PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA

By :
Name : Nisrina Fairuz Salsabila
Student ID : B1B015038
Entourage : VII
Group :3
Assistant : Niharoh Nurainy

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2017
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction

Sponge or porifera group is also known as a primitive multicellular animals. His

body has no actual tissue or organs. Porifera comes from the Latin, ponus means small
holes, while ferra means contain or expands. This word show specificity of animals that
have many small holes and simply called porous animal (Yusminah, 2007).
Cnidaria phylum includes diverse forms such as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones,
and corals. Cnidaria is a phylum of simplest animals which has a network that is more
complete than the Porifera phylum because their body wall has three (3) layer called the
ectoderm (outermost layer), mesoglea (middle layer) and gastroderm (the inner layer, as
well as has a body structure is more complex). The cells of Cnidaria have been
organized to form tissues and functions are coordinated by simple nerve. Animals that
included in the Cnidaria phylum are jellyfish, anemones, and corals. Cnidaria have a
cavity gastrointestinal (gastrovascular) and mouth but do not have anus (Nontji, 2005).
Mostly cnidarians prey an organisms ranging from the plankton size to organisms
that several times larger than his body size, but mostly they get much nutrition from
endosymbiotic algae, and some are parasites. Like in a sponge and ctenophora,
cnidarians that have two main cell layers sandwiching a middle layer that is similar jelly
called mesoglea in cnidarians; but, more complex animals will have three main cell
layers and no intermediate layer of jelly. Therefore, cnidarians and ctenophora called
diploblastik traditionally, along with sponges (Seipel, 2005).
Cnidaria is a group of primarily marine invertebrates composed of about 11,000
described species that include reef-forming corals, sea anemones, soft corals, jellyfish,
marine hydroids, and freshwater Hydra. Cnidarians are united by the presence of
complex intracellular structures called cnidae, with the most universal and diverse
cnidae being the stinging structures called nematocysts. The body of cnidarians is, in its
simplest form, constructed of two epithelial layers separated by an extracellular
mesoglea. Cnidarians are one of the most diverse groups of animals in terms of
morphology, lifecycles, ecology, and development. While they are often presented as
simple animals, many features of presumed simplicity are actually based on
misunderstandings of their biology (Zapata et al., 2015).

B. Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory activity are :

1. Students were able to learn and observe some members of Phylum Porifera and
Cnidaria.
2. Students were able to learn some basic characteristics for Phylum Porifera and
Cnidaria identification and classification.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sponges, Porifera phylum, are the oldest still extant metazoan group on our
planet. Their continued survival in vast numbers in the recent seas (and in freshwater
habitats) is closely linked to the apparent adaptability of reviews their bauplan to
dramatic changes in environmental characteristics and competing biota. Exclusively
sponges are aquatic animals, the which are fixed on the substrate and live by drawing in
water and filtering microscopicsize food particles from it. Also Recent research indicates
an ability to take up dissolved organic matter. Sponges have a simple level of
organization there are specialized cells for a variety of life functions, but these are not
organized into tissues or organs. All sponges have a '' skin '' of the T-shaped or flattened
cells (called pinacocytes) the which covers the outside of the sponge) as well as its
internal system of canals, and microscopic chambers. Sponge is a group of metazoan
phyla oldest extant on earth. They are able to survive in very much at sea recently in
environmental conditions that vary in the extreme. The body of this phylum are
composed of cells that have a variety of functions (Soest, et al., 2012).
The specific characteristic of the sponges body are they has many pores which is
the beginning of the canal system (drains) that connects from the external environment
to the internal environment. Sponges body are not equipped with appendix and body
parts can be moved. Sponges body not have the digestive tract yet, so the digestion takes
place intracellularly. Sponges body equipped with the framework composed of a crystal
form of spicules-spicules or fiber material made of organic materials (Yusminah, 2007).
The structure of the body (except the porous sponge) has a various forms, which
is divided into three types: Ascon, Sycon or Scypha and Rhagon. Ascon type shaped
flower vase which is the simplest type who visits a central cavity called spongocoel or
paragaster. The upper end of the vase there is a big hole known osculum. On the wall of
the animal's body, there are small holes called pores and porosofil or often called the
ostium. In the body of Porifera found waterway system starting from pores or porosofil
and ends at the main exit hole called oscolum. Before the water is discharged through
osculum, then the water of any major body of the first accommodated in a central cavity
or spongocoel nature. Water drainage patterns of various types of sponges are not the
same, but has the same principal function is to drain the water from the external areas
into the internal areas and released back to the external areas (Jasin, 1992).
According to (Bergquist, 1998) sponges separated into:

Spongin Body
Cell Type Spicules Exoskeleton
Fibers Shape
 Calcarea
Asconoid,
Calcite.
If founded it syconoid,
Mononuclear, single Maybe
None will made by leuconoid
external membrane. one or
Calcite. or
more.
solenoid
Hexactinellida

Silica.
Mostly syncytia of Maybe
None None Leuconoid
all species. one or
more.
Demospongiae

Some of
Most of species. If
Mononuclear, single
Silica the founded it will Leuconoid
external membrane.
species. made by
Argonite.
Homoscleromorpha

Most of Sylleibid
Mononuclear, single
Silica the None or
external membrane.
species leuconoid

Phylum Cnidaria is a diploblastik animal because the body has two layers of
cells, the ectoderm (epidermis) and endoderm (inner lining or gastrodermis). Ectoderm
endoderm serves as a protective medium for digestive function. Gastrodermis cells
bordering coelenteron or gastrosol. Gastrosol is digestion-shaped pouch. The food that
goes into gastrosol will be digested by the enzyme released by cells gastrodermis.
Digestion in gastrosol called extracellular digestion. Results digestion in gasrosol be
engulfed by cells gastrodermis then further digested within the food vacuole. Digestion
in gastrodermis cells called intracellular digestion. Food nutrition will circulated to other
body parts by diffusion. Similarly, for oxygen uptake and disposal of carbon dioxide
diffusion. Cnidarians have a simple nervous system that spread net-shaped which
controls movements in response to stimuli. Mesoglea contained in the nervous system.
Mesoglea is not a layer of cells that exists between the epidermis and gastrodermis.
Gastrodermis material composed of gelatin (Praweda, 2003).
Cnidarians have two basic body shapes, medusa and polyps. Medusa, the jelly-
like adults, are free-swimming or floating. They usually have an umbrella-shaped body
and tetramerous (four-part) symmetry. The mouth is usually on the concave side, and the
tentacles coming at the edge of the umbrella. Polyps, by contrast, usually sessile. They
have a tubular body; one end attached to the substrate, and the mouth (usually
surrounded by tentacles) is found at the other side. Polyps may occur alone or in a group
of individuals; in the latter case, different individuals sometimes specialized for different
functions, such as reproduction, feeding or defense (Bond & Harris, 1988).
However, medusae at all stages of development retain the potential for life-cycle
reversal even spent medusae do not die, but back spontaneously transform into new
polyp colonies. Many metazoans items, namely sponges, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Placozoa, nemertea, Rotifera, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Arthropods, Tardigrada,
Ectoprocta, and Tunicates, are able to withstand unfavorable conditions by producing
resting stages through different processes. Reviews these conversions can be
envisagedas developmental path along the normal ontogenetic. Reverse development,
however, seems to be a distinctive feature of cnidarians. A growing mass of information
Suggests that the potential for ontogeny reversal in Cnidaria is more widespread than
was previously thought (Piraino, 2004).
According to (Mukayat, 1989) Coelenterata or cnidarians are divided into three
classes:
1. Class Hydrozoa
Usually in the form small colonies of polyps to form a dominant, even entire
colonies may consist of polyps. Some types of polyps forming medusa with the
formation of buds. Medusa has a velum, which is similar formations drawer in
umbrellas. Outskirts umbrellas Notched (slotted). Examples like Hydra, Obelia, and
Gonionemus.
2. Class Scyphozoa
Jellyfish is actually a medusa with squiggly edges, no veil (velum), radial duct
branching, and gonad in pockets gastriculum space. Examples of Scyphozoa is Aurelia
Aurita. No jellyfish that can reach the center line several feet (up to 150 cm).
3. Class Anthozoa
The members of the Anthozoa (Greece anthos = flower) is sea anemones and
corals marine animals, polyp body-shaped, no form of medusa. The animals are sessile
and usually wrapped with an external skeleton and called coral, it has many tentacles.
 III. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Material
The tools used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps, magnifying
glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification book, gloves,
surgical mask, and stationary.
The material used in this laboratory activity are some specimens of Porifera and
Cnidaria.

B. Method

The method used in this laboratory activity are :

1. Students observe, draw and describe the character of the specimens based on
morphological characteristics.
2. Students identified the specimens with identification keys.
3. Students makes simple identification key based on the character of the specimens
that were observed.
4. Students construct the discussion and conclusion based on the result data.
 REFERENCES

Bergquist, P.R. 1998. Porifera in Anderson, D.T.,. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford

University Press. pp. 1027.
Bond, C. And A. K. Harris. 1988. Locomotion of sponges and its physical mechanism.
Journal of Experimental Zoology, 246, pp. 271-284.
Jasin, J.1992. Zoologi Invertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar Wijaya.
Mayr, Ernest. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing Company.
Mayr, Ernest. 1971. Principles of Systematic Zoology. New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing Company.

Mukayat, Brotowidjojo Djarubito. 1989. Zoologi Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Nontji, A. 2005. Lautan Nusantara. Jakarta : Djambatan.

Piraino, S. 2004. Canadian Journal of Zoolog y, 82(11): 1748-1754.
Praweda, Sugiarti. 2005. Avetebrata Air Jilid I1. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Seipel, K., and Schmid, V. 2005. Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of
triploblasty. Developmental Biology 282 (1): 1426.
Soest, Rob. W.M. V, Esnault, Nicole. B, Vacelet. J, Dohrmann, Martin, Erpenbeck. D,
Voogd, Nicole. J. De, Santodomingo. N, Vanhoorne, Bart, Kelly. M, Hooper. J. N.
A. 2012. Global Diversity Of Sponges (Porifera). Plos ONE, 7.
Yusminah, Hala. 2007. Biologi Umum 2. Makassar: UIN Alauddin Press.
Zapata, F., Goet, FE., Smith, SA., Howison, M., Siebert, S., Church, SH. 2015.
Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PloS
ONE, 10(10): 1-13.