 1990s. Its
usage share has since declined with the launch of Firefox (2004) and Google Chrome (2008),
and with the growing popularity of operating systems such
as macOS, Linux, iOS and Android that do not run Internet Explorer. Estimates for Internet
Explorer's overall market share range from 5.45% to 27.38% or by StatCounter's numbers
ranked 3rd, just after Firefox (or even as low as 6th when counting all platforms,
after Opera (and behind Safari), as of August 2016 (browser market share is notoriously
difficult to calculate). Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in
the late 1990s, with over 1,000 people working on it by 1999.
Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced,
including Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX),
an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and an embedded OEM version called
Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile made for Windows
Phone, Windows CE, and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile.
On March 17, 2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge will replace Internet Explorer
as the default browser on its Windows 10 devices. This effectively makes Internet Explorer
11 the last release. Internet Explorer will, however, remain on some versions of Windows 10
primarily for enterprise purposes. Starting January 12, 2016, only Internet Explorer 11 is
supported with more security than older versions, according to Microsoft. Support varies
based on the operating system's technical capabilities and its support lifecycle.
The browser has been scrutinized throughout its development for use of third-party
technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early
versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities, and the United States and the European
Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the
detriment of fair browser competition.