CHAPTER 11

Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross

Flow Heat Exchanger
Contents
11.1 Double Pipe and Multipipe Heat Exchangers 229
11.1.1 Calculation of double pipe and multipipe heat exchangers 229
11.1.2 Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefcient U and driving temperature gradient
LMTD and the required heat exchanger area A 232
11.2 Helical Coil Heat Exchanger 237
11.3 Cross Flow Bundle 241
Nomenclature 244
References 245

11.1 DOUBLE PIPE AND MULTIPIPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

The calculations of the heat transfer coefcient follow the equations for the heat transfer
in tubes.
On the shell side, the different hydraulic diameters for the determination of the heat
0
transfer coefcient dh and the pressure loss dh must be considered.
Double pipe heat exchangers are applied for low heat loads, small volume ows, and
high pressures (Figure 11.1).
Multitube heat exchangers with a pipe shell and several inner tubes without bafes
have a more exchange area than the double pipe equipments.

11.1.1 Calculation of double pipe and multipipe heat exchangers [1,2]

The calculations are according to the equations for the heat transfer in the tube.
Laminar: Re < 2300
! "0:33
0:33 0:33 di
Nu 1:86 " Re " Pr "
L
Intermediate region: 2300 < Re < 8000
# $
Nu 0:037 " Re0:75 # 6:66 " Pr0:42

Heat Exchanger Design Guide 2016 Elsevier Inc.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803764-5.00011-0 All rights reserved. 229
230 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Figure 11.1 Double pipe heat exchanger.

Turbulent: Re > 8000

n " c " r " 3600
Nu 0:023 " Re0:8 " Pr0:33 Pr
l
Nu " l # % 2 $
ai W m K
di
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 231

Flow velocity and Reynolds number in the tube:

Vt wt " d i
wt p m=s Re
n " di2 " n
4
Flow cross-section ashell and ow velocity wshell in the annulus or shell:

p # 2 $# $ Vshell
ashell " Di # n " do2 m2 wshell m=s
4 ashell " 3600

For the calculation of the heat transfer coefcient and the pressure loss, the hydraulic
0
diameter dh for heat exchange and d h for pressure loss are needed.
wshell " dh
Reynolds number for the heat transfer with dh: Re
n
Hydraulic diameter for double tube heat exchanger:

Di2 # n " do2

dh m
n " do

Hydraulic diameter for multitube heat exchanger:

Di2 # do2
dh m
do
0 wshell " dh0
Reynolds number Re0 for the pressure loss with dh: Re0
n
Double tube heat exchanger: dh0 Di # do
D2 # n " do2
Multitube heat exchanger: dh0 i
Di n " do
Pressure loss calculation:

wnozz " r
Nozzle pressure loss DPnozz 1:5 "
2
! "
L w2 " r
Tube-side pressure loss DPt f " z " t Pa
di 2
2
L wshell "r
Shell-side pressure loss DPshell f " 0 " Pa
dh 2
0:275
Friction factor f
Re0:2
232 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

11.1.2 Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefcient U and driving

temperature gradient LMTD and the required heat exchanger
area A
1 1 1 s
fi fo
U aio ao lwall
Dt1 # Dt2 ' Q # 2$
LMTD C A m
Dt1 U " LMTD
ln
Dt2

Example 1: Double pipe heat exchanger design

Heat load Q 3.53 kW LMTD 32.46 ' C
Inner tube 21.3 " 2 (di 17.3 mm) Shell pipe 33.7 " 2 (Di 29.7 mm)
VT 0.05 m3/h Vshell 0.3 m3/h
r 1000 kg/m3 r 1000 kg/m3
n 0.41 mm2/s n 0.8 mm2/s
c 1.16 Wh/kg K c 1.16 Wh/kg K
l 0.66 W/m K l 0.61
Pr 2.594 Pr 5.476

Tube side:

0:05
wT 0:059 m=s
3600 " 0:01732 " p=4
0:059 " 0:0173
Re 2490
0:41 " 10#6
# $
Nu 0:037 " 24900:75 # 6:66 " 2:5940:42 9:52

9:52 " 0:66 % 17:3 %

ai 363 W m2 K aio 363 " 295 W m2 K
0:0173 21:3

Shell side:

p # $
ashell " 0:02972 # 1 " 0:02132 336:3 " 10#6 m2
4

0:02972 # 0:02132 0:248 " 0:0201

dh 0:0201 Re 6230
0:0213 0:8 " 10#6
# $
Nu 0:037 " Re0:75 # 6:66 " 5:4760:42 39:39
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 233

39:39 " 0:61 %

ao 1195 W m2 K
0:0201

Overall heat transfer coefcient U:

1 1 1 0:002 %
0:0002 0:00457 U 219 W m2 K
U 1195 295 14
3530 0:5
Areq 0:5 m2 Lreq 7:5 m pipe
32:46 " 219 p " 0:0213

Pressure loss calculation for 2 " 3.75 m long tubes:

Tube side:

0:0592 " 1000 0:275

DPnozz 1:5 " 2:6 Pa f 0:058
2 24900:2
! "
7:5 0:0592 " 1000
DPt 0:058 " 1 " 46 Pa
0:0173 2
DPtot 2:6 46 48:6 Pa

Shell side:

2 inlet and 2 outlet nozzles DN 20 wnozz 0.265 m/s for 0.3 m3/h

0:2652 " 1000

DPnozz 3 " 105 Pa
2

dh0 Di # da 0:0297 # 0:0213 0:0084 m

0:248 " 0:0084

Re0 2604
0:8 " 10#6

0:275 0:275
Friction factor f 0:2
0:2
0:057
Re 2604

! "
7:5 0:2482 " 1000
DPshell 0:057 " 1 " 1596 Pa
0:0084 2

DPtot 105 1596 1701 Pa

234 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Example 2: Shell-side heat transfer coefcient in a multitube heat exchanger

Vshell 2.3 m3/h Pr 7.1 l 0.58 W/m K n 1 mm2/s

Shell diameter Di 84 mm with seven inner pipes 20 " 2, 3 m long

p # $
ashell " 0:0842 # 7 " 0:022 0:0033 m2
4

0:0842 # 7 " 0:022 0:0842 # 7 " 0:022

dh 0:0304 m dh0 0:019 m
7 " 0:02 0:084 7 " 0:02
2:3 0:194 " 0:0304
wshell 0:194 m=s Re 5897
0:0033 " 3600 1 " 10#6

Calculation of the heat transfer coefcient on the shell side with Re 5897:
# $
Nu 0:037 " 58970:75 # 6:66 " 7:10:42 41:5

Nu " l 41:5 " 0:58 %

ao 792 W m2 K
dh 0:0304

Example 3: Comparison of double pipe or multitube heat exchangers

Calculation of the double pipe heat exchanger:
Tube side:

5.2 m3/h 20/30 ' C Q 51,480 W

r 1100 kg/m3 l 0.4 W/m K c 0.9 Wh/kg K
n 2.4 mm2/s wT 1.248 m/s Pr 21.38
Inner pipe 42.4 " 2 mm di 38.4 mm

1:248 " 0:0384

Re 19; 968 Nu 0:023 " 19; 9680:8 " 21:380:33 174:14
2:4 " 10#6
174:14 " 0:4 % 38:4 %
ai 1814 W m2 K aio 1814 " 1643 W m2 K
0:0384 42:4
Shell side:
Vshell 5.2 m3/h 80/71.25 ' C Pr 2.35
l 0.666 W/m K n 0.385 mm2/s c 1.16 Wh/kg K r 974.65 kg/m3
Outer tube 70 " 2 di 66 mm

p # $
ashell " 0:0662 # 0:04242 0:002 m2 wshell 0:719 m=s
4

0:0662 # 0:04242 0:719 " 0:06033

dh 0:06033 m Re 112; 668
0:0424 0:385 " 10#6
335:4 " 0:666 %
Nu 335:4 a 3703 W m2 K
0:06033
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 235

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefcient U:

1 1 1 0:002 %
0:0002 0:001119 U 894 W m2 K
U 1643 3703 50
LMTD 50:6 ' C
51; 480 1:138
Areq 1:138 m2 Lreq 8:54 m tube
894 " 50:6 p " 0:0424

Chosen: 3 " 3 m 9 m pipe.

Pressure loss calculation for double pipe heat exchanger, 3 " 3 m 9 m tube length.
Tube side:
1:2482 " 1100
Nozzle pressure loss DPnozz 1:5 " 1285 Pa
2

Piping pressure loss DPT with friction factor f 0.034 for Re 19,968
! "
9 1:2482 " 1100
DPt 0:034 " 2 " 8540 Pa
0:0384 2

DPtot 1285 8540 9825 Pa

Shell side with three inlet and outlet nozzles DN 50

Nozzle ow velocity wSt 0.736 m/s

0:7362 " 974:6

DPnozz 3 " 1:5 " 1188 Pa
2
dh0 0:066 # 0:0424 0:0236 m

0:719 " 0:0236

Re0 44; 073
0:385 " 10#6

Friction factor f 0.0278 for Re0 44,073

9 0:7192 " 974:6

DPshell 0:0278 " " 2674 Pa
0:0236 2
DPtot 2674 1188 3862 Pa

Calculation of the multipipe heat exchanger:

Shell pipe 76.1 " 2, di 72.1 mm with seven inner tubes 16 " 1
Tube side: Cross-section area aT 0.0011077 m2
5:2 1:34 " 0:014
wt 1:34 m=s Re 7816
0:001077 " 3600 2:4 " 10#6
Pr 21:38 Nu 87:2
87:2 " 0:4 % 14 %
ai 2491 W m2 K aio 2491 " 2179 W m2 K
0:014 16
236 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Shell side:
p # $
ashell " 0:07212 # 7 " 0:0162 0:00267 m2
4

wshell 0:54 m=s Pr 2:35

0:07212 # 7 " 0:0162 0:54 " 0:0304

dh 0:0304 m Re 42; 639
7 " 0:016 0:385 " 10#6

Nu 0:023 " 42; 6390:8 " 2:350:33 154:2

154:2 " 0:66 %
ao 3378 W m2 K
0:0304
1 1 1 0:002 %
0:0002 0:000995 U 1005 W m2 K
U 2179 3378 50
51; 480 1:01
Areq 1:01 m2 Lreq 2:9 m
1005 " 50:6 p " 7 " 0:016
A heat exchanger with seven tubes of 16 " 1, 3 m long is required.
Pressure loss calculation for multipipe heat exchanger:
Tube side:
Nozzles DN 32 wnozz 1:8 m=s
1:82 " 1100
DPnozz 1:5 " 2673 Pa
2
Friction factor f 0.043 for Re0 7816

2:9 1:342 " 1100

DPT 0:043 " " 8800 Pa
0:014 2
DPtot 2673 8800 11; 473 Pa
Shell side:
Nozzles DN 50 Nozzle flow velocity wSt 0:736 m=s
1:5 " 0:7362 " 974:6
DPnozz 396 Pa
2
dh0 0:0185 m wshell 0:54 m=s

0:54 " 0:0185

Re0 25; 948
0:385 " 10#6
f 0:032 for Re0 25; 948

2:9 0:542 " 974:6

DPshell 0:032 " " 708 Pa
0:0185 2
DPtot 708 396 1104 Pa
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 237

11.2 HELICAL COIL HEAT EXCHANGER [3,4]

These equipments are used for low and average heat duties or low ow rates in order to
achieve a higher ow velocity for the heat transfer. The heat transfer areas are greater than
that of the double pipe heat exchangers, and the heat transfer is a bit better due to the
centrifugal effect.

Geometrical calculations:
q
Spiral total tube length L L N" DH " p2 T 2 m
Q
Spiral total surface area A A m2
U " Dt
A
Number of spiral windings N N
p " do " NL
Spiral height H H N " T do (m)

Tube-side heat transfer coefcient calculation:

Re > 8000
! "
0:8 0:33 Nu " l di
Nu 0:023 " Re " Pr ai aSP ai " 1 3:5 "
di DH
di
aSPa aSP "
do
238 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefcient:

1 1 1 sW
fi fo
U aSPo ashell lW
Calculation of the shell-side ow cross-section ashell and the ow velocity wshell:
p '# $ # 2 $(# 2 $
ashell " Di2 # DK 2
# DHo # DHi 2
m
4
Vshell
wshell m=s
ashell " 3600
Calculation of ashell with the hydraulic diameter De:
4 " Vf 4 " Va # Vc
De m
p " do " L p " do " L
p # $ # $ p # $
Va " Di2 # DK
2
" T " N m3 Vc " do2 " L m3
4 4
wshell " De
Re
n
Nu 0:6 " Re0:5 " Pr0:31

Nu " l # % 2 $
ashell W m K
De
Alternative calculation of ashell with the outer tube diameter do:
wshell " do
Re
n
Nu 0:196 " Re0:6 " Pr0:33
Nu " l # % 2 $
ashell W m K
do

Example 4: Design of a helical coil heat exchanger

Di 0:46 m DK 0:34 m DH 0:4 m
do 30 mm di 25 mm
T 45 mm 1:5 " da
%
Tube side : 1:55 m3 h 127 ' C/100 ' C
%
Shell side : 2:3 m3 h 30 ' C/47 ' C
Q 42; 400 W LMTD 74:9 ' C F 0:99 CMTD 0:99 " 74:9 74:1 ' C
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 239

Tube-side calculation:

di 25 mm V 1.55 m3/h r 870 kg/m3

n 0.719 " 10#6 m2/s c 1.16 Wh/kg K l 0.486 W/m K
w 0.877 m/s
0:877 " 0:025 0:719 " 10#6 " 1:16 " 870 " 3600
Re 30; 513 Pr 5:37
0:719 " 10#6 0:486

Nu 0:023 " Re0:8 " Pr0:33 0:023 " 30; 5130:8 " 5:370:33 155:7

155:7 " 0:486 %

ai 3027 W m2 K
0:025
! "
0:025 %
aSP 3027 " 1 3:5 " 3690 W m2 K
0:4
25 %
aSPo 3690 " 3075 W m2 K
30
Shell-side calculation with the hydraulic diameter De:
q q
L N " DH " p2 T 2 N " 0:4 " p2 0:0452 1:257 " N

p # $
Va " 0:462 # 0:342 " 0:045 " N 0:0034 " N
4
p
Vc " 0:032 " 1:257 " N 0:0009 " N
4

Vf Va # Vc 0:0034 # 0:0009 " N 2:504 " 10#3 " N

4 " 2:504 " 10#3 " N

De 84:52 " 10#3 m
p " 0:03 " 1:257 " N
240 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Calculation of the ow cross-section ashell:

DHa Di # da 460 # 30 430 mm
DHi DK da 340 30 370 mm
p '# $ # $(
ashell " 0:462 # 0:342 # 0:432 # 0:372 0:0377 m2
4
Calculation of the ow velocity wshell for Vshell 2.3 m3/h:
2:3
wshell 0:017 m=s
0:0377 " 3600

Calculation of the heat transfer coefcient ashell with De:

% %
v 1:71 " 10#6 m2 s c 1:16 Wh=kg K r 935 kg m3 l 0:473 W=m K
#6
1:71 " 10 " 1:16 " 935 " 3600
Pr 14:11
0:473
w " De 0:017 " 0:0845
Re 840
n 1:71 " 10#6

Nu 0:6 " Re0:5 " Pr0:31 0:6 " 8400:5 " 14:110:31 39:5
39:5 " 0:473 %
ashell 221 W m2 K
0:0845

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefcient U:

aSPo 3075 W/m2 K ashell 221 W/m2 K

1 1 1 0:0025 %
0:0002 0:0051 U 196 W m2 K
U 3075 221 50
42; 400 2:92
Areq 2:92 m2 Nreq 24:6
74:1 " 196 p " 0:03 " 1:257

Chosen: N 25

L 25 " 1.257 31.4 m H 25 " 0.045 0.03 1.155 m

Alternative calculation of ashell with do 30 mm:

0:017 " 0:03

Re 298:2
1:71 " 10#6

Nu 0:196 " Re0:6 " Pr0:33 0:196 " 298:20:8 " 14:110:33 14:46
14:46 " 0:473 %
ashell 228 W m2 K
0:03
U 201 W/m2 K
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 241

11.3 CROSS FLOW BUNDLE [5,6,7]

Cross stream bundles are rectangular tube bundles which are predominantly used for gas
cooling or heating. It will be shown how the heat transfer coefcients and pressure losses
in ows through the cross stream bundles are determined.
The convective heat transfer coefcient in the tubes is treated in Chapter 3.

Application cases:
air cooler for cooling or condensing of products in the tubes
air or water preheater with hot ue gases
Due to the poor heat transfer coefcients on the gas side, nned tubes are often used
to increase the efciency.
Calculation of the heat transfer coefcients according to Grimison [5]:

Nu K " ReM " fR

Nu " l # % 2 $
a W m K
d
The constants K and M as a function of the cross and longitudinal ratio for inline and
staggered arrangement are listed in Table 11.1.
As from 10 tube rows, the correction factor is fR 1.
PC
Cross pitch ratio sC
do
PL
Longitudinal pitch ratio sL
do

PC Cross pitch PL Longitudinal pitch

242 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Table 11.1 K- and M-values for air at different cross- and longitudinal pitch ratios according
to Grimison [5]
SC 1.25 1.5 2 3
K M K M K M K M
SL Inline tube banks
1.25 0.348 0.592 0.275 0.608 0.704 0.0633 0.752
0.100
1.5 0.367 0.586 0.250 0.620 0.702 0.0678 0.744
0.101
2 0.418 0.570 0.299 0.602 0.632 0.198 0.648
0.229
3 0.290 0.601 0.357 0.584 0.581 0.286 0.608
0.374
SL Staggered tube banks
0.6 e e e e e e 0.213 0.636
0.9 e e e e 0.446 0.571 0.401 0.581
1.0 e e 0.497 0.558 e e e e
1.125 e e e e 0.478 0.565 0.5l8 0.560
1.25 0.518 0.556 0.505 0.554 0.519 0.556 0.522 0.562
1.5 0.451 0.568 0.460 0.562 0.452 0.568 0.488 0.568
2 0.404 0.572 0.416 0.568 0.482 0.556 0.449 0.570
3 0.310 0.592 0.356 0.580 0.440 0.562 0.421 0.574

For the pressure loss, the following holds:

w2 " r
DP 2 " n " Pa
2

2 pressure loss constant n number of tube rows

w velocity (m/s) r density (kg/m3)

According to Jakob [7], the following holds for aligning arrangement:

" #
0:32 " sL
2 Re#0:15 " 0:176
sC # 10:431:13=sL

According to Jakob, the following holds for the staggered arrangement:

" #
0:47
2 Re#0:16 " 1
sC # 11:08
Example 5: Heat transfer coefcients and the pressure drop in a cross ow
bundles
air at 200 ' C and 1 bar Pr 0.685 9 0.7457 kg/m3
l 0.0368 W/mK n 34.63 mm2/s d 38 mm
n 20 sC 1.5 sL 1.5
The heat transfer coefcients and the pressure losses at different ow velocities w are calculated.
w (m/s) 5 10 15 20 25
Re 5486 10,973 16,460 21,946 27,433
Aligned arrangement: K 0.25 M 0.62
Nu 52 79.97 102.8 122.9 141.1
a (W/m2 K) 52.8 81.2 104.5 124.8 143.4
z 0.348 0.313 0.295 0.282 0.273
DP (Pa) 65 233.9 495 843 1274
Staggered arrangement: K 0.46 M 0.562
Nu 58.1 85.8 107.7 126.6 143.6
a (W/m2 K) 59 87.1 109.4 128.6 145.8
z 0.5027 0.449 0.421 0.4027 0.3886
DP (Pa) 93.7 335.5 707.5 1201.3 1811

Example 6: Calculation of the heat transfer coefcient for 18,000 m3/h air with
the physical properties of Example 5 for a tube bundle with Atot 1 m2 face area
with different cross and longitudinal pitches
a) sC 3 sL 1.5 K 0.0678 M 0.744 Ages 1 m2
sC # 1 3#1
Afree Atot " 1" 0:666 m2
sC 3
18; 000 w"d 7:5 " 0:038
w 7:5 m=s Re 8230
0:666 " 3600 n 34:63 " 10#6

Nu 55.5 a 56.4 (W/m2 K)

b) sC 3 sL 3 K 0.286 M 0.608
Nu 68.7 a 69.8 W/m2 K
c) sC 2 sL 1.5 K 0.101 M 0.702 a 70.4 W/m2 K
Afrei 0.5 m2 w 10 m/s Re 10,973 Nu 69.28
d) sC 2 sL 2 K 0.229 M 0.632
Nu 81.9 a 83.2 W/m2 K
e) sC 1.5 sL 1.5 K 0.25 M 0.62 a 104.5 W/m2 K
Afrei 0.333 m2 w 15 m/s Re 16,460 Nu 102.8
f) sC 1.5 sL 3 K 0.357 M 0.584
Nu 103.5 a 105 W/m2 K
g) sC 1.25 sL 1.5 K 0.367 M 0.586 a 148.7 W/m2 K
Afrei 0.2 m2 w 25 m/s Re 27,433 Nu 146.4
h) sC 1.25 sL 3 K 0.29 M 0.601
Nu 134.8 a 137 m2 K
244 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

NOMENCLATURE
Ashell ow cross-section in the shell (m2)
aio tube-side heat transfer coefcient based on the tube outer surface area (W/m2 K)
ao shell-side heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
ai tube-side heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
h dynamic viscosity (mPa s)
l heat conductivity of the owing product (W/m K)
lwall heat conductivity of the tube wall (W/m K)
n kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
r density (kg/m3)
Areq required heat exchange area (m2)
c specic heat capacity (Wh/kg K)
do tube outer diameter (m)
dh hydraulic diameter for heat transfer coefcient calculation (m)
0
dh hydraulic diameter for pressure drop calculation (m)
Di shell inner diameter (m)
di tube inner diameter (m)
f friction factor (-)
fi, fo fouling factors tube and shell side (m2K/W)
U overall heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
L tube length (m)
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
n number of inner tubes (-)
Nu Nubelt number (-)
Pr Prandtl number (-)
Dpshell pressure loss in the shell (Pa)
DpT pressure loss in the tube (Pa)
Dpnozz pressure loss in the nozzle (Pa)
Q heat load (W)
Re Reynolds number (-)
Vshell volumetric ow in the shell (m3/s)
VT volumetric ow in the tube (m3/s)
wshell ow velocity in the shell (m/s)
wT ow velocity in the tube (m/s)
wnozz ow velocity in the nozzle (m/s)
z number of the 180' -turns (-)
Di shell inner diameter
DK core tube outer diameter
DH average spiral diameter
do tube outer diameter
di tube inner diameter
T spiral pitch 1.5 " do
N number of spiral windings
DHo outer spiral diameter Di # do
DHi inner spiral diameter DK do
a inner gap w15 mm or do/2
b outer gap w15 mm or do/2
L total tube length
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 245

REFERENCES
[1] G.P. Purohit, Thermal and hydraulic design of hairpin and nned-bundle exchangers, Chem. Eng.
90 (1983) 62e70.
[2] D.A. Donohue, Heat transfer and pressure drop in heat exchangers, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 (1949), 2499
and Petrol.Ref. 34(1955), No. 10 and No. 11.
[3] R.K. Patil, B.W. Shende, P.K. Ghosh, Designing a helical-coil heat exchanger, Chem. Eng. 13 (12)
(1982).
[4] S.S. Haraburda, Consider helical-coil heat exchangers, Chem. Eng. 102 (1995) 149e152.
[5] E.D. Grimison, Trans. ASME 59 (1937) 583e594.
[6] O.L. Pierson, Trans. ASME 59 (1937) 563.
[7] M. Jakob, Trans. ASME 60 (1938) 381e392.