8 Polyflow - 12.1 Rheology PDF

Chapter 8
Rheology
Introduction to
ANSYS Polyflow
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-1 June 2010
Introduction to POLYFLOW training
Training Manual
Introduction to Rheology
Extrudate swell at a circular die exit:

z successively at low flow rate, at high flow rate, and when
viscoelasticity competes with inertia

Training Manual
Introduction to Rheology
Weissenberg effect:
z Melt climb-up along a rotating rod, respectively at low and
high angular velocity

Training Manual
Generalized
G li d Newtonian
N t i Fluid
Fl id or
Non-Newtonian Inelastic Fluid
The constitutive equation governing a generalized Newtonian fluid is:
T = 2 (&, T )D
where is the viscosity
y which can be dependent
p on shear
rate & and temperature T
D is the rate-of-deformation tensor defined as D =

1
2
(v + v T )
& is the local shear rate defined as & = 2tr ( D 2 ).

Training Manual
Vi
Viscosity
it Laws
L
The following viscosity models are available in POLYFLOW.
In general, the viscosity law can be written as:
(&, T ) = F (& )H (T )
The following laws are available for shear-rate dependence of

viscosity:
Constant F (& ) = o
where o is the viscosity at zero shear
rate.
Power law F (& ) = K ( & )n 1

Training Manual
Viscosity Laws
Bird-Carreau
Bird Carreau
( )
n 1
F (& ) = + ( o ) 1 + & 2 2 2
for shear thinning fluids
Bingham
0
F (& ) = 0 + & & c
&
&
0 2
&c
F (& ) = 0 + & < &c
&c
for yield stress materials (mud, dough, etc.)

Training Manual
Viscosity Laws
Cross
(& ) = 0
1 + (& )
m
Carreau-Yasuda
C Y d
[
(& ) = + ( 0 ) 1 + (& ) b
]
n 1
b

Training Manual
Vi
Viscosity
it Laws
L
The following laws are available for temperature

dependence of viscosity H( ).
Constant viscosity
H (T ) = 1
Arrhenius law
1 1
H (T ) = exp
T T0 T T 0
is a material coefficient (linked to the activation energy)
is a reference temperature
0 is a scaling temperature (absolute temperature)
Approximate
pp Arrhenius law
H (T ) = exp[ (T T )]
Training Manual
Viscosity Laws
Fitting of experimental material data with the viscosity

models are available in ANSYS POLYFLOW:
z Use of POLYMAT module
z For generalized Newtonian fluid
for isothermal simulation : need at least one curve of viscosity
versus shear-rate
shear rate
For non-isothermal simulation : need at least 2 curves of viscosity
versus shear-rate at different temperatures

Training Manual
P l
Polymat
t example
l
Automatic method to perform fitting for a non-isothermal

generalized Newtonian fluid
z 4 experimental data curves at 4 temperatures (&, (& ))

z For shear-rate dependence : Carreau-Yasuda
z F temperature
For t t dependence
d d : Arrhenius approximate shear-
stress law

Training Manual
P l
Polymat
t example
l
1. Define the model

2. Define the viscosity/shear rate model
Training Manual
P l
Polymat
t example
l
3. Define the viscosity/temperature model

Training Manual
P l
Polymat
t example
l
4. Add the 4 experimental curves

5. run automatic fitting
Training Manual
P l
Polymat
t example
l
6. Calculation of the model parameters

7. Visualize the results
Training Manual
Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations
T = T1 + T2
Equations for T1 and T2
T1 is the viscoelastic component of the extra-stress tensor
T1
g ( T1 ) T1 + = 21D
t
where 1 is the partial viscosity, is the relaxation time, and T1 is an
t
objective derivative defined as
T1
= T1 + 1 T1 for 0 2
t 2 2
T2 is the Newtonian component of the extra-stress tensor
T2 = 2 2 D
where 2 is the partial viscosity
viscosity.

Training Manual
Upper-Convected
Upper Convected Maxwell

T + T = 2 0 D
DT
With the upper-convective time derivative is defined as T= T V V T T
Dt
Oldroyd-B
T1 + T1 = 2 1 D
T2 = 2 2 D
White-Metzner

T 1 + (& ) T1 = 2 1 (& )D
T 2 = 2 2 (& ) D
where (& ), 1 (& ), and 2 (& ) are represented by the Power
law or Bird-Carreau law for shear-rate dependence.

Training Manual
Phan Thien-Tanner

exp tr (T1 ) T1 + 1 T1 + T1 = 21D
1 2 2
T2 = 2 2 D
where tr denotes the trace of a tensor.
Giesekus

I + T1 T1 + T 1 = 2 1 D
1
T 2 = 22 D (optional viscous component)

Training Manual
FENE-P
FENE P
This model stands for the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model of
a long-chained polymer. It simplifies the chain of monomers by
connecting a sequence of beads with nonlinear springs.

1 A I
T1 =
1 A 1 1
3L2 L
2
where A denotes the configuration tensor computed from

differential equation:
A I
+A =
1 A 2 1 1/L 2
3L
L is the ratio of the maximum length of the spring to its length at

rest.

Training Manual
DCPP [pom-pom]
[pom pom]
Concept
emphasis on macromolecular architecture
backbone : orientation tensor S
branches : stretching scalar
Equations, with upper- and lower- convected derivatives
T =
G
(32S I )
1

( )
1 I

1 2 S + 2 S + (1 )[2D : S ]S + 2

S 3 = 0

D
s s (D : S ) + ( 1)e 2 ( 1) q = 0
Dt
where S and are the orientation tensor and the stretching,
T is the stress tensor.
Training Manual
which model to use?

z no general rules, but
z flows in dies: Giesekus
z fiber spinning: Oldroyd
z fil casting:
film ti Giesekus
Gi k or Phan
Ph Thien-Tanner
Thi T
z strain hardening => low values for or

Training Manual
Behavior in Simple Shear Flow
N2

N1 N1

z Shear stress: = (& )& N2
shear thinning
z Normal forces: N1 (& ) = 1 (& )& 2

N 2 (& ) = 2 (& )& 2

Training Manual
Model Properties: summary

Maxwell model:
z constant shear viscosity
z quadratic first normal stress difference
z zero second normal stress difference
z strong strain hardening
Phan Thien-Tanner, Giesekus
z shear thinning
z non quadratic first normal stress difference
non-quadratic
z non-zero second normal stress difference
z adjustable strain hardening
FENE DCPP
z based on molecular description
z shear thinning
z adjustable strain hardening

Training Manual
Flow in a Circular Contraction: Simulation Results
Effect of model properties on flow predictions

Phan Thien-Tanner vs. Giesekus:
both fluid models are shear thinning
PTT exhibits successively strong strain hardening and strain
thinning
Giesekus exhibits a slow strain hardening
Vortex increases and subsequently

q y Vortex
o te slowly
s o y increases
c eases with
t
decreases with increasing flow rate increasing flow rate (Weissenberg
(Weissenberg number) number)

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Chapter 8

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Extrudate swell at a circular die exit:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

The constitutive equation governing a generalized Newtonian fluid is:

D is the rate-of-deformation tensor defined as D =

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

The following laws are available for shear-rate dependence of

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

for shear thinning fluids

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

The following laws are available for temperature

Fitting of experimental material data with the viscosity

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Automatic method to perform fitting for a non-isothermal

z 4 experimental data curves at 4 temperatures (&, (& ))

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

1. Define the model

3. Define the viscosity/temperature model

4. Add the 4 experimental curves

6. Calculation of the model parameters

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

where A denotes the configuration tensor computed from

L is the ratio of the maximum length of the spring to its length at

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

Differential Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

which model to use?

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Behavior in Simple Shear Flow

z Normal forces: N1 (& ) = 1 (& )& 2

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Model Properties: summary

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Flow in a Circular Contraction: Simulation Results

Effect of model properties on flow predictions

Vortex increases and subsequently

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