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Pressure Analysis
Methods in
Heterogeneous Oil
Reservoir Systems
16.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses variations of heterogeneities in rock and fluid prop-
erties including causes and effect of pressure-dependent properties. It also
presents how to analyze and interpret pressure behavior in heterogeneous
reservoirs near fault or other barriers and lateral changes in the hydraulic
diffusivity such as occur atfluidcontacts. Pressure behavior analysis methods
are presented in brief to obtain adequate reservoir description for isotropic,
anisotropic, and heterogeneous systems. Numerical solutions must be used to
analyze pressure transient data from heterogeneous systems.
(16-1)
Here YdD 2Ljrw, where L is the distance to this fault. If times are small
enough, then the second term in Eq. 16-1 can be assumed to be negligible
compared with the first, and the line source solution (Eq. 16-2) can be used
to analyze responses in the conventional way.
(16-2)
(16-3)
If flow times are long enough such that both exponential integrals can be
approximated by the logarithmic approximation, then we have
(16-4)
The above equation suggests that one should get a second straight line with
a slope twice that of the first. In practice, the doubling of the slope on
semi-logarithmic coordinates is normally taken to be indicative of a sealing
fault. If a fault exists, then the first straight line should exist for a time period
given by:
(16-5)
The second straight line should begin at 3r2dD. In the time range
0.08/^p < tj) < 3r^D it can be used to analyze pressure measurements or
predict pressure responses. The distance to the fault can be obtained if we
equate the semilog approximation of the line source solution (Eq. 16-3), to
the right-hand side of Eq. 16^L If we denote this time by 0.8r^, then
Q-5172r^D/4; then the distance to the fault is given by:
(16-6)
where tx is the intersection time in hours. This procedure assumes that both
straight lines are evident.
(16-7)
(16-8)
where {tp + Atx)IAtx is the value at the point of deviation from the first
straight line. The following equation is applicable to both buildup and
drawdown tests and is known as Gray's equation:8
(16-9)
(16-10)
where Atx is the time at which the buildup curve becomes non-linear.
From pressure buildup testing, the intersection point of the two straight
lines is related to the dimensionless pressure at the intersection line by:
(16-11)
Calculate/^ from Eq. 16-11. Then from Table 16-1, with the value ofpD,
determine tD/(2L/rw)2. Finally use the following equation to estimate the
distance to the fault.
(16-12)
Relationships between PD(ID, ?D) and tD/r2D are given in Table 16-1. The
detailed derivations of Eqs. 16-11 and 16-12 are given in Ref. 12.
Figures 16-2 and 16-3 show various situations of linear discontinuities
for single and multiple boundary cases. Figure 16-4 shows various methods
to estimate distance to linear discontinuity and their limitations.
Dimensionless Dimensionless
pressure, pD time, tD/(2L/rtv)2
0.01 0.00
0.02 0.00
0.03 0.00
0.04 0.15
0.05 0.16
0.06 0.18
0.07 0.19
0.08 0.20
0.09 0.22
0.10 0.24
0.20 0.38
0.30 0.52
0.40 0.70
0.50 0.94
0.60 1.20
0.70 1.65
0.80 2.00
0.90 2.50
1.0 3.00
1.1 4.00
1.2 4.80
1.3 6.00
1.4 8.00
1.5 8.50
1.6 9.0
1.7 12.0
1.8 17.0
1.9 20.0
2.0 25.0
2.1 27.5
2.2 30.0
2.3 45.0
2.4 60.0
2.5 70.0
2.6 80.0
2.7 90.0
2.8 110.0
2.9 140.0
3.0 170.0
3.1 220.0
Table 16-1 (continued)
Dimensionless Dimensionless
pressure, pD time, tDl(2L/rw)2
3.2 260.0
3.3 300.0
3.4 400.0
3.5 500.0
3.6 600.0
3.7 700.0
3.8 900.0
3.9 1200.0
4.0 1500
4.1 1750
4.2 2000
4.3 2500
4.4 3000
4.5 3500
4.6 4200
4.7 5000
4.8 7000
4.9 9000
5.0 1.0 xlO4
5.5 3.0 x 104
6.0 7.0 x 104
6.5 1.75 x 105
7.0 5.0 x 105
7.5 2.0 x 106
8.0 5.0 x 106
8.5 1.5 xlO7
9.0 3.0 x 107
9.5 1.5 xlO8
10.0 2.0 x 108
Solution Pressure buildup data are shown in Figures 16-5 and 16-6. The
log-log plot of Figure 16-5 indicates that wellbore storage effects are not
important, so the increase in slope in Figure 16-6 is probably caused by
reservoir heterogeneity. The ratio of the two slopes is 2.20. Since the absolute
value of the slopes is increasing with shut-in time, and since the slope ratio is
about 2, a linear fault is suspected. Formation permeability, k, is estimated
from the first straight line using Eq. 5-16.
Linear sealing fault
Producing image
well well
Plan view
Point of
intersection
First straight line
Log (t+At)JAt
Table 16-2
Analysis of Data from Well Near Boundary
tP + At
At (hr) ^ pws (psia) Ap (psia) Distance to fault (ft)
6 47.54 3996
8 35.90 4085 16 252
10 28.92 4172 34 240
12 24.27 4240 52 225
14 20.95 4298 70 206
16 18.45 4353 88 189
20 14.96 4435 103 129
24 12.63 4520 135 71
30 10.31 4614 165 198
36 8.76 4700 204 285
42 7.65 4770 245 346
48 6.82 4827 275 400
54 6.17 4882 302 452
60 5.65 4931 330 498
66 5.23 4975 353 542
To estimate the distance to the fault, we determine (tp + Atx)JAtx 17.0
and Atx = 17.23.
(16-13)
(16-14)
gas-water contact
Straight-line section
Log (t + At)ZAt