General Chemistry 11 Chapter Cement Water Oil

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1943
.

:
CEMENT
1943
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1944

Portland Cement
) (
( .
( :
1944

/
1945
( .
( :
( .
( .
1945

/
1946
( .
( .
( :
CaCO3
. ) (SiO2
)( ) (Fe2O3 ) (Al2O3 4 %
1946

/
1947
( :
50 %
Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O :
( : CaSO4
( : 22 %
( )
.(FeS
( ).(Al2O3
( .
( .
( .
1947

/
1948
) : (
) (0.5 2
1400 C .
1500
C CaO
Al2O3
) (
50-150 m ) (2-5 m Clinker
1948

/
1949
).(
) : (
Drying Zone - -
Calcinations Zone - -
Clinkering Zone -
Cooling Zone -
) (H2O )(CO2
) ( 3/4 1/8
% ) (CaSO4
) ( .
1949

/
1950
) (
) % (
1950

/
1951
. .
( (%-) 3CaO.SiO2 )(C3S
( (% ) : 2CaO.SiO2 :
)(C2S
( (%-) : 3CaO.Al2O3 )(C3A
1951

/
1952
( (% ): 4CaO. Al2O3.3Fe2O2 :
)(C4AF
( CaO
( MgO
( Fe Al2O3 CaO
: Tetracalcium Aluminium ferrite
4CaO. Al2O3.3Fe2O2
(Tricalcium Aluminate) 3CaO-Al2O3
SiO2 (dicalcium silicate) 2CaO.SiO2
(Tricalcium Silicate) 3CaO.SiO2
- .
- .
1952

/
1953
) (
1953

/
1954
) : (

C3S )3CaO.SiO2 or (Ca3SiO5 -

C2S )2CaO.SiO2 or (Ca2SiO4 -

C3A )3CaO.Al2O3 or (Ca3AlO6 -

C4AF 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 or -
)(Ca4Al2Fe2O10
C = CaO, S = SiO2, A = Al2O3, F = Fe2O3
1954

/
1955
( C3S
2C a 3 SiO 6 + 6H 2 O
C a 3Si 2 O 7 .3H 2 O + 3C a(OH ) 2
( C2S
2C a 2 S iO 4 + 4H 2 O
C a 3.3S i 2 O 7.3 .3.3H 2 O + 0.7C a(O H ) 2
( C3A
C a 3 A l 2 O 6 + 6H 2 O
3C aO .A l 2 O 3 .6H 2 O
( C4AF :
2Ca 4 Al2 O3 .Fe2 O3 + 12H2 O

4CaO.2Fe2 O3 .6H2 O + 4CaO.2Al2 O3 .6H 2 O
) : (
1955

/
1956
) : (
C3S C2S C4AF C3A
1956

/
1957
10 C
1957

/
1958
40 C
100 C .
( : setting
( : Hardening
CaSO4
CaSO4
) (

1958

/
1959
- .
( .
: - -
- .
1959

/
1960
) : (
CaO 60-65%
SiO2 20-24%
Al2O3 4-10%
Fe2O3 2-4%
MgO 1-3%
Alkalies 0.5 1 %
SO2 12%
1.5 %
CaO
= 1.8 2.2
SiO2 + Fe2 O3 + Al2 O3
1960

/
1961
): (Silica modulus
SiO 2
= Silica modulus = 2 - 2.5
Fe 2 O3 + Al 2 O 3
Fe2O3 4 %
Calcium Ferrite .
Al2 O3
= 1 5
Fe2 O3
( Ordinary Portland Cement
) (
1961

/
1962
( High early strength Portland cement
) (:
High Alumina Cement

. %-
.
1962

/
1963
.75 %
: - - -
- .
( White Cement
Synthetic Stone
) (Fe2O3
10 %.
1963

/
1964
( ": Blast Furnace Slag Cement "
) (SiO2
) (CaO .
% % % .
.
1964

/
1965
( Sea Water Cement :
)(
) (FeS )(
( Low Heat Portland Cement
1965

/
1966
( Karnac Cement
% % %
( : Puzzolana
( Natural Cement
) (
1966

/
1967
1967

/
1968
( (
( :
( .
( :
( .
1968

/
1969
( ) (
( ) (
( Zeolite
( Demineralization
( .
( " " )
(.
1969

/
1970
( : .
( .
1970

/
1971
( :
( :
) (Ca (
) Mg ) ( HCO3- )(Cl-
) (SO :
2-
4
1971

/
1972
( ) ( CO
-
3
( .
( Ca(HCO3)2
. Mg(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO 3 ) 2
CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
M g(HCO 3 ) 2
M gCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
1972

/
1973
)(CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4
)(Na2CO3
CaCl2 + Na 2 CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
MgCl2 + Na 2 CO3
MgCO3 + 2NaCl
CaSO4 + Na 2 CO3
CaCO3 + Na 2SO4
MgSO4 + Na 2 CO3
MgCO3 + Na 2SO4
Na2CO3 .
1973

/
1974
- - -
) (CO2 ) (O2 ) (N2
).(H2S
) (CaCO3 .
) (HCO3- ) (Cl-) (SO42-
) ( Ca(HCO3 )2 , CaCl2 ,CaSO4 , Mg(HCO3 )2 , MgCl2 , MgSO 4
NaCl
Na2SO4
1974

/
1975
( :
.Al(OH)3
( :
( :
) (CO2) (O2) (N2
) (H2S .
).(
1975

/
1976
) : (

.
.
.
.
: :
)(.
( :
1976

/
1977
( :
) (pH )(9.5 11
: Softening
) (Softening .
: Purification
) (Purification
1977

/
1978
( : .
( .
( ) (
( Zeolite
( .
( .
1978

/
1979
) (Na3PO4 ) (Na2S2O3 :
:

) ( ) (

( (
1979

/
1980
(.
( :
1980

/
1981
(Al2(SO4)3 Ca(OH)2
) (Ca(OH)2
) (Na2CO3 .
- .
- .
1981

/
1982
( ) (Ca2+ ) (Mg2+

) (Ca2+
)(CaCO3
) (Mg2+ (Mg(OH)2
( :

2CaCO3 + 2H2 O
Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2

MgCO3 + CaCO3 + 2H 2O
Mg(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2

Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2

Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H 2 O
Mg(HCO3 )2 + 2Ca(OH)2

- (Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(OH)2
- (Mg(HCO3)2
1982

/
1983
( :

Mg(OH) 2 + CaCl 2
MgCl 2 + Ca(OH) 2

CaCO 3 + 2NaCl
CaCl 2 + Na 2 CO 3

CaCO 3 + Na 2 SO 4
CaSO 4 + Na 2 CO 3

Mg(OH) 2 + CaCO 3 + Na 2 SO 4
MgSO 4 + Na 2 CO 3 + Ca(OH) 2

- .
- +
Ca(OH)2
( :
1983

/
1984
) (Al2SO4
).(FeSO4
) : (
1984

/
1985
Batch
Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2
1985

/
1986
( :
( :
10 C
) (2 3 hours
15 Minutes .
.
1986

/
1987
) (OH-
)(CO3-
) (Na3PO4
(Ca(OH)2 ) (Na2CO3 .
1987

/
1988
( :
Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2.6H2O :
. Na2 Ze
)(Ca2+
) (Mg2+ ) (Na+
Na 2 Ze + Ca(HCO 3 ) 2
Ca Ze + 2NaHCO 3
Na 2 Ze + CaCl 2
Ca Ze + 2NaCl
Na 2 Ze + MgSO 4
Mg Ze + Na 2 SO 4
) : ( Na 2 Ze
) ( Ca Ze ) ( Mg Ze
) ( Na 2 Ze 10
% ) ) (NaCl (
1988

/
1989
Ca Ze + 2NaCl

Na 2 Ze + CaCl2
Mg Ze + 2NaCl

Na 2 Ze + MgCl2
( :
).(ft3
( :
) (Na2CO3
) (
1989

/
1990
) : (
) (pH
) (H2SO4
1990

/
1991
( ) (
(
) (
( ( :
( :
) (HSO3 ) (H+ .
) (
1991

/
1992
Ca(HCO3 ) 2 + 2HSO 3R
Ca(SO 3R) + 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O
Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 + 2HSO 3R
Mg(SO 3R) 2 + 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O
NaHCO3 + HSO 3 R
NaSO3 R + CO 2 + H 2O
H2CO3
CaSO 4 + 2HSO 3R
Ca(SO 3R) 2 + H 2SO 4
MgCl 2 + 2HSO 3R
Mg(SO 3R) 2 + 2HCl
) (-NH2
).(H2N-R
1992

/
1993
( .
) (% 0.5 0.4 % ) (1N H2SO4
) (2 N HCl :
Ca(SO3 R) 2 + H 2SO4

2HSO3 R + CaSO 4
Mg(SO3 R) 2 + H 2SO4

2HSO3 R + MgSO4
( :
) ( :
H 2 NR + HCl
H 2 N(HCl)R
2H 2 NR + H2SO4
(H2 N)2 (H2SO4 )R 2
( .
) (Na2CO3
): (NaOH
2H 2 N(HCl)R + Na 2CO 3

2H 2 NR + 2NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
1993

/
1994
) : (
)(
.
1994

/
1995
) (
). PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride

:
( Na3PO4, Na2HPO3, NaH2PO4
) (
1995

/
1996
( : Na2SO3
( Na2CO3
) ( :
)(.
1996

/
1997
) (H2NCl
2NH 3 + Cl 2
H 2 NCl + NH 4 Cl
H 2O + C l2
H
CL + H O C
l

) (HOCl :
) (HOCl
.
1997

/
1998
( :
2NH 3 + Cl 2
H 2 NCl + NH 4 Cl

NH 2 Cl + H2 O
NH 3 + HOCl

NHCl2 + H 2 O
NH 2 Cl + HOCl

NCl3 + H2 O
NHCl2 + HOCl

HOCl .
) (SO2
) (Na2S2O3 :

2H 2 O
SO 2 + Cl2 H 2SO 4 + 2HCl

Na 2S4 O6 + 2NaCl
2Na 2S2 O3 + Cl2

1998

/
1999
C ( H
0.780 - 1.000 Kg/L 15 C
1999

/
2000
" " :
:
2000

/
2001
Ca + 2C
CaC 2
4Al + 3C
Al 4 C3
Mg + 2C
MgC 2
CaC2 + H 2 O
HC CH + CaO
Al 4 C3 + 12H 2 O
3CH 4 + 4Al(OH)3
HC CH + H 2
CH 2 = CH 2
H2
CH 3 -CH 3
2H 2 C - CH 2
CH 3 - CH = CH-CH 3
3CH 2 = CH 2
) C 6 H12 (Cyclohexane
3HC CH
C6 H 6 )(Benzene
CH 3 - CH = CH - CH 3

CH 3CH 2 -CH=CH 2
" "
2001

/
2002
" "
) (SO2
) (SO3 ) .(H2SO4
. .
"
2002

/
2003
" "
( ) (
2003

/
2004
) : (
).(Hydrotreating
.....H2S . ) ( .
2004

/
2005
) : (

C1 C4 (
(
C5 - C10 -
.
C9 C15 (
C15 C25 - ( )(
C17 C20 ( )(
- (
C30 C40 (
- ( Coke
)(.
2005

/
2006
) : ( .
bubble-caps
) (
2006

/
2007
) (down comer .
)(
)(
2007

/
2008
% %
).(straight-run gasoline
C8 H18 + C7 H14
C15 H32
C9 H 20 + C6 H12

C10 H 22 + C5H10

-
( )
(.
( .
( .
2008

/
2009

Thermal Cracking
) ( )(CH4 (C3H8,
) CH3CH2CH3 ) (
) (CH2 = CH2 ).....(CH3CH=CH2 .
) (CH2 = CH2 ).(CH3CH=CH2
) .(
2009

/
2010
) : (
CH4, H2 16%
C2H4 35%
C3H6 15 %
C4 8%
C5 25 %
) (1000 C .

) : (
2010

/
2011
) (.
) (-

Catalytic Cracking

2011

/
2012
(Pb(C2H5)4
- .
- .
- )(.
- .
- .
- )( .
- .
.
2012

/
2013

Steam Cracking

Hydrocracking

Crude Oil Evaluation
2013

/
2014
International Standard
Methods

Crude Oil Gravity
) (Specific Gravity
) (Hydrometer ) (60 F = 15.6 C
) (60 F = 15.6 C.
) (A P I Gravity
) (American Petroleum Institute
) (Specific Gravity, G :
141.5
=API - 131.5
G
) (20 45 A P I
) (API :
)(API
.
2014

/
2015

Viscosity
( ) (Absolute Viscosity, ).(Poise
) (Centipoise = 0.01 Poise ).(c.g.s
( )() (Kinematic Viscosity
) (stoke )(Centistoke = 0.01 stoke
) (Saybolt Universal Viscometer
) (60 ml
) (Orifice .
) (Saybolt Universal Seconds, SU
) (100, 130, 210 F ) (37.8, 54.5, 98.9 C :
2015

/
2016

F - 32
= C
1.8
) (SU :
0.219 (SU) 2 - 149.7

=
)(SU
= .G
G .

Aniline Point
) Alkanes( .
Bomb
) Calorimeter (.
2016

/
2017
40 200 C
) (Compression Ignition
.180 360 C

Sulfur Content
) (0.1 5%.
) (0.5 % : )(Sweet
) (0.5 % ) (Sour
2017

/
2018

Crude Oil Base
)(Paraffinic Base Crude
)(Naphthenic Base Crude
)( )(Aromatic Base Crude
).(Intermediate
- - Pour Point
Characterization Factor
Viscosity Indicator .
2018

/
2019

Pour Point
) (F
) (115 F = 46.1 C )(Wax
)(90 F = 32.2 C
).(5 F
2019

/
2020

Characterization Factor, K
) ( TB
1
3
=K
G
: TB )(R

Salt Content
) (NaCl
)) (0.001 lb/bbl ) (lb/bbI
( :
2020

/
2021
) (Pressure drop .

Carbon Residue
). (Lubricating Oils
) (Pyrolysis
).(Conradson Carbon
2021

/
2022
) (Flash Point )(Fire Point
) (Flash Point ) (Fire Point
) (flame .
) (Open Cup ) (Closed Cup
) (
2022

/
2023

Octane Number
)(Regular
)(Premium
) (Knock intensity
) (n-C7, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
) (i-C8
) ).(1930
2023

/
2024
) (C5-C8
] ) [ 7 0 (i - C 8 ) + 3 0 (n - C 7 )(70
2024

/
2025

Motor Gasoline
) (Gasoline Pool
( )(Light Straight-Run Gasoline, LSR
( )(Polymer Gasoline
( )(Cracked Gasoline
( )(Reformate Gasoline
( )(Alkylate Gasoline

Naphtha
)(160 280 F
) (RSH
) (Hydrofining
) (Catalytic Reforming .
2025

/
2026
).(BTX

Kerosene
(280 480
) F .
)( .
).(Smoke Point
(Standard
) Lamp .
).(17 mm
2026

/
2027
)(20 %
). (17 mm
) (Fuel Oil
2027

/
2028

Jel Fuel
) (Aviation Gasoline (Aviation
)Turbine Kerosine Fuel ATK
(350 550
).F
)(-58 F), (- 40 F

Diesel Fuels
).(350 650 F
) (Gas Oils
.
2028

/
2029
). (Light Cracked Cycle Oils
( ): (Ignition property
).(Cetane Number
)(Cetane C16H34
) ( (Alpha-
)) Methyl-Naphthaline (.
).(ASTM
) (36 - 90
).(-20 F), (60 F
.
2029

/
2030
( Viscosity
( Cloud Point
(Distinct
) Cloudiness or Horaziness
) .(Cooling Bath
2030

/
2031
).(Filter Blocking
) (Pour Point
( Diesel Index

)API. Aniline Point ( F
= Diesel Index
100
): (Aniline Point
) (
). (C6H5NH2
) (26-72
)(30 60
2031

/
2032
( )(Sulphur Compounds
) (0.5 %

Fuel Oils
) (600 F
) (Reduced Crude ).(Atmospheric Residue
) (Heating Value = 6.45 MMBtu/bbl :
)MM: Million, Btu : British Thermal Unit
(Vacuum
) Residue (1050
) F ) (Asphaltenes
2032

/
2033
. :

Lubricating Oils
)(HVGO
) (Wax Distillate (1020
) F .
2033

/
2034
...
2034

General Chemistry 11 Chapter Cement Water Oil

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50-150 m ) (2-5 m Clinker

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( (%-) 3CaO.SiO2 )(C3S

( (%-) : 3CaO.Al2O3 )(C3A

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: Tetracalcium Aluminium ferrite

(Tricalcium Aluminate) 3CaO-Al2O3

SiO2 (dicalcium silicate) 2CaO.SiO2

(Tricalcium Silicate) 3CaO.SiO2

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C = CaO, S = SiO2, A = Al2O3, F = Fe2O3

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2Ca 4 Al2 O3 .Fe2 O3 + 12H2 O

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C3S C2S C4AF C3A

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( Ordinary Portland Cement

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( High early strength Portland cement

High Alumina Cement

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( ": Blast Furnace Slag Cement "

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( Sea Water Cement :

( Low Heat Portland Cement

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)(CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4

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) (CO2 ) (O2 ) (N2

) (HCO3- ) (Cl-) (SO42-

) ( Ca(HCO3 )2 , CaCl2 ,CaSO4 , Mg(HCO3 )2 , MgCl2 , MgSO 4

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) (CO2) (O2) (N2

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