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FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ADVANCED ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

BETI 1333 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2016/2017

LAB 2: AC CIRCUIT (RLC)

NAME OF GROUP 1.
MEMBERS &
MATRIX NUMBER
2.

3.

COURSE

DATE

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1.

2.

EXAMINERS COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS

1
1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of this experiment, students will be able to;


1. Analyze RC, RL and RLC circuits.
2. Determine voltage, current and impedance for RC, RL and RLC circuits.

2.0 EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT

1. Function generator
2. Resistor
3. Variable capacitor
4. Variable inductor
5. Digital multimeter

3.0 SYNOPSIS & THEORY

3.1 RC Circuit:

Impedance

The combination of resistance from the resistor and capacitor in an AC circuit


is called impedance (Z). The calculation of the total impedance of an AC
circuit must be done using the vector approach because of the phase shift
difference arising from the capacitor behavior. So, Z is not the addition of R
and Xc.

The impedance, ; unit in Ohm ()

R
0 0 I

Xc

270

Figure 3.1a Vector Diagram for Impedance (RC series circuit)

The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

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Series RC Circuits Network

RC circuits are commonly used as filters and phase shifters in an electronics


circuits. In filters, it can operate as a low pass filter, high pass filter & etc.
Using it as a phase shifters allows the original signal to be shifted a certain
amount of degree.

Figure 3.1b Basic RC


Circuit
= Voltage across resistor R
= Voltage across capacitor C
= Source voltage

Note that in an AC resistive circuit, the current (I) and voltage ( ) are always in
phase (no phase different). However, in an AC capacitive circuit, the current (I)
and voltage ( ) are always out of phase at 90 degree distance. Hence when
we combined a resistor and capacitor in series in an AC circuit, the current (I)
and voltage ( ) is totally 90 out of phase which is as shown in Figure 3.1c.
As a result, the formula cannot be directly used. In this case,
vectors diagrams are used to determine the co-relationship between the AC
supply voltage (Vs) and the potential voltage drop across the resistor (R) and
the capacitor (C).
i
0
0

270

Figure 3.1c: Vector Diagram for series RC

The source voltage can be calculated using the following formula:

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The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

By referring to Figure 3.1b, in a series RC circuit current is the same at


everywhere. Thus, current can be calculated using the following equation:

3.2 RL Circuit:

Impedance

The combination of resistance from the resistor and inductor in an AC circuit is


called impedance (Z). The calculation of the total impedance of an AC circuit
must be done using the vector approach because of the phase shift difference
arising from the capacitor behavior. So, Z is not the addition of R and .

The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

The Q Factor of an inductor is given as:

The impedance, ; unit in Ohm ()

Series RL Circuits Network

4
R

AC L

Figure 3.2a Figure 3.2b

= Potential difference across L


= Potential difference across R
= Voltage source

Inductive reactance,

Using Ohms Law, we can calculate the voltage, current by using the following
equations:

=
=

In an AC RL series circuit as shown in Figure 3.2a, the current, is still the


same at every potential point in the circuit and current, is still in the same
phase with which is as shown in Figure 3.2b. However, is -90 out of
phase with which is also as shown in Figure 3.2b. As a result, the formula
= cannot be directly used. In this case, vectors diagrams are used to
determined the co-relationship between the AC supply voltage ( ) and the
potential voltage drop across the resistor (R) and the inductor (L).

The source voltage can be calculated using the following formula:

3.3 The RLC Circuits

Series RLC Circuits

5
R

AC

Figure 3.3a Figure 3.3b

Figure 3.3a shows a basic RLC circuit.


When frequency is low, C will be open circuit and virtually no current flow
through the circuit.
When frequency is high, L will be open circuit and virtually no current flow
through the circuit.
At resonance frequency, , only R will limit the current flowing.

The capacitive reactance,

The inductive reactance,

If the inductive reactance is larger than the reactive capacitance , then the
total impedance Z:
; = voltage across resistor R
; = voltage across inductor L
Else if Xc is larger than XL , the total impedance Z:
; = voltage across capacitor C

By referring to Figure 3.3b, voltage across the resistor, , will be in phase with
the current. Voltage across the inductor, , will lead the current by 90. Voltage
across the capacitor, , will lag the current by 90.

4.0 LAB PROCEDURE

Part 4.1: RC Circuit

Procedure Results

Consider the series RC network circuit as in FIG below Part 1: RC Circuit

6
of the AC CIRCUIT (R,L,C) module.

R = 1K, C = 22nF

1. Set the frequency of the function generator so that


frequency = 1kHz sine wave.

2. Connect a voltmeter to the output of the function


generator of Analog Trainer. Switch the voltmeter to AC
voltage reading mode.

3. Tune the amplitude of the function generator so that


the output AC voltage is ~1Vac. Record this voltage,
at Table 4.1 given.

4. By using jumper wire, connect the output of the


function generator to FIG below ac input pin and connect
the GND pin too. Connection is as shown in figure below.

Function Gen

5. By using voltmeter, measure the ac voltage across


resistor, and ac voltage across capacitor,
. Record both values by using Table 3.1.

6. By using the following formula and the at


step 5, calculate the ac current, I.

7. By using ammeter, measure the ac current, of


the circuit and record at Table 4.1.

Note: Steps to measure the ac current are as below.


- Turn off the power.
- Remove jumper J1.
- Switch ammeter to AC current reading mode.
- Connect the probe as figure below.

- Turn on the power.

8. By using the and at step 5 and the

7
following equation, calculate . Record the value
at Table 4.1.

9. By using at step 5, at step 7


calculate .

10. By using the calculated at step 9, calculate


C by using the following equation.

11. By using the following formula, calculate .

12. Compare the capacitor value calculated at step 10


and the capacitor value on the circuit.

13. Repeat the procedures from step 1 to step 12 by


using different frequency values which are 4Khz and
5Khz.
Note: After setting the frequency, make sure still
~1Vac. If not tune the amplitude.

14. Discuss the results on Table 4.1 as frequency


change.

f(Hz)
1K
4K
5K
Table 4.1

Part 2: RL Circuit

Procedure Results

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Considered the series RL network circuit as in FIG
below of the AC CIRCUIT (R,L,C) module. Part 2: RL Circuit

R = 1K, L = 47mH 3.

1. Set the frequency of the function generator so that


frequency = 1kHz sine wave.
5.
2. Connect a voltmeter to the output of the function
generator of Analog Trainer. Switch the voltmeter to AC
voltage reading mode. 7.

3. Tune the amplitude of the function generator so that


the output AC voltage is ~1.5Vac. Record this voltage,
at Table 4.2 given.

4. By using jumper wire, connect the output of the


function generator to FIG below ac input pin and connect
the GND pin too. Connection is as shown in figure below.

11. Percentage error: _________


Function Gen

14.

5. By using voltmeter, measure the ac voltage across


resistor, and ac voltage across inductor, . Record
both values by using Table 4.2.

6. By using the following formula and the at step 5,


calculate the ac current, I.

7. By using ammeter, measure the ac current, of


the circuit and record at Table 4.2. Compare the ac
current calculated and the ac current measured. Discuss
on it.

Note: Steps to measure the ac current are as below.


- Turn off the power.
- Remove jumper J1.
- Switch ammeter to AC current reading mode.
- Connect the probe as figure below.

- Turn on the power.

8. By using the following formula, at step 6 and

9
at step 5 calculate . Record the value
at Table 4.1.

9. By using at step 8, calculate L by using the


following equation.

10. Compare the real inductor value with the L calculated


at step 9.

11. How much is the percentage error? (If the percentage


error is more than 15%, there should be some calculation
error. Try to re-measure and recalculate all the answer.)

12. Repeat the procedures from step 1 to step 11 by


using different frequency values which are 2Khz and
6Khz.
Note: After setting the frequency, make sure still
~1.5Vac. If not, tune the amplitude.

13. Discuss the results on Table 4.2 as frequency


change.

3. By using the following formula, calculate and .

f(Hz)
1K
2K
6K
Table 4.2

Part 3: RLC Circuit

Procedure Results

Considered the series RLC network circuit as in FIG Part 3: RLC Circuit

10
below of the AC CIRCUIT (R,L,C) module.
3.
R = 1K, L1 = 47mH, C1 = 22nF

1. By using jumper wire, connect the output of the


function generator to FIG below ac input pin and
connect the GND pin too. Connection is as shown
in figure below.

Function Gen
4. Phase diagram

2. Set the

5. Z =
3. Calculate

4. Sketch the phasor diagram of an RLC circuit.

5. Calculate the Z by referring to the phasor diagram


sketched at step 4.

6. Measure the by using a voltmeter in AC voltage 6.


mode. Calculate the I.

7. Measure current I by using an ammeter in AC


current mode. Compare the result in step 6.

8. Measure the by using a voltmeter in AC voltage


7. I =
mode. Then, calculate by using the the current
measured in step7.

9. By using calculated in step 8, calculate the C 8.


value.
=

9. C =

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5.0 CONCLUSION

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