Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Plaintiff,
Case No. 17 C 5720
v.
Judge Harry D. Leinenweber
JEFFERSON BEAUREGARD
SESSIONS III, Attorney
General of the United States,
Defendant.
General.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Named after a fallen New York City police officer, the Byrne JAG
- 2 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 3 of 41 PageID #:1118
City of Chicago (the City) has received Byrne JAG funds since
Def.s Br.) The two new conditions require, first, that local
- 3 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 4 of 41 PageID #:1119
- 4 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 5 of 41 PageID #:1120
(a) In General
- 5 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 6 of 41 PageID #:1121
prevent and solve crimes and maintain public order, safety and
its residents. Ibid. Since the mid-1980s, the City has had in
- 6 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 7 of 41 PageID #:1122
custody.
- 7 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 8 of 41 PageID #:1123
b.
- 8 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 9 of 41 PageID #:1124
conditions on the Byrne JAG grant program, the City filed suit
- 9 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 10 of 41 PageID #:1125
II. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard
1113, 1116 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def.
the opposing party, the last two factors merge. Nken v. Holder,
- 10 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 11 of 41 PageID #:1126
precedent, the Court must also weigh the harm the plaintiff
will suffer with one. Harlan v. Scholz, 866 F.3d 754, 758 (7th
Cir. 2017).
- 11 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 12 of 41 PageID #:1127
396.
- 12 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 13 of 41 PageID #:1128
conditions on the Byrne JAG grant. The fact that Congress did
- 13 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 14 of 41 PageID #:1129
[. . .]
- 14 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 15 of 41 PageID #:1130
that authorization for the formula grant, the Byrne JAG grant,
- 15 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 16 of 41 PageID #:1131
Pinson & Riley, P.S., 836 F.3d 808, 811 (7th Cir. 2016) (It is
grant:
- 16 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 17 of 41 PageID #:1132
464 U.S. at 23. What is more, [w]e do not lightly assume that
- 17 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 18 of 41 PageID #:1133
including its use of the term may, implies that any authority
JAG grants.
- 18 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 19 of 41 PageID #:1134
and that authority has not been conferred through Section 10102.
the separation of powers doctrine and are ultra vires. The City
impose them.
- 19 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 20 of 41 PageID #:1135
(A) In general
To request a grant under this part, the chief
executive officer of a State or unit of local
government shall submit an application to the Attorney
General within 120 days after the date on which funds
to carry out this part are appropriated for a fiscal
year, in such form as the Attorney General may
require. Such application shall include the following:
[. . .]
[. . .]
- 20 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 21 of 41 PageID #:1136
the statute.
statute. See, Jackson v. Blitt & Gaines, P.C., 833 F.3d 860,
- 21 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 22 of 41 PageID #:1137
The Court will not stretch the natural meaning of the text,
Sandifer v. U.S. Steel Corp., 134 S.Ct. 870, 876 (2014) (It is
- 22 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 23 of 41 PageID #:1138
Dominos Pizza, Inc., 45 F.3d 493, 497 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (noting
Dept of Health & Human Servs. v. F.L.R.A., 844 F.2d 1087, 1094-
- 23 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 24 of 41 PageID #:1139
condition.
- 24 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 25 of 41 PageID #:1140
recipients. This may be true, but the fact that the Attorney
- 25 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 26 of 41 PageID #:1141
States, 521 U.S. 898, 935 (1997); New York v. United States, 505
States, 567 U.S. 387, 398 (2012); see also, Gregory, 501 U.S. at
459 (In the tension between federal and state power lies the
promise of liberty.).
federal law shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the
- 26 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 27 of 41 PageID #:1142
1373(b).
- 27 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 28 of 41 PageID #:1143
Id. at 32.
- 28 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 29 of 41 PageID #:1144
The Second Circuit found that Section 1373 did not compel
service, and therefore did not run afoul of the rules gleaned
from the Supreme Courts Printz and New York decisions. City of
New York, 179 F.3d at 35. Rather, the court held that Section
information with the INS. Ibid. The Court found that the Tenth
at 37.
- 29 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 30 of 41 PageID #:1145
- 30 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 31 of 41 PageID #:1146
City of New York does not fully address or answer two arguments
- 31 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 32 of 41 PageID #:1147
advance the ball either. See, e.g., Reno, 528 U.S. at 151
- 32 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 33 of 41 PageID #:1148
presented with, nor could it uncover, any case holding that the
York and Printz. See, Printz, 521 U.S. at 935; New York, 505
- 33 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 34 of 41 PageID #:1149
Section 1373 mandates that state and city employees have the
In this way, Section 1373 may implicate the logic underlying the
- 34 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 35 of 41 PageID #:1150
establish.
C. Irreparable Harm
Inc., 749 F.2d 380, 386 (7th Cir. 1984). Injury to reputation
Enterprises, Inc., 695 F.3d 676, 680 (7th Cir. 2012). Here, the
- 35 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 36 of 41 PageID #:1151
new conditions the Attorney General has placed on the funds and
(1) Trust between local law enforcement and the people they
- 36 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 37 of 41 PageID #:1152
F.2d at 386.
modest Byrne JAG funds on public safety and argues that the City
Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 381 (1992).
same way, forcing the City either to decline the grant funds
- 37 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 38 of 41 PageID #:1153
Chicago, 651 F.3d 684, 698700 (7th Cir. 2011); Doe v. Mundy,
as follows:
- 38 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 39 of 41 PageID #:1154
will likely not cause any harm akin to that alleged by the City.
Kansas v. United States, 249 F.3d 1213, 1227 (10th Cir. 2001)
injunction).
Thus, the Court finds that the City has established that it
entered.
their positions.
- 39 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 40 of 41 PageID #:1155
The City and amici strongly emphasize the studies and other
Bus. v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519, 538 (2012) (noting that the
policy judgments).
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, the Court grants the City a
- 40 -
Case: 1:17-cv-05720 Document #: 78 Filed: 09/15/17 Page 41 of 41 PageID #:1156
of the notice and access conditions on the Byrne JAG grant. The
merits.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
- 41 -