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Submitted by
G RAJESH
AM.EN.U4ECE13117, BTech (2013-2017)
Electronics and Communication Engg.
Amrita School Of Engineering
Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Amritapuri
The History
The 1940,s were a time of critical food shortage in our country. The
traditional approach to cultivation was not of much help in finding asolution to this
problem. And nitrogenous fertilizer had not yet arrived on the agriculture scene in
sufficient quantities to make any perceptible impact. A revolution was indeed
necessary to change the status quo. And when it came, it did through the vision of
Dr. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, the Dewan of the former Travancore State, who
mooted the idea of increasing food production by the application of fertilizer as a
long term solution to food problem. To give concrete shape to his idea, he sought
the help of Seshayee Brothers Ltd. Industrialist known for their pioneering work.
And Indias first large-scale fertilizer plant was set up in 1944 at Udyogamandal on
the banks of the river periyar in Kerala State. The new venture of course had to go
through many teething troubles. For instance, the raw materials necessary for the
production of ammonium salts were not available in the state. But this deficiency
was overcome by adopting a revolutionary method known as the FIREWOOD
GASIFICATION PROCESS.
However, initial difficulties notwithstanding, the plant at Udyogamandal
went into commercial production in 1947, with the slated capacity to manufacture
50,000 tonnes of Ammonium Sulphate (10,000 tonnes of N). This was followed by
the production of SUPERPHOSPHATE in a new plant with a capacity of 44,000
tones. A sulphuric acid plant of 75 tonnes per day was also installed which was
considered large going standard at that time. Meanwhile the inner dynamics of
FACT was finding another expression in the formation of new unit with the help of
the State Government and Methur Chemical & Industrial Corporation Ltd., for the
production of caustic soda which later become todays Travancore-Cochin
Chemical Ltd., a Kerala Government undertaking. This indeed was a big leap
forward as it replaced all the imports of that product, saving a considerable amount
of foreign exchange. FACT was the first to use its by-product, chlorine, as
hydrochloric acid to produce Ammonium Chloride. These by-products produced
by FACT paved the way for setting up of other industrial units around the FACT
complex viz. Hindustan Insecticide Ltd., Indian Rare Earth Ltd., etc.
Expansion.
In the late 50s, the Udyogamandal Division launched its first expansion with
an outlay of Rs. 3 crores. Highlights of the period were the installation of two
plants to produce Phosphoric Acid and Ammonium Phosphate(16:20 Grade). The
second stage of expansion involving Rs.2 crore saw the replacement of the
Firewood Gasification Process and the Electrolytic Process by the Texaco Oil
Gasification Process for which a new plant was set up. FACT became a Kerala
State Public Sector Enterprise on 15th August1960. On 21st November 1962, the
Government of India became the major share holder. The 2nd stage of expansion
of FACT was completed in 1962.
The 3rd stage of expansion of FACT was completed in 1965 with setting up
of a new Ammonium Sulphate Plant. FACT has been a pace-setter in marketing
evolving a continuous and comprehensive package of effective communication
with farmers and promotional programs to increase the fertilizer consciousness
among our farmers. In fact, FACT was the first fertilizer manufacturer in India to
introduce the village adoption concept since 1968 to improve agricultural
productivity and enhance the overall socio-economic status of farmers. FACT has
a well organized marking net work, capable of distribution over a million tones of
fertilizers. With the licensing of Cochin Division in 1966 FACT further expanded
and by 1976 the production of sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and Urea was
started. In 1979 Production of NPK was commercialized.
Technical Divisions
The Cochin Division of FACT, the 2nd production unit was set up at
Ambalamedu and the 1st phase was commissioned in 1973. The 2ndphase of
FACT Cochin Division was commissioned in 1976. The project was designed to
produce Ammonia which would be converted to Urea and also to produce high
analysis, water soluble NP fertilizers. This division comprises of a number of large
capacity plants to produce Ammonia, Urea, Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid and
Fertilizers like FACTAMPHOS 20-20and DAP 18-46.
FACT has also a Research & development Department which carries out
research related to fertilizers. This Division is also capable of doing fundamental
research in areas of fertilizers and chemicals technology. So far FACT R & D has
taken 17 patents in areas like Sodium Fluoride, Sulphuric Acid and Ammonium
Phosphate.
PRODUCTS & PRODUCT MIX
PRODUCTS
Finished products
Ammonium Sulphate- Udyogamandal Division
Ammonium Phosphate/ Complex fertilizers / Factamfos Udyogamandal
Division & Cochin Division
Caprolactum- Petrochemical Division
Biofertilizers - Research & Development Division
Exported Products
Caprolactum - Petrochemical Division
Ammonium Sulphate - Udyogamandal Division
Byproducts
Nitric Acid & Soda Ash- Petrochemical Division
Gypsum - Udyogamandal Division & Cochin Division
Carbon Dioxide Gas - Udyogamandal
Intermediary Products
Ammonia - Udyogamandal & Cochin Division
Synthesis Gas - Udyogamandal Division
Sulphuric Acid- Udyogamandal & Cochin Division
Oleum - Udyogamandal Division
SO2 Gas - Udyogamandal Division
Phosphoric Acid - Udyogamandal & Cochin Division
GENERAL SAFETY
Safety is the state of being "safe" ,the condition of being protected against
physical, social, occupational, or other types or consequences of failure,
damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-
desirable. Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to
achieve an acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from
the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It
can include protection of people or of possessions.
There are two methods for classifying an industry into MHAI unit-
Fire triangle
The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for
understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires. The triangle illustrates the
three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing
agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and
combined in the right mixture, meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a
thing. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the
elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket
removes the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire.
Classification of fire
Class A: Ordinary combustibles- Class A fires consist of ordinary
combustibles such as wood, paper, fabric, and most kinds of trash.
Class B/C: Flammable liquid and gas. These are fires whose fuel is
flammable or combustible liquid or gas. Flammable liquids are
designated "Class B", while burning gases are separately designated
"Class C". A solid stream of water should never be used to extinguish
this type because it can cause the fuel to scatter, spreading the flames.
The most effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is by
inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry
chemical extinguishing agents, although smothering with CO2 or, for
liquids, foam is also effective.
Class C or Class E: Electrical fires are fires involving potentially
energized electrical equipment. This sort of fire may be caused by
short-circuiting machinery or overloaded electrical cables. Electrical
fire may be fought in the same way as an ordinary combustible fire,
but water, foam, and other conductive agents are not to be used.
Carbon dioxide CO2, and dry chemical powder extinguishers such
as PKP and even baking soda are especially suited to extinguishing
this sort of fire.
Class D :Metal - Class D fires consist of combustible metals such
asmagnesium, potassium, titanium, and zirconium.
Class K or F - Class K fires involve unsaturated cooking oils in well-
insulated cooking appliances located in commercial kitchens.
INSTRUMENTS
VALVES
Safety Valves
Control Valves
Control valves are valves used to control conditions such
as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or
closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a "setpoint"
to a "process variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in
such conditions.
The positioner is a device mounted on a control valve that receives control
signal from a DCS or any host system. The signal can be a 4-
20mA/HART/Fieldbus, etc. The positioner receives the signal and understands the
desired (target) position of the valve.
E.g.,A positioner working on a 4-20mA signal range receives a
12mA means the valve has to be positioned at 50% open. Without a positioner, the
valve might not be positioned at 50% due to several factors such as fluid forces,
friction, etc. The positioner sends pressure to the actuator in order to position the
valve at 50%. The positioner is also physically connected with the valve stem, so it
receives feedback about the current position of the valve. Based on the feedback,
the positioner adjusts the output to the actuator if required. In short, the ultimate
function of the positioner is to ensure that the desired opening of the valve is
achieved in response to the control signal received from the host system.
Solenoid Valves:
Solenoid valves are used for quick controlling (or to trip a system).
Normally they are used when an emergency control in flow is to done. Solenoid
valves are much faster than other valves.
A solenoid valve is the combination of a basic solenoid and mechanical
valve. So a solenoid valve has two parts namely- Electrical solenoid, mechanical
valve.
Solenoid converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and this energy is
used to operate a mechanical valve that is to open, close or to adjust in a position.
When the coil is energized , the resulting magnetic field pulls the plunger to the
middle of the coil. The magnetic force is unidirectional a spring is required to
return the plunger to its un energized position.
Key Note :
All the instruments are configured to have a 4-20ma current signal or 1-5 v
as the output. Since a 4-20mA signal is least affected by electrical noise and
resistance in the signal wires, these transducers are best used when the signal must
be transmitted long distances. It is not uncommon to use these transducers in
applications where the lead wire must be 1000 feet or more.
While the operating voltage is device specific, most of the devices use 24V
DC or 110v DC as input voltage.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSYTEM DCS
System Overview
Desktop ICS
The ICS on the desktop, the main body, CRT and keyboard are separated.
PICS
A general-purpose PC used as ICS.
Node
A remote input and output unit that passes the field signals to FCS control
unit via remote buses.
Engineering Work Station (EWS)
A workstation with engineering capabilities used for system configuration
and system maintenance.
V Net
Real time control bus for linking FCS, ICS and ABC.
E Net
The information LAN of the system for linking ICSs and EWS.
There are 4 panels on the human machine interface -Graphic Panel, Control
Panel, Overview Panel and Trend Panel .
Up to ten panels can be tiled or cascaded on display. Since the panels with the
required information can be promptly switched, the speedy operation and
monitoring becomes possible. By shrinking the size of panels to one fourth, four
panels can be displayed on one screen.
DCS in Caprolactum (PD) plant- EMERSON DELTA V
Advanced Control
The DeltaV system enables you to quickly deploy state-of-the-art intelligent
control for improved plant performance, without the implementation and
maintenance problems associated with traditional advanced control systems. With
embedded intelligent control, such as fuzzy logic, model predictive control, and
neural network function blocks, advanced applications can be implemented with
minimal effort.
DATA INTEGRATION
Device Integration:
The DeltaV system enables your plant and maintenance team to easily monitor
field device health status. Based on real-time diagnostics from intelligent field
devices, your staff can respond quickly and make informed decisions to prevent
unexpected shutdowns. Integrated machinery protection and prediction deliver
critical feedback on the health of your plants rotating machinery asset.
Enterprise Integration:
Ready access to continuous and event historical process information is
critical to operating, analyzing, and optimizing your plant. This collected
information also needs to be available to applications beyond the control system
boundaries, such as laboratory information and enterprise resource planning (ERP)
systems. The DeltaV system integrates via standard-based open communications
enabling control data to be provided to the experts who need it, anywhere.
ENGINEERINGHARDWARE
Controllers:
The DeltaV controllers provide communication and control between the field
devices and the other nodes on the control network. These powerful controllers
have embedded intelligent control to optimize your loops all the time. The S-
series controllers have all the features of the M-series controllers with the added
support for electronic marshalling and the wireless I/O card.
DeltaV Operate gives operators an intuitive view into the process
with easy, one click access to alarm summaries, alarm faceplates, trends, display
navigation, and online help. DeltaV diagnostics extend not only to the system
components but beyond to cyber security and intelligent deice and machinery
monitoring increasing process uptime and reducing unplanned shutdowns.
Key Note: Similarly, the Captive Power Plant CPP(PD) uses ABB DCS
and ammonia plant (UD) uses TATA Honeywell DCS, working in a similar
manner as in the above mentioned DCSs.