Detailed instructions

Exercises with answers

DI N T TNG NG
TRONG K NNG VI T IELTS

PARAPHRASING
IN IELTS WRITING SKILL
collected and shared by TR N M NH TRUNG

1 - 2016
PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 01)
(DIN T TNG NG BNG TING ANH PHN 01)
(source: internet)

Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it

is significantly different from the original source, without changing
the meaning. Effective paraphrasing is a key academic skill needed
to avoid the risk of plagiarism: it demonstrates your understanding
of a source.
Paraphrasing and summarising are normally used together in
essay writing, but while summarising aims to reduce information
to a suitable length, paraphrasing attempts to restate the relevant
information. For example, the following sentence:
There has been much debate about the reasons for the
industrial revolution happening in eighteen-century Britain, rather
than in France or Germany.
could be paraphrased:
Why the industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the
eithteenth century, instead of on the continent, has been the subject
of considerable discussion.
Note that an effective paraphrase usually:
- has a different structure to the original
- has mainly different vocabulary
- retains the same meaning
- keeps some phrases from the original that are in common use e.g.
industrial revolution or eighteenth century.

EXERCISE 01: Read the text below and the evaluate the three
paraphrases, giving reasons. Which one is the best?

THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Allen (2009) argues that the best explanation for the British
location of the industrial revolution is found by studying demand
factors. By the early eighteenth century high wages and cheap
energy were both features of British economy. Consequently, the
mechanisation of industry through such inventions as the steam
engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers
were able to economise on labour by spending on coal. At that
time, no other country had this particular combination of expensive
labour and abundant fuel.

Paraphrase 1:
A focus on demand may help to explain the UK origin of the
industrial revolution. At that time workers pay was high, but
energy from coal was inexpensive. This encouraged the
development of mechanical inventions based on steam power,
which enabled bosses to save money by mechanising production
(Allen, 2009).

Paraphrase 2:
The reason why Britain was the birthplace of the industrial
revolution can be understood by analysing demand in the early
1700s, according to Allen (2009). He maintains that, uniquely,
Britain had the critical combination of cheap energy from coal and
high labour costs. This encourage the adoption of steam power to
mechanise production, thus saving on wages and increasing
profitability.
Paraphrase 3:
Allen (2009) claims that the clearest explanation for the UK
location of the industrial revolution is seen by examining demand
factors. By the eighteenth century cheap energy and high wages
were both aspects of the British economy. As a result, the
mechanisation of industry through inventions such the steam
engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers
were able to save money on employees by spending on coal. At
that time, Britain was the only country with significant deposits of
coal.

2
Paraphrase 1:

Paraphrase 2:

Paraphrase 3:

==============================================

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 01:

Paraphrase 1: Quite good, but lack of precision (at that time) and
unsuitable register (bosses).
Paraphrase 2: The BEST paraphrase, with all main points included
and a significantly different structure.
Paraphrase 3: A poor paraphrase, with only a few words changed
and extra and inaccurate information added (Britain was the only
coutry )

PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 02)

(DIN T TNG NG BNG TING ANH PHN 02)
(source: internet)

TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING

1. Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:
Examples:
argue => claim eithteenth century => 1700s
wages => labour costs economise => saving
Note: Do not attempt to paraphrase every word, since some have no true
synonym, e.g. demand, economy, energy
2. Changing word class:
explanation (n.) => explain (v.) mechanical (adj.) => mechanise (v.)

3
profitable => profitability (n.)
3. Changing word order:
Example:
the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is
found by studying demand factors.
=> A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the industrial
revolution.

EXERCISE 02: Read the following text below and then practise
the techniques illustrated above.

FOUR WHEELS GOOD

The growth of the car industry parallels the development of
modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off
in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the mocing
production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor
manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s
Alfred Sloans management theories helped General Motors to
become the worlds dominant car company. After the second world
war the car makers focused on the styling of their products to
encourage more frequent model changes. From the 1970s there
was criticism of the industry due to the ineffciency of most
vehicles, which used petrol wastefully. At the same time, trade
unions became increasing militant in defence of their members
jobs. Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in
the world. However, many car makers are currently threatened by
increased competition and saturated markets.

A. Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words.

1. The GROWTH of the CAR industry PARALLELS the

DEVELOPMENT of MODERN capitalism.
2. It BEGAN in France and Germany, but TOOK OFF in the
United States.

4
3. There Henry Ford ADAPTED the mocing PRODUCTION line
from the Chicago meat industry to MOTOR manufacturing, THUS
inventing mass production.

B. Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then re-
write the sentences.
1. In the 1920s Alfred Sloans MANAGEMENT theories
HELPED General Motors to become the worlds DOMINANT car
company.
2. After the second world war the car makers FOCUSED on the
STYLING of their products to encourage more frequent model
changes.
3. From the 1970s there was CRITICISM of the industry due to the
INEFFICIENCY of most vehicles, which used petrol
WASTEFULLY.

C. Change the word order of the following sentences (other

changes may be needed):
1. At the same time, trade unions became increasing militant in
defence of their members jobs.
2. Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the
world.
3. However, many car makers are currently threatened by
increased competition and saturated markets.

===============================================

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02:

(A number of possibilities are acceptable here. These are
suggestions)

A. Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words.

1. The RISE of the AUTOMOBILE industry MATCHES the

PROGRESS of CONTEMPORARY capitalism.

5
2. It STARTED in France and Germany, but ACCELERATED in
the United States.
3. There Henry Ford MODIFIED the moving ASSEMBLE line
from the Chicago meat industry to CAR manufacturing,
THEREBY inventing mass production.

B. Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then re-
write the sentences.

1. In the 1920s, WITH THE HELP FROM THE MANAGERICAL

theories OF ALFRED SLOAN, General Motors DOMINATED the
worlds car companIES.
2. After the second world war the THE FOCUS OF CAR
MAKERS WAS ON THE STYLE of their products, to encourage
more frequent model changes.
3. From the 1970s the INDUSTRY WAS CRITICISED FOR ITS
INEFFICIENT vehicles, which WASTED petrol.

C. Change the word order of the following sentences (other

changes may be needed):

1. At the same time INCREASINGLY MILITANT trade unions

DEFENDED their members jobs.
2. Some of the most famous brands in the world ARE TODAY
OWNED BY THE INDUSTRY.
3. CURRENTLY, SATURATED MARKET AND INCREASED
COMPETITION THREATENED many car makers.

==============================================

SYNONYMS (Part 01)

(T NG NGHA Phn 01)
(source: internet)

6
 Synonyms are different words with a similar meaning. A
good writer uses them to avoid repetition and thus provide more
interest for the reader. Synonyms should also be used when
paraphrasing or note-making to avoid plagiarism.

a. Synonyms are not always exactly the same in meaning, but it is

important not to change the register. Firm is a good synonym for
company, but boss is too informal to use for manager.

b. Many common words such as culture, economy or industry have

no effective synonyms.

EXERCISE 01:

Underline the synonyms and put them in pairs.

Royal Dutch Shell is the largest oil company in the world by

revenue, with a significant share of the global hydrocarbon market.
The giant firm employ over 100,00 people internationally,
including over 8,000 employees in Britain.

EXERCISE 02:

Put these words in pairs of synonyms.

NOUNS: area, authority, behaviour, beliefs, benefit, category,

component, concept, controversy, drawback, expansion, feeling,
framework, goal, hypothesis, interpretation, issue, method, option,
quotation, results, statistics, study, trend, output, advantage, part,
argument, disadvantage, tendency, field, source, emotion, target,

7
eplanation, conduct, topic, possibility, ethics, production, research,
theory, increase, idea, citation, figures, type, structure, system,
findings.
VERBS: accelerate, achieve, alter, analyse, assist, attach,
challenge, claim, clarify, concentrate on, confine, develop,
elimimate, evaluate, found, maintain, predict, prohibit, quote, raise,
respond, retain, show, strengthen, change, help, question, suggest,
explain, evolve, examine, establish, insist, speed up, take apart,
join, reach, decrease, demonstrate, increase, cite, reinforce,
remove, focus on, forecast, ban, limit, keep, reply.

****************************************************

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 01:

1. largest giant
2. oil hydrocarbon
3. company firm
4. in the world global/internationally
5. people - employees

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02:

NOUNS:
1. area = field
2. authority = source
3. behaviour = conduct
4. beliefs = ethics
5. benefit = advantage
6. category = type
7. component = part
8. concept = idea
9. controversy = argument
10. drawback = disadvantage
11. expansion = increase

8
12. feeling = emotion
13. framework = structure
14. goal = target
15. hypothesis = theory
16. interpretation = explanation
17. issue = topic
18. method = system
19. option = possibility
20. quotation = citation
21. results = findings
22. statistics = figures
23. study = research
24. trend = tendency
25. output = production
VERBS:
1. accelerate = speed up
2. achieve = reach
3. alter = change
4. analyse = take apart
5. assist = help
6. attach = join
7. challenge = question
8. claim = suggest
9. clarify = explain
10. concentrate on = focus on
11. confine = limit
12. develop = evolve
13. eliminate = remove
14. evaluate = examine
15. found = establish
16. maintain = insist
17. predict = forecast
18. prohibit = ban
19. quote = cite
20. raise = increase

9
21. reduce = decrease
22. respond = reply
23. retain = keep
24. show = demonstrate
25. strengthen = reinforce

==============================================

SYNONYMS (Part 02)

(T NG NGHA Phn 02)
(source: internet)

EXERCISE 02:

Find synonyms for the capitalised words and phrases , re-writing

sentence where necessary.

a. Professor Hicks QUESTIONED the FINDINGS of the

RESEARCH.

b. The STATISTICS SHOW a steady EXPANSION in

applications.

c. The institutes PREDICTION has caused a major

CONTROVERSY.

d. Cost seems to be the LEADING DRAWBACK to that

SYSTEM.

10
e. They will CONCENTRATE ON the first OPTION.

f. After the lecture she tried to CLARIFY her CONCEPT.

g. Three ISSUES need to be EXAMINED.

h. The FRAMEWORK can be RETAINED but the GOAL needs to

be ALTERED.

i. OPEC, the oil producers cartel, is to CUT PRODUCTION to

RAISE global price.

j. The TREND to smaller families has SPEED UP in the last

decade.

EXERCISE 03:

Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and

linking them to the word they are substituting for.

The chairman of the UKs food standards agency has said

that a national advertising campaign is necessary to raise low level
of personal hygiene. The organisation is planning a $ 3m publicity
programme to improve British eating habits. A survey has shown
that half the population do not wash before eating, one in five fail
to wash before preparing food. There are over six million cases of
food poisioning in this country every year, and the advertising blitz

11
aims to cut this by 20 per cent. This reduction, the food body
believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to
meals.

EXERCISE 04:

In the following text, replace all the numbered words or

phrases in capital type with suitable synonyms.

Many motor manufacturers are currently planning to start

making electric cars. Their PLAN (1) is to MAKE CARS (2) that
are cheaper and less polluting. But the MOTOR
MANUFACTURERS (3) face several key difficulties. One KEY
DIFFICULTY (4) is the limited range of the battery, while another
DIFFICULTY (5) is its cost and weight. But the MOTOR
MANUFACTURERS (6) predict that these DIFFICULTIES (7)
will soon be oevrcome and PREDICT (8) that 10 per cent of cars
will be powered by electricity in five years time.

*****************************************************
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES:

EXERCISE 02: (Others are possible)

a. Professor Hicks challenged the results of the study.

b. The figures demonstrate a steady increase in applications.

c. The institutes forecast has caused a major debate.
d. Cost seems to be the principal disadvantage to that method.
e. They will focus on the first possibility.
f. After the lecture she tried to explain her theory.
g. Three topics need to be evaluated.
h. The structure can be kept but the aim needs to be modified.
i. OPEC, the oil producers cartel, is to reduce output to increase
global price.

12
j. The tendency to smaller families has accelerated in the last
decade.

EXERCISE 03:
1. agency = organisation
2. UK = Britain = this country
3. agency = organisation = body
4. advertising campaign = publicity programme = advertsing blitz
5. to raise = to improve
6. to cut = reduction
7. before eating = prior to meals

EXERCISE 04: (Example answers others possible)

1. plan = aim
2. make cars = manufacture vehicles
3. motor manufacturers = car makers
4. key difficulty = principal problem
5. difficulty = obstacle
6. motor manufacturers = automobile producers
7. difficulties = challenges
8. predict = forecast

Ti li u chia s t i DI N N H C TI NG ANH
Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
H NG C UNIVERSITY

13
 MORE EXERCISES ON PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS
(Collected by TRAN MANH TRUNG HONGDUC UNIVERSITY)

A. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH

EXERCISE 01: Write denitions of the following branches of human biology and
medicine shown below.

(Note: do not use exactly the same grammatical structure or the same verb or
noun in more than one defi nition.)

Example:

- Anatomy is the study of how the body is structured and the way in which the various
components are linked together.
= An anatomist studies the structure of the body and how its parts t together.

(Note: the changes made in terms of grammar and / or use of synonyms)

Anatomy (the science) > anatomist (scientist).

The study (noun) > studies (verb).

Is structured (verb) > the structure (noun).

Components (noun) > parts (noun).

Fit (active verb) > are linked (passive verb).

SCIENCE AREA OF STUDY

1. biochemistry chemical processes occurring in and around body cells

2. cardiology problems relating to heart and blood vessels

3. genetics DNA, chromosomes and genes + inheritance mechanisms

4. neurology disorders of nervous system

5. psychiatry mental illness prevention and treatment

1
B. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING NOUNS INTO VERBS

EXERCISE 02: Replace the phrases in italics with a verb and make any other
necessary changes.

Example:

- The presence of mixtures of saccharide materials make the identi cation of a plant gum in a
paint sample a dif cult task .
= The presence of mixtures of saccharide materials make it dif cult to identify a plant gum in a
paint sample .

1. The use of a microscope is essential for a full comprehension of the technique.

2. In certain environments this could lead to an enhancement in the lipid

preservation.

3. The anaerobic bacteria can cause a strong degradation of the wood.

4. The amount formed is strictly dependent on the degree of oxidation, thus the
values observed present a high variability and are in uenced by many factors.

5. Samples were directly monitored for the observation of the morphological

characteristics.

6. The assessment of this index was carried out by means of the correlation
function.

7. The heating of the probe can be carried out in two different ways:

8. The main drawbacks are the increase in volume and weight of the residue which
causes the loss of the advantage of the incineration process , and the production of
a material that might still be very hazardous for the environment.

9. This solution implies the reaching of a consensus among these processes.

10. The authors wish to thank the Department of Political Sciences for the setting up
and coordination of the project.

2
C. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD
ORDER 01

EXERCISE 03: Rewrite the sentences below so that (1) the word order is different
(where possible), and (2) at least one element changes from, for example, verb to
noun, or noun to verb, or active to passive, or adjective to adverb.

Examples:

The examples below show two different ways to change the sentence. However, you only need to
nd one way. No key is given for this exercise as there are many ways to paraphrase each
sentence
X is different from Y in a number of respects.
= There are a number of important differences between X and Y.
= X differs from Y in several fundamental ways.

This tool is targeted at end-users.

= The target of this tool is end users.
= End users are the target of this tool.

This survey provides a summary of the relevant literature.

= This article aims to do widen current knowledge of this topic.
= Summarizing the most pertinent papers in the eld is the focus of this article.

1. Our experiments conrm previous results [Wiley 2009].

2. We found much higher values with respect to those reported by Pandey [2000].

3. These discrepancies are negligible due to the fact that

4. To the best of our knowledge no other authors have found that x = y.

5. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that x = y.

6. Figure 1 clearly shows that these values reach a peak when x = y.

7. There is a possibility that dissimilar evaluations would have arisen if the focus
had been on x instead of y.

8. Many attempts have been made [Kim 2009, Li 2010, Hai 2011] aimed at
improving performance.

9. As far as we know this is the rst time that this system

3
D. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD
ORDER 02

EXERCISE 04: Follow the instructions to the previous exercise.

1. The samples were prepared as required by current norms.

2. A great deal of attention must be paid when handling the samples.

3. This method suffers from a number of pitfalls.

4. We would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help
this work would never have been possible:

5. It is very likely that participants may have answered the questions incorrectly.

6. The reasons for this result are not yet entirely understood.

7. Despite the limitations of this method, and consequently the poor results in Test 2,
our ndings do nevertheless suggest that

8. Given that this was only a preliminary attempt, it is hardly surprising that there
were some discrepancies.

9. The benets in terms of performance far outweigh the additional costs.

10. As anticipated, there were some discrepancies due to the massive amount of data
being processed.

4
E. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 01

EXERCISE 05: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.

1. Last century this procedure was considered to be the most

2. Previous work has only focused on addressing the symptoms rather than the
cause.

3. Concerns have arisen which question the validity of

4. This paper outlines a new approach to

5. The aim of our work was to further current knowledge of

6. Vitous [2015] has provided a new denition, in which

7. A growing body of literature has examined [Ref].

8. An increase in the number of cases was rst noted by

9. Experiments with this system were conducted in 2009 by a group of researchers

from

10. He claims that

5
F. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02

EXERCISE 06: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.

1. Many experts now contend that rather than using Pappovs approach it might be
more useful to

2. To assess whether plastic could be converted into gold we

3. The set up we used can be found in [Ref 2].

4. Our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to the one proposed by Smith
[2014].

5. The apparatus consists of three main parts.

6. The interface can easily be customized to suit all requirements .

7. The resulting ad hoc device can function in various elds.

8. Having this system enabled us to incorporate several new parameters

9. The interviewees were divided into two groups .

10. No signicant difference was revealed between the two methods.

6
G. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02

EXERCISE 07: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.

1. We began this project three years ago.

2. This underlines just how important this system is .

3. This conrms previous ndings in the literature

4. Further tests carried out with this system conrmed our initial ndings . 5. As
expected, our experiments prove that.

6. The cost of this system could account for the fact that it is rarely used.

7. This research has raised the need for further investigation .

8. As was mentioned in the Methods,

9. Table 2 proves that this system is

10. Figure 1 presents the data on the new system .

Ti li u chia s t i DI N N H C TI NG ANH
Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG

7
H. FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 01

EXERCISE 08: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold.

1. This has many uses in the eld of

2. A major defect of this procedure is

3. In this report we

4. A recent review of the literature on this topic [2012] found that

5. Southerns group [5] calls into question some past assumptions about this
procedure.

6. The method is essentially the same as that used by Kirk [2009] with some
changes .

7. This component is fully compliant with international norms .

8. The software application used to analyze the data was SoftGather (Softsift plc,
London).

9. The main criteria for selecting the samples was not mentioned at all.

10. In all cases patients consent was obtained .

8
I. FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 02

EXERCISE 09: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold.

1. In the rst step of the process

2. This new equipment has the ability to outperform all previous versions.

3. Our procedure is a clear improvement on current methods .

4. Our study provides additional support for alternative methods for treating this
disease.

5. Apart from this slight discordance, the result is conrmation of

6. There are several possible explanations for this result .

7. The results point to the likelihood that the species will be extinct within 5 years.

8. Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate

9. These ndings suggest the following directions for future research:

10. An important issue to resolve for future studies is

9
J. FINDING SYNONYMS: ADJECTIVES

EXERCISE 10: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold.

1. It is straightforward to verify that

2. Malaria is the main cause of

3. Greening the Internet has become a central issue in

4. Many hypotheses regarding this system appear to be ill-dened.

5. In their seminal paper of 2001, Peters and Jones

6. Kamoss [23] assumptions seem to be realistic .

7. Their approach is not well suited to

8. The traditional approach to sample collection is to

9. Our results were disappointing . However,

10. One possible application of our technique would be

10
K. FINDING SYNONYMS: ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 01

EXERCISE 11: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold.

1. Since the focus of the study was on a new system, we decided to

2. There has been some disagreement concerning whether x is equal to y or not.

3. Several authors have attempted to de ne emotional intelligence, but as yet there

is still no accepted de nition.

4. The fonts , i.e. the form of the characters, are of various types .

5. Little is known about

6. Many experts contend, however , that this evidence is not conclusive.

7. Statistical signi cance was analyzed by using SoftGather.

8. The aim of this system is to increase performance. Consequently we .

9. We chose this particular apparatus because it is inexpensive.

10. The samples were prepared as described by Jude [2010] .

11
L. FINDING SYNONYMS: ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 01

EXERCISE 12: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold.

1. Almost two-thirds of the participants (64%) commented that

2. In response to Question 1, most of those surveyed indicated that

3. Interestingly , only 78 year olds were able to nd the answer.

4. There were no signicant differences between the two systems in terms of cost.

5. Overall, our results show this machine outperforms all the others on the market.

6. The correlation between the two procedures is worth noting because

7. In contrast to earlier ndings [Castenas, 2009], we

8. Despite the lack of agreement, we believe our ndings compare well with

9. Although there was some inconsistency

10. We hope that our research will be helpful in solving this dif culty. At the same
time we believe that ....

12
M. PARAPHARASING BY CHANGING WORD ORDER

EXERCISE 13: Rewrite these sentences by putting the part in bold at the beginning
of the sentence. Make any changes that you feel are necessary.

1. There are several categories of race and ethnicity. These include Hispanic,
American Indian and Filipino.

2. There are three categories of rendering techniques . These are A, B, and C.

3. Someone who spends their day thinking about existential problems is called a
philosopher.

4. Someone who spends their day thinking about existential problems is called a
philosopher.

5. The usual length of the rod is two meters.

6. The usual length of the rod is two meters.

7. The disease may be caused by water pollution, contaminants in food etc.

8. The categorisation combines the ideas from previous taxonomies.

9. It is still not fully understood how the brain works .

10. A courier delivered the package .

THE END

*************************************************************

13
 P N CC BI TP B SUNG
(PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS)

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02:

1. [ Using ] a microscope is essential for fully understanding / in order to fully

understand the technique.

2. In certain environments this could enhance the lipid preservation.

3. The anaerobic bacteria can considerably degrade the wood.

4. The amount formed strictly depends on the degree of oxidation, thus the values
observed are very variable and are in uenced by many factors.

5. Samples were directly monitored [in order] to observe the morphological

characteristics. 6. This index was assessed by means of the correlation function.

7. The probe can be heated in two different ways:

8. The main drawbacks are the increase in volume and weight of the residue which
means the advantage of the incineration process is lost , and a material is produced
that might still be very hazardous for the environment.

9. This solution implies reaching a consensus among these processes.

10. The authors wish to thank the Department of Political Sciences for setting up and
coordinating the project.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 05:

1. viewed as / seen as

2. been limited to / failed to address

3. been raised

4. proposes / describes / presents

5. extend / widen / broaden

6. put forward / proposed

7. investigated / studied / analyzed / evaluated

8. reported / found
14
9. carried out / performed

10. argues / maintains / suggests / points out / underlines

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 06:

1. believe / argue

2. determine / check / verify / determine

3. is reported / is detailed

4. is very similar to / is reminiscent of / is based on

5. is made up of / is composed of

6. tailored / adapted / modi ed

7. is able to / has the capacity to

8. allowed us to / permitted us to / meant that we could

9. split / broken down

10. found / identied / detected / observed / highlighted

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 07:

1. started / initiated / commenced

2. highlights / stresses / proves / demonstrates

3. supports / lends support to / substantiates

4. corroborated / concurred with

5. anticipated / predicted / forecast / hypothesized

6. be the reason for / explain why

7. given rise to

8. stated / noted / discussed / reported

9. shows / demonstrates / illustrates / highlights

10. reports / shows / details

15
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 08:

1. roles / applications

2. difculty / drawback / disadvantage / aw

3. paper / review / study

4. subject / matter / area

5. hypotheses / theories

6. modi cations / alterations / adjustments

7. regulations / standards

8. program / package

9. reasons / rationale

10. subjects / participants

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 09:

1. phase / stage

2. capacity / potential

3. advance

4. further evidence for / considerable insight into

5. discrepancy / disagreement / nonalignment

6. nding / outcome

7. probability

8. tests / studies

9. opportunities

10. matter / question / problem

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 10:

1. easy / trivial

2. leading / primary / major

16
3. important / critical

4. unfounded / not well grounded / unsupported / questionable / disputable /

debatable

5. groundbreaking / cutting edge

6. well-founded / well-grounded / plausible / reasonable / acceptable

7. appropriate for / suitable for

8. classical / normal / usual

9. unsatisfactory / below expectations

10. potential / promising

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11:

1. Given that / As

2. regarding / with regard to

3. currently / at the time of writing

4. that is to say

5. Not much / Very little

6. instead / on the other hand /

7. through the use of / via

8. As a result / Therefore / Thus / Hence

9. on account of the fact that / since

10. in accordance with / according to / following / in line with

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12:

1. Just under / Approximately.

2. Nearly all / The majority.

3. Surprisingly / Unexpectedly.

4. With regard to Z / As far as Z is concerned.

5. Taken as a whole / Generally speaking / With a few exceptions.

17
6. Interesting / Of interest / Noteworthy / Worth mentioning.

7. In contradiction with / Unlike.

8. Notwithstanding.

9. Even though / Despite the fact that.

10. In addition / Further / Furthermore.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13:

1. Hispanic, American Indian and Filipino are examples of the various categories of
race and ethnicity.

2. Rendering techniques can be subdivided into three categories: A, B, and C.

3. A philosopher is someone who spends their day thinking about existential

problems.

4. Existential problems are what a philosopher spends his / her day thinking about.

5. The rod is usually two meters long / in length.

6. Two meters is the usual length of the rod.

7. Water pollution, contaminants in food and such like may cause the disease .

8. The ideas from previous taxonomies are combined in the categorisation.

9. How the brain works is still not fully understood.

10. The package was delivered by courier.

========================================================

THE END

=========================================================

18