UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN PHINMA EDUCATION

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
ARCHT. DAVID A. BAUTISTA, uap, pia

CHAPTER 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE

PRE-HISTORIC STRUCTURES
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY KNOWN TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Dwellings
2. Religious Monuments
3. Burial Mounds
I. Dwellings
A. Rock cave natural cave, artificial cave, cave above ground
B. Tents and Huts made from tree barks, animal skin, and plant leaves

II. Religious Monuments

Classifications of Religious Structures:
A. Monolith isolated single upright stone also known as menhir
Menhir memorial of victory over one tribe
B. Megalithic are several number of stones
- Means 'large stone' and in general, the word is used to refer to any
huge, human-built or assembled structure or collection of stones or
boulders. Typically, though, megalithic monument refers
to monumental architecture built between about 6,000 and 4,000 years
ago in Europe, during the Neolithic and Bronze ages.

The most common Megalithic structures are:

1. Dolmen 2 or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab
2. Cromlech 3 or more upright stones capped by a flat stone. Indicates
a place of religious rites, e.g. found at Lanyon, Cornwall
3. Stone Circle or Stone Row made up of 3,000 stones
e.g. Stonehenge located at Wiltshire and on Salisbury Plain
 DOLMEN

STONEHENGE
 2. BURIAL MOUNDS
TUMULI or Barrows are earthen mounds used for burials of several to couple
hundred of ordinary persons
 -

CHAPTER 2 - EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 5000 B.C. - 1ST CENTURY B.C.

2 TYPES OF STRUCTURES - TOMBS & TEMPLES

3 TYPES OF TOMBS

1. MASTABA are tomb houses that were made to take the body at full length
- flat top and tapered
2. PYRAMID - were built because the Egyptians believe in life after death and for the
preservation of the dead body. The pharaoh is not only king but also god both political
and religious ruler.
- there are three types of pyramid
a. Step Pyramid ex. Pyramid of King Zoser built by Imhotep is the oldest surviving
masonry building in the world.
b. Bent Pyramid also known as Blunt Pyramid
- Ex. Pyramid of King Seneferu
c. Slope Pyramid ex. Pyramid of the Cheops or Khufu (146.4 mts high and 750 sq.ft.
 PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX

1. ELEVATED CAUSEWAY
2. OFFERING CHAPEL
3. MORTUARY
4. VALLEY BUILDING

3. ROCK HEWN TOMBS known to be The Tomb of Nobility cut deep into the mountain
rock

PARTS OF A MASTABA:
 STEPPED BLUNT SLOPED

TE

TEMPLE OF RAMESES II
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Luxor
TEMPLE OF LUXOR
 PYLON

TEMPLE OF LUXOR
OBELISK

AVENUE OF SPHINX
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:

1. SIMPLICITY
2. MONUMENTALITY
3. SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS

SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION:

POST AND LINTEL, COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED

FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE:

1. BATTERWALL inclination from base to top of the faade

- Characteristic feature of Egyptian external walls
2. HIEROGLYPHICS used as ornaments, pictures and writings from the walls

TEMPLES are sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can enter

2 TYPES OF TEMPLES:

1. MORTUARY built to honor the Pharaohs

2. CULT built for the worship of the gods.
Egyptian Architecture was designed principally for internal effect

PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE:

1. Pylon massive sloping towers fronted by obelisks and are known as gateways
2. Hypaethral Court large outer court that is open to the sky
3. Hypostyle Hall a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on columns
4. Sanctuary usually surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with
the temple service
5. Avenue of the Sphinx where mythical monsters were placed
6. Obelisks are monumental pillars usually in pairs at the temple entrances considered
the symbols of Heliopolis the sun god. They are square in plan and stands at the
height of 9 to 10 times the diameter of the base.
7. SPHINX A mythical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man or
androsphinx, or body of a lion & head of a hawk or heiraosphinx, or a body of a lion
and head of a ram or criosphinx
8. CAPITALS AND COLUMNS
Bud and Bell Capital
Polygonal Columns
Papyrus Capital
Volute Capital
Palm-type Capital
Square Pillars
Hathor-headed Capital
Osiris Pillars
9. MOULDINGS GORGE AND HOLLOW MOULDING
were used to cover the angles

10. ORNAMENTS
a. Lotus, Papyrus and Palm for fertility
b. Solar Discs and Vultures with wings for protection
c. Spiral and Feather Ornament for eternity
d. Scarab or sacred beetle for resurrection