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(c) Decrease in amount of fat absorbed, does not cause high levels of blood cholesterol/fat, hence
less risk of coronary heart disease;
No accumulation in the body, does not contribute to weight problems/obesity;
(d) Diet with all fats replaced with olestra would result in lack of fat in the body, which is an
important constituent of protoplasm (plasma membranes), and serves as insulating layer; (Fats
would be passed out in faeces, may lead to oily and loose stools.)
Question 2
(a) Region E;
(c) Drug K is in the dry form and would need to dissolve in water before it can be absorbed. It is
enclosed in a few layers, preventing the drug from dissolving immediately upon contact with
water;
Presence of an acid resistant coat, which does not break down in the stomach with the presence
of acid (drug still intact in stomach), and hence is not absorbed in the stomach;
The drug would probably be absorbed in the small intestine/ileum, and hence the time taken for
the drug to reach its highest blood concentration would be longer compared to drug J;
(d) (i) The pill has a coat that tends to stick to mucus, which would cause it to be trapped in
the layer of mucus; hence taking a longer time before the drug enters the epithelial
cells of the small intestine;
(ii) The partially permeable membrane allows the entry of water into the pill, which would
cause the dry form of the drug to be dissolved;
After the drug is dissolved, it is able to move through the partially permeable membrane into
the lumen of the small intestine;
2. (a) Describe the parts played in the digestion and assimilation of food by:
i) The pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (TAL) into the duodenum: Amylase hydrolyses starch into maltose, Trypsin
hydrolyses proteins into peptides, Lipase hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol;;
Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature hence neutralizes the acidic chyme and provides an optimal pH for
intestinal enzymes to function;
*Secretes insulin into bloodstream which enables uptake and use of glucose by cells and controls
conversion of excess glucose into glycogen.
2. (b) As a result of intestinal disease, parts of the alimentary canal are sometimes surgically removed.
Suggest the effect on lifestyle and on digestive function of removing:
i)The stomach:
As the stomach secretes gastric enzymes such as rennin and pepsin, digestion of proteins is reduced;
The stomach churns the food, physically breaking them down to form chyme, hence the person can only
consume food that is easily digestible;
The stomach is distensible and stores food temporarily. As the gut cannot accommodate large meals, the
person can only consume small portions of food;
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the stomach, hence bacteria will not be killed and the person becomes
more susceptible to bacterial infection;
Effects on Society:
Alcoholics are liabilities to society.
They may neglect their work and families, and exhibit violent behaviour especially towards family
members.
Financial problems are also incurred by alcoholics because of the amount spent on drinks or joblessness.
Many crimes have been committed by people under the influence of alcohol and many road accidents are
caused by drunk drivers.