Formulas and Calculations for Drilling Operations

by G. Robello Samuel
Copyright 2010 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

Appendix: Useful
Conversion Factors

Length
1 meter = 39.37 in
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 feet = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 5280 ft = 1720 yard = 1609.344 meter
1 nautical mile = 6076 ft

Mass
1 Ibm = 453.6 g = 0.4536 kg = 7000 gr (grain)
1 Kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 Ibm
1 slug = 1 lbf s 2 /ft = 32.174 Ibm
1 US ton = 2000 Ibm (also called short ton)
1 long ton = 2240 Ibm (also called British ton)
1 tonne = 1000 kg (also called metric ton) = 2204.6 Ibm
1 kip = 1000 lb

Force
1 lbf = 4.448 N = 4.448 x 105 dynes
1 lbf = 32.174 poundals = 32.174 Ibm ft/s 2

365
366 FORMULAS AND CALCULATIONS FOR DRILLING OPERATIONS

Gravitational Acceleration
g = 32.2 ft/s 2 = 9.81 m / s 2

( l + 0.00193185138639siri2 \
9.7803267714 m/s2,
2
W l - 0.00669437999013sin X

where = the geographic latitude of the earth ellipsoid measured

from the equator in deg.

Pressure
1 atm = 14.69595 psia = 2118 lbf/ft2
= 29.92 in. Hg = 760 mm = 1.013 bars
= 33.93 ft H 7 0 = 1.013 x 10 Pa = 101.3 kPa
l P a = l N / m 2 = lO" 5 bars

Volume
1 ft3 = 7.481 US gal = 6.31 Imperial gal = 28.316 L
1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 264.2 US gal = 35.31 ft = 264.2 gal = 35.31 ft3
1 bbl = 42 US gal = 5.61 ft3
1 bbl = 9694.08 in3

Density
Water = 62.4 lbm/ft 3 = 1000 kg/m 3 = 1 g/cm 3 = 8.33 lbm/US gal
API, 60 F = (141.5/SG,60F) -. 131.5
SG, 60 F = (141.5)/(API,60F + 131.5)

Velocity
1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hr
60 mph = 88 ft/s

lbxs n
0.002088543 x e q . c P
ft 2

Temperature
F = 1.8(C) + 32
R = F+ 459.67 = 1.8 (K)
 APPENDIX: USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS 367

Energy
1 J = 1 kg m 2 /s 2 = 107 dyne
1 BTU = 777 ft lbf = 252 cal = 1055 J
1 hp hr = 2545 Btu
1 kW hr = 3412 Btu = 1.341 hp hr

Power
1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 33,000 ft lbf/min

Gas Constant
R = 1.987 Btu/lb mol R = 1.987 cal/g mol K
= 0.7302 atm ft 3 /lb mol R = 1545 ft lbf/lb mol R
= 0.08206 L a t m / g mol K
= 82.06 atm cm3 mol K
= 8314 Pa m 3 mol K ox. J/kg mol K
= 8.314kJ/kgm01 K

Viscosity
1 cP = 0.01 Poise = 0.01 g / c m s = 0.01 dyne s/cm
= 0.001 k g / m s = mPa s = 0.001 N s/m 2
= 2.42 lbm/ft hr = 0.0752 slug/ft hr
= 6.72 x 10"4 lbm/ft s
= 2.09 x 1(5 lbf s/ft 2
1 Pa s = 0.0209 lbf s/ft 2 = 0.672 lbm/ft s

iv,xsn^
= 0.002088543 x e q . c P
ft2

= 4.79xl04cP
I ft2 J
Acceleration Due to Gravity
g = 32.2 ft/s 2 = 9.81 m / s 2

Trigonometric Relationships

1 + cos#
CSC + COt -
sin#
368 FORMULAS AND CALCULATIONS FOR DRILLING OPERATIONS

cscfl + cot0 = cot(0/2)

sin0 = 2sin(0/2)cos(0/2)
cos0 = cos 2 (0/2) - sin 2 (0/2)
sin(fl b) = sinacosb cos sinb
cos (ab)= cosa cosb + sinasinb

sin0 =
l + e' e' + e
1 2/ -< J
16 6 6
COS0 = T- =
l + e2' e'+e'1
sin0 = sechf
cos0 = -tanhf
cosh2i - sinh 2 i = 1
tanh 2 i + sech2f = 1
/ , -i

cosh t

e'-e~'
sinh t =

sinh 2 0 + cosh20 = cosh20

cosh(fl + b)= coshflcoshfc+sinhflsinhb

2tan
sin0 = ^-Q
1 + tan2^
2

2
1-tan
cos# =
1+ tan2^

Trigonometric Approximations
sin# =
cos# = 1
 APPENDIX: USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS 369

For higher order approximation,

cos# = 1 .
2
Useful Relation
ax = exlna

Integration Techniques
Integration by parts,
b
b b

\udv = uv\ -\vdu.

a a a

Taylor Series
If f(c) is a continuous function in an open interval, it's value at
neighboring points can be expressed in terms of the Taylor series
as

^i(x-c)=f(c)+f'(c)(x-c)+r(c)^f-

+ + /(")(c)^t+-,
where/" denotes nth derivative.
If c = 0, then the series is Maclaurin series for /.
Prefix Scale (Figure A.l)
T G M k h da
tera giga mega kilo hecto deca 10

10
d c m n p
deci centi milli micro nano pico
Figure A.l Metric prefix scale.
370 F O R M U L A S A N D C A L C U L A T I O N S FOR D R I L L I N G O P E R A T I O N S

SI Metric C o n v e r s i o n Factors

bbl/ftx 5.216 E - 0 1 == m 3 / m
cPxl.O E - 0 3 == Pa.s
ft x 3.048 E - 0 3 == m
gal x 7.46043 E - 0 3 == m3
hp x 7.46043 E - 0 1 == kW
in. x 2.54 E + 00 == cm
lbf x 9.869233 E - 0 0 == Nm
2
lbf/ft x 4.788026 E - 0 2 == kPa
lbm x 4.535924 E - 0 1 == kg
3
lbm/ft x 1.601846 E + 01 = k g / m 3
l b m / g a l x 1.198264 E + 02:= k g / m 1
md x 6.894757 E - 0 4 == pm 2
psi x 6.894757 E + 00 = kPa
psi/ft x 2.262059 E + 01 = kPa/m
sq.in x 6.451 E + 00 = cm2