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DRAWING
SECTIONAL VIEW
ASSEMBLY VIEW
DETAIL DRAWING
AHLI KUMPULAN:
KELAS: DKM1C
TYPE OF SECTION
FULL SECTION
To create a full section, the cutting plane passes fully through the object.
Used in many cases to avoid having to dimension hidden lines.
HALF SECTIONING
A half sectioning expose the interior of ine half of an object while retaining the
exterior of other half
OFFSET SECTIONING
An offset sectioning is produced by bending the cutting plane to show features
that dont lie in the same plane.
Dimensioning techniques
All dimension lines and arrowheads must lie in the planes of the object towhich they
apply. Align dimensions and notes shown with leaders to thebottom of the
drawing. Notes without leaders should also align with thebottom of the drawing.Use
single-stroke gothic letters for dimensions andlettering on drawings.
Show sufficient dimensions to define size, shape, and position of each feature.
Place dimensions on the view that most clearly represents the form of the
geometric component of the part.
Express each dimension so that it can be interpreted in only one way Place dimensions
outside of the object outline except when it helps to clarify.
Never use centerlines, object lines, or extension lines as dimension lines.
Select and arrange dimensions to minimize the accumulation of tolerances between
related features.
Do not double dimension. Do not locate a feature by more than one tolerance dimension
in any one direction.
Never cross dimension, extension, and leader lines unless absolutely necessary. Never
break a dimension line except for inserting dimensions
Never break a dimension line except for inserting dimensions
. Never run an extension or leader line through a dimension line or break it except where
it passes through or is adjacent to arrowheads.
Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.
Express angular dimensions in degrees (), in minutes () and seconds (),or in decimal
parts of a degree
Do not use zeros before the decimal point for values less than 1 inch
Enclose dimensions in. parentheses or mark REF when it is (1) repeated on the same
drawing, (2) specified on subordinate documents, (3) an accumulation of other
dimensions, or (4) shown for information only.
Do not use the word TYPICAL or the abbreviation TYP. Instead ,indicate
(in parentheses) the number of places to which the dimension applies (2 PLS)
Size and location
Size
Location
Hole centre
Centrelines and extension line used
Centrelines between holes
Extension lines beyond holes
Dimension on one side of vie
BASIC CONCEPT
used to show how to assemble parts of a kit such as furniture, how to assemble a
complex part of a building or to show the relationship between a number of
details.
Assembly Drawing
Assembly Drawing: An assembly drawing is a drawing of an entire machine or
system with all of its components located and identified.
Subassembly Drawing
Subassembly:Two or more parts that form a portion of an assembly.
Drawing Order
Drawings included in a working drawing package should be presented in the
following order.
Isometric view of assembly drawing
Size
The size of drawings reflects the materials available and the size that is convenient to transport
rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The draughting process may
impose limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a
consistent paper size system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used in
modern architectural practice is ISO A0 (841 mm 1,189 mm or 33.1 in 46.8 in) or in the
USA Arch E (762 mm 1,067 mm or 30 in 42 in) or Large E size (915 mm 1,220 mm or
36 in 48 in).[3]
Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so that relative sizes are correctly represented. The
scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will fit on the chosen sheet size, and to show
the required amount of detail. At the scale of one eighth of an inch to one foot (1:96) or the
metric equivalent 1 to 100, walls are typically shown as simple outlines corresponding to the
overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an inch to one foot (1:24) or the nearest common metric
equivalent 1 to 20, the layers of different materials that make up the wall construction are shown.
Construction details are drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to 1 scale).
Scale drawings enable dimensions to be "read" off the drawing, i.e. measured
directly. Imperial scales (feet and inches) are equally readable using an ordinary ruler. On a one-
eighth inch to one foot scale drawing, the one-eighth divisions on the ruler can be read off as
feet. Architects normally use a scale ruler with different scales marked on each edge. A third
method, used by builders in estimating, is to measure directly off the drawing and multiply by
the scale factor.
Dimensions can be measured off drawings made on a stable medium such as vellum. All
processes of reproduction introduce small errors, especially now that different copying methods
mean that the same drawing may be re-copied, or copies made in several different ways.
Consequently, dimensions need to be written ("figured") on the drawing. The disclaimer "Do not
scale off dimensions" is commonly inscribed on architects drawings, to guard against errors
arising in the copying process.
Material
The drawings that are used to give information for the manufacture or
construction of a machine are called as working drawings. Working drawings
must include all the knowledge for the production of a machine or structure
explicitly so that no further information is required to complete the production.
The description given by the set of working drawings will include:
1. The graphical representation of the shape of each part, namely shape description.
2. The dimensions of each part; size description.
3. Explanatory notes on the individual drawings, giving the specifications of material, heat
treatment, and surface finish.
4. A descriptive title on each drawing.
5. Relationships of each part to the others (in assembly drawings)
6. Part list.
It must be noted that the working drawings used for purposes of manufacturing
are superior to design layouts. Design layouts are prototype assembly drawings
from which working drawings evolve. The below figure is an example of a design
layout.
Tolerences
According to the standard, the purpose of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
(GD&T) is to describe the engineering intent of parts and assemblies. The datum
reference frame can describe how the part fits or functions. GD&T can more
accurately define the dimensional requirements for a part, allowing over 50%
more tolerance zone than coordinate (or linear) dimensioning in some cases.
Proper application of GD&T will ensure that the part defined on the drawing has
the desired form, fit (within limits) and function with the largest possible
tolerances. GD&T can add quality and reduce cost at the same time thru
producibility.
There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied (these can be found on
page 7 of the 2009 edition of the standard):
All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to
variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus
tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or
general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related
Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum,
maximum, stock or reference.
Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling
of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension
and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional
dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the
function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one
interpretation.
Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be
described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry
(due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be
applied to visible lines in true profiles.