8 - Energy Balance of Solar Collectors

Renewable Energy Group
Great Ideas Grow

Better Below Zero!
Welcome!
Energy Balance of Solar Collector
Mohamad Kharseh
E-mail:m.Kharseh@gmail.com
1
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Liquid Flat Plate Collectors
1. Heat Loss from Collector
2. Testing of Solar Collectors
2
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Useful Heat Gained By The Collector
Not all of solar radiation hits the sloped surface can be used:
Some solar radiation is reflected and re-emitted away
Some of the gained energy is lost again to the surrounding
qu = S Ap ql
qu = Useful heat gained by the collector

S = Solar Energy absorbed in absorber
Ap = Area of the absorber plates
ql = Heat lost from the collector
3
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Losses from Collector
The thermal losses depends on:

The temperature difference between the absorber
plate and the ambient air
The overall heat loss coefficient, Ul [W/m2,K]
q l = U l A p Tpm Ta ( )
Tpm = Mean temperature of absorber plates
Ta = Ambient air temperature
4
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Losses from Collector
Whenever the absorber plate is warmer than the ambient air,

heat is lost from the collector through:
the cover (top), [W] (

qt = Ut Ap Tpm Ta )
the bottom, [W] qb = U b Ap (Tpm Ta )
the sides, [W] (

qs = Us Ap Tpm Ta )
Most of the heat losses is through the cover
5
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Overall Heat Loss Coefficient
Then, the total heat losses is:
q l = qt + q b + qs
Since the heat loss equations are expressed on the basis

of the same temperature difference, it is then possible to
evaluate the overall heat loss coefficient, Ul, by
ql = U l Ap (Tpm Ta )
U l = Ut + U b + Us
Typical values of Ul ranges from 2 to 10 W/m2K

6
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Thermal Network for a Flat-Plate
qu
7
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Bottom Heat Losses Coefficient
The heat losses coefficient through the bottom

is represented by two series resistors, R3 and
R4. It is possible to assume R4 is zero:
1
Ub = =
R3 b
= thermal conductivity of insulator

b = thickness of insulated bottom
8
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Side Loss Coefficient
Similarly, the heat transfer coefficient for the collector side is:
2 L3 (L1 + L2 )
Us =
L1 L2 s
L1= length of casing

L2= width of casing
L3= height of casing
= thermal conductivity of insulation
s = thickness of insulated side
9
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Top Loss Coefficient

1

Ut =
N 1
+

+
T (
2
pm + Ta
2
T)(
pm + T )
a

Tpm Ta
e a 1 2N + f 1 + 0.133 p
C + N
T +
N +f p 0.00591 N a g
pm
a = 5.7 + 3.8 v wind or a = 2.8 + 3 v wind or Nu = 0.86 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3
( )
f = 1 + 0.089 a 0.1166 a p (1 + 0.07866N )
N = number of covers
C = 520 ( 1 0.000051 ); 0 70
2
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
p = emissivity of plate
100
e = 0.43 ( 1 ) g = emissivity of glass (0.88)
Tpm
a = convection coefficient of ambient air (W/m2K)
wind =Wind speed of ambient air (m/sec)
= collector tilt (degree) 10
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Top Loss Coefficient
Determine the overall loss coefficient for a collector, single glass

cover, with the following specification:
Plate emissivity 0.95
Ambient temperature 10 0C
Mean plate temperature 100 0C
Collector sloped angel 450
Wind speed 2 m/sec
Back-insulation thickness 50 mm
insulation conductivity 0.045 W/m.K
Collector bank length 10 m
Collector bank width 3m
Collector thickness 75 mm
Edge insulation thickness 25 mm
11
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Balance of Collector
( (
qu = Ap S U l Tpm Ta ))
This expression depends on two factors:

1. Ul : is a function of the mean plate temperature, Tpm
2. Tpm: is the mean plate temperature, which is unknown
We need to express qu in terms of a known temperature.

The only known temperature is the fluid inlet temperature
12
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Absorber Cross-section
The useful heat gained by the absorber plate can be divided into:
1. the heat gained from the area above the tube
2. the heat gained from the fin
qu = qu tube + qu fin
tube fin
W-Do
W
13
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Gain per unit Length
The useful heat transfer rate to the fluid in the absorber cross-section is:
qu = [F (W Do ) + Do ] [S U l (Tb Ta )]
F: Standard Fin Efficiency
tanh[m (W Do )/ 2]
F=
m (W Do )/ 2
Hyperbolic
tangent
Do= tube outer diameter
W = distance between tubes
Where m is :
Tb = local absorber temperature above the bond
m = (Ul/pp)
p = thermal conductivity of absorber plate
p = thickness of absorber plate 14
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Collector Efficiency Factor, F
qu = [F (W Do ) + Do ] [S U l (Tb Ta )]
To relate this expression to the local fluid temperature that results from
this heat transfer, the collector efficiency factor, F, is introduced:
U0 1
F' = =
Ul 1 1
WU l +
U l [F (W Do ) + Do ] Di f
Di= tube inner diameter

f = convection coefficient of fluid
Uo= overall heat loss coefficient from fluid to ambient
Ul = overall heat loss coefficient from absorber to ambient
15
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Collector Efficiency Factor, F
Thus, useful gain can be expressed as :
qu = F W [S U l (Tf Ta )]
We eliminated Tb from the equation and obtain an

expression for useful gain in term of known dimensions,
physical parameters and fluid temperature.
16
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Gain in Cross-section
We can express an energy balance on the fluid flowing

through a signal tube of a small length dy as:
Fluid Flow /n) c pTf (y)

(m /n) c pTf (y + dy)
(m
dy
y
Number of tube in
the absorber plate
n qu dy = m c p dTf n F' W [S U l (Tf Ta )] = 0

c p dTf m
dy
17
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Solving this differential equation, we can determine the

fluid temperature at any position y:
Ul n W F '
- y

Tf (y)-Ta -S/U l m c p
=e
Tfi -Ta -S/U l
If the collector has a length L in the flow direction, then the

outlet fluid temperature Tfo is found by substituting L for y, note
that n.W.L =Ap
Ul ApF'
-
Tfo -Ta -S/U l m c p
= e
Tfi -Ta -S/U l
18
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Heat Removal Factor, FR
The heat removal factor, which relates the actual heat gain
to the maximum heat gain, is define as:
qu Actual hea t gain c p (Tfo Tfi )

m
FR = =
qu Maximum heat gain Ap [S U l (Tfi Ta )]
Using the last equation in the previous slide, we can express

FR that is independent of the outlet temperature, Tfo:

Ul Ap

mc p
F'
m Cp
FR = 1 e
U l Ap

19
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Then the collector heat removal factor times this

maximum possible useful energy gain is equal to
the actual useful energy gain qu
qu = Ap FR [S U l (Tfi Ta )]
20
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!

Using FR the useful heat gain can now be determined based on
the inlet temperature.
But the overall heat loss coefficient, Ul, is a function of
the mean plate temperature, Tpm
F' l p
U A

mc p m Cp qu = Ap FR [S U l (Tfi Ta )]
FR = 1 e
U l Ap

U0 1
F' = =
Ul 1 1
WU l +
U l = Ut + U b + Us
1

Ut =
N
+
1

+

(
Tpm
2
)(
+ Ta2 Tpm + Ta )

+ +
C Tpm Ta
e a 1 2 N f 1 0.133 p
+ N
T + p + 0.00591 N a g
pm N f
21
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Mean Plate Temperature
1. Guess a first value of Ul (2 10 W/m2,K) and calculate

the heat gain, qu.
2. Tpm can then be calculated from the original heat gain
equation:
( (
qu = Ap S U l Tpm Ta ))
3. Use the calculated Tpm to derive a new Ul.

4. Continue with iterations until Ul remains approximately
the same from one calculation to another.
Since Ul is only vaguely dependent on the temperature,
one or two repetition should be necessary
22
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Instantaneous Collector Efficiency
Collector is exposed to solar radiation while the fluid flow rate

and temperature increase is measured.
The useful heat gain in a collector operating under steady

state condition equals the enthalpy increase of the fluid:
(
qu=m c p T fo -T fi )
The instantaneous collector efficiency is the ratio of the
useful heat gain to the incident solar radiation:
i=
qu
=
( )
m c p T fo -T fi FR
= [S-U (T -T )]
L fi a
Ap I T Ap I T IT
23
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Instantaneous Collector Efficiency

The efficiency curve for a collector is plotted as a function of (Tfi Ta)/IT
[Tfi-Ta/IT]103 [Km2/W]
The efficiency curve yields a straight line since FR, () and Ul are
fairly constant for a collector type when the flow rate is constant
24
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Example
Casing: Cover:
Material: glass
Length = 2.4m
N = 1
Width = 1.2m
c = c = 0.84
b = 25mm n2/n1 = 1.526
b = 0.036W/mK
Heat carrier:
Absorber:
Fluid: water
Length = 2.3m
Width = 1.15m m = 15kg/h
p-c1 = 25mm Ti = 293 K
p = 0.5mm hf = 205W/m2K
p = 237W/mK
p = 0.9
Ambient:
p = 0.1
D0 = 13.4mm Ta = 273 K
Di = 12.4mm Va = 5 m/s
W = 143mm
Kc = 0.03
25
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
Assignment 2
Useful heat gained by the collector and collector efficiency
1. Determine the best slope angle of your solar collector, for your
region, that produces the maximum energy.
2. Annual & monthly available solar energy on sloped surface in your
region.
3. Annual & monthly useful heat gained by one square meter of solo
collector.
4. Monthly solar collector efficiency.
5. annual average solar collector efficiency
Using following Assumption:
W=0.143 m, Do=0.0134, Di=0.0123, b=0.05, s=0.025,
p=0.001, insulation=0.045, p=237 and the flow rate is 0,004
kg/s
26
Great Ideas Grow
Better Below Zero!
S = ()b GbT + ()d (GdT + GrT )

( ) =
1 (1 )d
qu = Ap FR [S U l (Tfi Ta )]
F' l p
U A
U0 1

mc p m Cp F' = =
FR = 1 e Ul 1 1
U l Ap WU l +

U l = Ut + U b + Us
1

Ut =
N
+
1

+

( 2 2
)(
Tpm + Ta Tpm + Ta )

2N + f 1 + 0.133 p
C Tpm Ta
e a 1
+ N
T p + 0.00591 N a g
pm N +f 27

8 - Energy Balance of Solar Collectors

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

8 - Energy Balance of Solar Collectors

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Renewable Energy Group

Great Ideas Grow

Energy Balance of Solar Collector

Liquid Flat Plate Collectors

1. Heat Loss from Collector

2. Testing of Solar Collectors

Useful Heat Gained By The Collector

Some solar radiation is reflected and re-emitted away

Some of the gained energy is lost again to the surrounding

qu = Useful heat gained by the collector

Heat Losses from Collector

The thermal losses depends on:

Heat Losses from Collector

Whenever the absorber plate is warmer than the ambient air,

the cover (top), [W] (

the sides, [W] (

Most of the heat losses is through the cover

Overall Heat Loss Coefficient

Then, the total heat losses is:

Since the heat loss equations are expressed on the basis

Typical values of Ul ranges from 2 to 10 W/m2K

Thermal Network for a Flat-Plate

Bottom Heat Losses Coefficient

The heat losses coefficient through the bottom

= thermal conductivity of insulator

Side Loss Coefficient

L1= length of casing

Top Loss Coefficient

a = 5.7 + 3.8 v wind or a = 2.8 + 3 v wind or Nu = 0.86 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3

Top Loss Coefficient

Determine the overall loss coefficient for a collector, single glass

Heat Balance of Collector

This expression depends on two factors:

We need to express qu in terms of a known temperature.

Heat Gain per unit Length

F: Standard Fin Efficiency

Collector Efficiency Factor, F

Di= tube inner diameter

Collector Efficiency Factor, F

Thus, useful gain can be expressed as :

We eliminated Tb from the equation and obtain an

Heat Gain in Cross-section

We can express an energy balance on the fluid flowing

Fluid Flow /n) c pTf (y)

n qu dy = m c p dTf n F' W [S U l (Tf Ta )] = 0

Heat Gain in Cross-section

Solving this differential equation, we can determine the

If the collector has a length L in the flow direction, then the

Heat Removal Factor, FR

qu Actual hea t gain c p (Tfo Tfi )

Using the last equation in the previous slide, we can express

Heat Gain in Cross-section

Then the collector heat removal factor times this

Heat Gain in Cross-section

Mean Plate Temperature

1. Guess a first value of Ul (2 10 W/m2,K) and calculate

3. Use the calculated Tpm to derive a new Ul.

Instantaneous Collector Efficiency

Collector is exposed to solar radiation while the fluid flow rate

The useful heat gain in a collector operating under steady

Instantaneous Collector Efficiency

S = ()b GbT + ()d (GdT + GrT )

S-ar putea să vă placă și