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Year Paper Title Author Abstract

The dynamics and control of two-dimensional disturbances in the spatially evolving boundary layer on a flat plate are investigated from an
inputoutput viewpoint. A set-up of spatially localized inputs (external disturbances and actuators) and outputs (objective functions and sensors) is
SHERVIN BAGHERI ,
Inputoutput analysis, model reduction and control introduced for the control design of convectively unstable flow configurations. From the linearized NavierStokes equations with the inputs and
2009 LUCA BRANDT and DAN
of the flat-plate boundary layer outputs, controllable, observable and balanced modes are extracted using the snapshot method. A balanced reduced-order model (ROM) is
S. HENNINGSON
constructed and shown to capture the inputoutput behaviour of the linearized NavierStokes equations. This model is finally used to design a 2-
feedback controller to suppress the growth of two-dimensional perturbations inside the boundary layer.
In boundary-layer flows, one may reduce skin-friction drag by delaying the onset of laminar-to-turbulent transition via the attenuation of small-
Nicolo Fabbiane, amplitude TollmienSchlichting (TS) waves. In this work, we use numerical simulations and experiments to compare the robustness of adaptive and
Bernhard Simon, Felix model-based techniques for reducing the growth of two-dimensional TS disturbances. In numerical simulations,
On the role of adaptivity for robust laminar flow Fischer, Sven the optimal linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulator shows the best performance under the conditions it was designed for. However, it is found
2015
control Grundmann, Shervin that the performance deteriorates linearly with the drift of the Reynolds number from its nominal value.
Bagheri, Dan S As a result, an order-of-magnitude loss of performance is observed when applying the computation-based LQG controller in wind-tunnel
Henningson experiments. In contrast, it is shown that the adaptive filtered-X least-mean-squares (FXLMS) algorithm is able to maintain an essentially constant
performance for significant deviations of the nominal values of the disturbance amplitude and Reynolds number.
Two-dimensional global eigenmodes are used as a projection basis both for analysing the dynamics and building a reduced model for control in a
prototype separated boundary-layer flow. In the present configuration, a high-aspect-ratio smooth cavity-like geometry confines the separation
ESPEN KERVIK JRME bubble. Optimal growth analysis using the reduced basis shows that the sum of the highly non-normal global eigenmodes is able to describe a
Optimal growth, model reduction and control in a
HPFFNER UWE localized disturbance. Subject to this worst-case initial condition, a large transient growth associated with the development of a wavepacket along
2007 separated boundary-layer flow using global
EHRENSTEIN and DAN S. the shear layer followed by a global cycle related to the two unstable global eigenmodes is found. The flow simulation procedure is coupled to a
eigenmodes
HENNINGSON measurement feedback controller, which senses the wall shear stress at the downstream lip of the cavity and actuates at the upstream lip. A
reduced model for the control optimization is obtained by a projection on the least stable global eigenmodes, and the resulting linear-quadratic-
Gaussian controller is applied to the NavierStokes time integration. It is shown that the controller is able to damp out the global oscillations.

This review presents a framework for the input-output analysis, model reduction, and control design for fluid dynamical systems using examples
applied to the linear complex GinzburgLandau equation. Major advances in hydrodynamics stability, such as global modes in spatially
inhomogeneous systems and transient growth of non-normal systems, are reviewed. Input-output analysis generalizes hydrodynamic stability
S. Bagheri, D. S.
Input-Output Analysis and Control Design Applied analysis by considering a finite-time horizon over which energy amplification, driven by a specific input (disturbances/actuator) and measured at a
2009 Henningson, J. Hpffner
to a Linear Model of Spatially Developing Flows specific output (sensor), is observed. In the control design the loop is closed between the output and the input through a feedback gain. Model
and P. J. Schmid
reduction approximates the system with a low-order model, making modern control design computationally tractable for systems of large
dimensions. Methods from control theory are reviewed and applied to the GinzburgLandau equation in a manner that is readily generalized to
fluid mechanics problems, thus giving a fluid mechanics audience an accessible introduction to the subject.

This review gives an account of recent research efforts to use feedback control for the delay of laminarturbulent transition in wall-bounded shear
flows. The emphasis is on reducing the growth of small-amplitude disturbances in the boundary layer using numerical simulations and a linear
S. BAGHERI AND D. S. control approach. Starting with the application of classical control theory to two-dimensional perturbations developing in spatially invariant flows,
2011 Transition delay using control theory
HENNINGSON flow control based on control theory has progressed towards more realistic three-dimensional, spatially inhomogeneous flow configurations with
localized sensing/actuation. The development of low-dimensional models of the NavierStokes equations has played a key role in this progress.
Moreover, shortcomings and future challenges, as well as recent experimental advances in this multi-disciplinary field, are discussed.
R. Mittal, P.
Interaction of a synthetic jet with a flat plate
2001 Rampunggoon,H.
boundary layer
Udaykumar,
Actuators are transducers that convert an electrical signal to a desired physical quantity. Active flow control actuators modify a flow by providing
an electronically controllable disturbance. The field of active flow control has witnessed explosive growth in the variety of actuators, which is a
Louis N. Cattafesta and testament to both the importance and challenges associated with actuator design. This review provides a framework for the discussion of actuator
2011 Actuators for Active Flow Control
Mark Sheplak specifications, characteristics, selection, design, and classification for aeronautical applications. Actuator fundamentals are discussed, and various
popular actuator types used in low-to-moderate speed flows are then described, including fluidic, moving object/surface, and plasma actuators.
We attempt to highlight the strengths and inevitable drawbacks of each and highlight potential future research directions.
An experimental investigation is made into the active control of the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer (Re = 1960) using a linear
active control scheme. System identification in the boundary layer provides optimal transfer functions
that predict the downstream characteristics of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. Enhanced detection techniques isolate the large-scale
turbulent motion and improve the downstream correlations, resulting in greater controllability. The control is applied
RUBEN
using a spanwise array of resonant synthetic jet actuators that introduce pairs of streamwise vortices into the flow. Control results show that a
2003 Active control of turbulent boundary layers RATHNASINGHAM and
maximum reduction of 30% in the streamwise velocity fluctuations is achieved. This reduction is greatest at
KENNETH S. BREUER
the point of optimization but spans a few hundred viscous lengths downstream of the actuator, about 50 viscous lengths in the wall-normal
direction and 150 viscous lengths in the spanwise direction. The wall pressure fluctuation and the mean wall
shear stress (measured approximately using mean velocity profiles near the wall) were reduced by 15% and 7% respectively. The bursting
frequency, based on VITA event detection was also reduced by up to 23%.
Friction drag is reduced in a two-dimensional (2D) boundary-layer flow by delaying the laminar-to-turbulence transition. A localised forcing in the
Nicolo Fabbiane, Shervin
Adaptive control of finite amplitude 3D wall region is used to attenuate the growing 3D disturbances that eventually trigger the turbulent regime farther downstream. An adaptive
2015 Bagheri, Dan S
disturbances in 2D boundary-layer flows filtered-X least-mean-squared (FXLMS) algorithm is used to process the information of the flow gathered from two rows of surface hot-wires
Henningson
sensors and compute the forcing, performed by a row of plasma actuators. LES simulations are used to
We analyze the effects of different types and positions of actuators and sensors on controllers performance and robustness in the linearized 2D
Blasius boundary layer. The investigation is carried out using direct numerical simulations (DNS). To facilitate controller design, we find reduced-
Brandt A. Belson, order models from the DNS data using a system identification procedure called the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm. Due to the highly
Feedback control of instabilities in the two-
Onofrio Semeraro, convective nature of the boundary layer and corresponding time delays, the relative position of the actuator and sensor has a strong influence on
2013 dimensional Blasius boundary layer: The role of
Clarence W. Rowley, and the closed-loop dynamics. We address this issue by considering two different configurations. When the sensor is upstream of the actuator,
sensors and actuators
Dan S. Henningson corresponding to disturbance-feedforward control, good performance is observed, as in previous work. However, feedforward control can be
degraded by additional disturbances or uncertainties in the plant model, and we demonstrate this. We then examine feedback controllers in which
the sensor is a short distance downstream of the actuator.
Localized arc filament plasma actuators are used to control an axisymmetric Mach 1.3 ideally expanded jet of 2.54 cm exit diameter and a Reynolds
number based on the nozzle exit diameter of about 1.1 106. Measurements of growth and decay of perturbations seeded in the flow by the
actuators, laser-based planar flow visualizations, and particle imaging velocimetry measurements are used to evaluate the effects of control. Eight
actuators distributed azimuthally inside the nozzle, approximately 1 mm upstream of the nozzle exit, are used to force various azimuthal modes
Active control of high-speed and M. SAMIMY J.-H. KIM J. over a large frequency range (StDF of 0.13 to 1.3). The jet responded to the forcing over the entire range of frequencies, but the response was
2006 high-Reynolds-number jets using KASTNER I. ADAMOVICH optimum (in terms of the development of large coherent structures and mixing enhancement) around the
plasma actuators and Y. UTKIN jet preferred Strouhal number of 0.33 (f = 5 kHz), in good agreement with the results in the literature for low-speed and low-Reynolds-number jets.
The jet (with a thin boundary layer, D/ 250) also responded to forcing with various azimuthal modes (m = 0 to 3 and m = 1, 2, 4), again in
agreement with instability analysis and experimental results in the literature for low-speed and low-Reynolds-number jets. Forcing the jet with the
azimuthal mode m = 1 at the jet preferred-mode frequency provided the maximum mixing enhancement, with a significant reduction in the jet
potential core length and a significant increase in the jet centreline velocity decay rate beyond the end of the potential core.

The synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is a low power, highly compact microfluidic device which has potential application in boundary layer flow control. In
recent work we have shown how synthetic jets work without cross flow and how effectively they modify the flow structure in the boundary layer
under an adverse pressure gradient. This paper describes the piezoelectric synthetic jet actuator used in our experiments. The experimental set-up
A piezoelectrically actuated micro synthetic jet for ChesterLee.
2003 for flow control using this type of actuator is detailed. The results obtained show a significant enhancement of the jet effectiveness by forcing the
active flow control .S.G.Mallinson
boundary layer flow at the natural instability frequency. The actuators must have sufficient velocity output to produce strong enough vortices if
they are to be effective for flow control. The forcing effect can occur at a frequency lower than the driving frequency of the actuator when used
without cross flow. The forcing frequency appears to be an important parameter in synthetic jet boundary layer flow control.

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