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Multi-Beam Antenna Technologies for 5G

Wireless Communications
Wei Hong, Fellow, IEEE, Zhi Hao Jiang, Member, IEEE, Chao Yu, Member, IEEE, Jianyi
Zhou, Member, IEEE, Peng Chen, Member, IEEE, Zhiqiang Yu, Hui Zhang, Binqi Yang,
Xingdong Pang, Mei Jiang, Yujian Cheng, Senior Member, IEEE, Mustafa K. Taher
Al-Nuaimi, Yan Zhang, Member, IEEE, Jixin Chen, Member, IEEE, Shiwen He

AbstractWith the demanding system requirements for the
fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications and the severe
spectrum shortage at conventional cellular frequencies,
multibeam antenna systems operating in the millimeter-wave
frequency bands have attracted a lot of research interest and have
been actively investigated. They represent the key antenna
technology for supporting a high data transmission rate, an
improved signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, an increased
spectral and energy efficiency, and versatile beam shaping,
thereby holding a great promise in serving as the critical
infrastructure for enabling beamforming and massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) that boost the 5G. This
paper provides an overview of the existing multibeam antenna
technologies which include the passive multibeam antennas based
on quasi-optics components and beamforming circuits, multibeam Fig. 1. Service requirements and key enabling technologies for 5G wireless
phased array antennas enabled by various phase shifting methods, communications.
and digital multibeam antennas with different system
architectures. Specifically, their principles of operation, design and profound impacts on daily lives and social activities of
and implementation, as well as a number of illustrative human beings, which results in continuing expanding data
application examples are reviewed. Finally, the suitability of these
traffic and device connections. Looking forward, by the year
multibeam antennas for the future 5G massive MIMO wireless
systems as well as the associated challenges are discussed. 2020, the number of mobile connection is expected to exceed
100 billion due to the extraordinarily fast growth of consumer
Index TermsAntenna array, beamforming, massive MIMO, wireless devices and the prevailing concept of the Internet of
millimeter-wave, multibeam antenna Things [4], [5]. Moreover, driven by the increasing demand of
data-hungry devices and multimedia smartphone applications,
I. INTRODUCTION the mobile data traffic is (at least) doubled every year and, by
the year 2018, will surpass that from wired equipment [6], [7].
E VER since the beginning of the 1980s, we have witnessed a
rapid evolution of commercial wireless communications
from simple voice systems to advanced mobile broadband
In order to tackle these near-future challenges, at the time the
majority of the people are enjoying the tens of megabits per
multimedia systems [1]-[3]. The emergence of a new second (Mbps) streaming supported by the fourth-generation
generation almost every decade has brought about fundamental (4G) mobile systems, major research institutions and wireless
providers have stepped out to plan the next-generation system,
i.e. the fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems, which are
Manuscript received Dec. 20, 2016. This work was supported by the Natural scheduled to be deployed in the early 2020s [8].
Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61627801, National Science
and Technology Major Project under grant 2010ZX03007-001-01, and As compared to the current generation, dramatically
Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under different system performance metrics are required for the 5G
grant 20100092120013. wireless communications, including a data rate on the gigabit
Wei Hong, Zhi Hao Jiang, Chao Yu, Jianyi Zhou, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Yu,
Hui Zhang, Binqi Yang, Xingdong Pang, Mustafa K. Taher Al-Nuaimi, Yan per second (Gbps) level, an extremely high traffic volume
Zhang, Jixin Chen, and Shiwen He are with the State Key Laboratory of density, a latency time on the millisecond level, super-dense
Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast connections, and improved spectral, energy, and cost
University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China. (Corresponding Author Emails:
weihong@seu.edu.cn, zhihao.jiang@seu.edu.cn) efficiencies (see Fig. 1) [9]. To this end, revolutionary
Mei Jiang is with the Science and Technology on Electromagnetic technologies have been called for in order to meet these
Scattering Laboratory, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China. necessitated but previously unattainable system properties. The
Yujian Cheng is with the EHF Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science,
School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
key enabling communication and network technologies under
Technology of China, Chengdu, 610599, P. R. China. development include novel multiple access strategies,

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ultra-dense networking, all-spectrum access, massive MIMO,
full/flexible duplex, and many others [8], [10], [11]. The
realization of these high level technologies brings about new
challenges for the physical infrastructure designers which
undoubtedly include the antenna and microwave engineers.
From the electromagnetic wave perspective, due to this
unprecedented growth of mobile data demand, the very limited
spectrum resources available in the sub-6 GHz spectrum no
longer satisfy the system needs. Consequently, the use of the
vast amount of underutilized spectrum in the 6 300 GHz range
for next-generation commercial wireless systems has recently
garnered a great amount of research interest [12]-[15]. With the
recent advances in low-cost and high-performance
millimeter-wave (MMW) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz)
integrated chips (ICs), high-speed mobile communications at
frequencies above 6 GHz became a promising path [16]-[19].
Recently, the international telecommunication union (ITU)
announced the following spectrum for 5G communication,
including the 3.4 3.6 GHz, 5.0 6.0 GHz, 24.25 27.5 GHz,
37 40.5 GHz, 66 76GHz bands, and so on [20], and the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has announced
the spectrum of 27.5 28.35GHz for 5G. It is widely known
that, at these high frequencies, especially at MMW bands, the
electromagnetic wave suffers from more severe free-space loss
and blockage, which substantially degrades the
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) [21]. To cope
with this shortcoming, high gain antennas with a directional
beam can be deployed (possibly at both transmitting and
receiving ends), which greatly enhances the SINR, mitigates
the Doppler effect, and improves the data security, thus have
been widely used in long-range MMW point-to-point
communications with a line-of-sight (LoS) link [12], [22].
However, the narrow beam provides only limited spatial
coverage, making it not amenable to multi-user mobile
streaming. In addition, for non-line-of-sight (NLoS)
communications, the single directional beam needs to be
steered either electronically or mechanically in order to find a
reliable substitute link.
Fig. 2. A conceptual scenario of base stations equipped with MBAs serving
multiple distributed mobile users.
Alternatively, the multibeam antennas (MBAs) [23], [24],
which are capable of generating a number of concurrent but
independent directive beams with a high gain value to cover a
pre-defined angular range, provide a solution to overcome the
above shortcomings of antennas with a single directive beam.
They serve as the key hardware for enabling massive MIMO,
which makes a clear break from the conventional MIMO
technology through utilizing a very large number of service
antennas that operate fully coherently and adaptively [25]-[27].
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In MBA systems, the orthogonal beams possess a high angular
selectivity, thus allowing for significant frequency reuse and
yielding a much higher system capacity. Dating back to the
time period from the 1960s to the 1980s, a series of research
campaigns on the pattern limitations [28], [29] and optimum
feeding networks [30], [31] of multibeam radiation from a
shared aperture set the theoretical foundations and guidelines
for the design of MBAs. In the past, practical MBAs have
primarily been used in radar systems and satellite
communications, which, however, are physically bulky and
expensive [32], [33]. Taking advantage of the much smaller
wavelength at the MMW frequencies as compared to that in the
sub-6GHz spectrum, more antennas can be incorporated in an
aperture with the same physical area, allowing for a higher
array gain and a more compact device form factor. Apart from
the capability of serving a number of distributed users with
multiple directional beams, the useful rich spatial channel
information can also be exploited due to the fact that the narrow
beams emitting into different directions will undergo
uncorrelated multipath channels, i.e. the beamspace MIMO,
thereby further improving the link reliability and reducing the
outage probability [34]-[36]. Due to these joint technological
benefits, the MBAs hold a great promise to be employed in both
base stations and user terminals of a 5G system to enable
dynamic and reliable wireless links for high-speed data
transferring [37]-[39] (see Fig. 2). Thus far, much research
efforts have been carried out investigating the fundamental
theory, system architecture and implementation, component
design and miniaturization of MBAs.
In this paper, the various approaches to achieve MBAs are
reviewed, from the aspects of both system architectures and
beamforming methods. In Section II, different types of passive
MBAs (PMBAs) are classified and compared, including their
principle of operation, performance, and applications. Section
III discusses multibeam phased array antennas (MBPAAs)
enabled by imposing analog phase shifting at either radio
frequency (RF), intermediate frequency (IF), or baseband (BB).
The digital MBAs (DMBAs) are then covered in Section IV
with illustrative application examples at both the microwave
and MMW frequencies. The suitability of the various MBA
technologies for 5G wireless communications and associated
challenges are briefly discussed in Section V, followed by the
conclusions in Section VI.
II. PASSIVE MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS
The PMBAs are a class of MBAs that achieve the desired
beamforming in the RF domain without using any active
components [23], [40]. In general, the PMBAs contain a finite
number of well-isolated input ports. Each port, backed by a
transceiver (Tx/Rx), controls a single narrow beam pointing at
a pre-defined direction. Multiple beams can thus be
simultaneously emitted from a shared aperture of a certain
physical size for covering a prescribed angular range. The
resolution is limited by the beamwidth while the number of
beams determines the range of coverage. Typically, the
performance of a PMBA is characterized by the scanning range,
polarization, gain, sidelobe level, bandwidth, port isolation, and
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Fig. 3. Configurations of the (a) center-fed and (b) offset-fed parabolic reflector fed by an array of antennas for producing N beams. (c) Dual-reflector
Cassegrain arrangement of multibeam antenna for satellite communications and (d) the gain patterns of the formed multiple beams. (Reproduced from [64])

Fig. 4. Configurations of a planar reflectarray fed by an array of antennas for producing multiple beams. (b) A MMW folded reflectarray with three dielectric
rod feed antennas and (c) its measured radiation patterns at 77 GHz according to every exciting port. (Reproduced from [80])

efficiency. According to system architecture and principle of
operation, the PMBAs can be divided into three categories:
1) PMBAs based on reflectors;
2) PMBAs based on lenses;
3) PMBA based on beamforming circuits.
In the following sub-sections, the basic principle of operation,
design, and applications of the three types of PMBAs are
discussed.
A. PMBAs Based on Reflectors
The first type of PMBAs is a reflector-based quasi-optics
component with a continuous aperture, whose operation can be
readily understood from the ray-optics perspective. More
stringently speaking, such a component performs the Fourier
transform in redistributing energy from the impinging
free-space propagating wave to the required aperture
distribution [41].
As illustrated in Fig. 3(a), the conceptual configuration of a
basic reflector-based PMBA consists of a dish reflector, with a
focal length of F and a diameter of D, and multiple feeding
antennas, separated by a distance of d [42]. The feeds are
located around the focal point of the reflector. Sharp reflected
beams pointing at different angles can be generated when
different feed antennas are activated. The key parameters F/D
and d determine the beam separation, cross-coupling between
adjacent beams, spill-over loss of the reflector, and polarization
degradation caused by mutual coupling between feed antennas
[43].
The performance of a reflector-based PMBA can be
improved by modifying the shape of the reflector, adjusting the
feeding antennas design, and/or optimizing the relative
orientation and positioning between the reflector and the feed
antennas [44]. Particularly, in order to reduce the pattern
distortion caused by the scattering from the feeding antennas,
offset-fed reflectors have been employed for multibeam
systems [45], [46] (see Fig. 3(b)). In addition, bifocal
dual-reflector configurations, as well as shaped dual- and
triple-reflectors have been exploited to tailor the aperture
illumination for enabling a high aperture efficiency [47]-[49].
Conventionally, an array of horn antennas has primarily been
used as the feed. However, the relatively high
cross-polarization level and sidelobes of a horn result in
polarization impurity and spill-over loss, respectively, causing
system performance degradation [50]. Because of this, various
improved feeding antennas for the reflector-type MBAs have
been proposed and demonstrated, such as the printed radiating
elements [51], leaky-wave slot arrays [52], electromagnetic
bandgap antennas [53], [54], modified stepped-horns [55], [56],
hard/soft horn antennas [57], [58], and so on. These novel
feeding elements and/or arrays provide superior properties
including a lower cross-polarization level, a higher aperture
efficiency, a lower mutual coupling, or a lower profile. In
addition, multi-feed-per-beam configurations have been
investigated as an alternative to the conventional
single-feed-per-beam architecture [59]. By virtue of the
extremely-high gain, low side-lobe, and high beam crossover
properties, the reflector-based PMBAs have been preferable
solutions for satellite communications [60]-[62] and radio
astronomy [63]. Due to the large communication distance
required in these applications, a small field-of-view with
densely filled narrow beams is required for frequency reuse and
high SINR links. Fig. 3(c) shows the photographs of a PMBA
with two reflectors in a Cassegrain arrangement for
low-earth-orbit satellite communications that provides the

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Fig. 5. Configurations of (a) a conventional homogeneous lens, (b) a gradient-index Luneburg lens, and (c) a gradient-index half Maxwell fish-eye lens fed by
an array of antennas for producing N beams.

Fig. 6. (a) A SIW Rotman lens MBA and its measured normalized radiation patterns at 28.5 GHz according to every exciting port. (Reproduced from [115]) (b)
A SIW modified R-KR lens MBA and its measured normalized radiation patterns at 30 GHz according to every exciting port. (Reproduced from [116])

desired multibeam coverage in the Ka-band with a gain varying
in the range between 38.8 and 43.8 dBi (see Fig. 2(d)) [64].
The dish reflector, fully made of metallic materials, greatly
increases the weight, size, and cost of the system. Instead, wire
meshes have been utilized to replace the solid reflector without
significantly sacrificing the multibeam performance [65], [66].
Alternatively, due to the development of printed circuit
technology, planar reflect-arrays have been investigated with
the aim to replace the conventional curved reflector, thereby
enabling a fully-planarized platform with a lower profile, a
lower cost, and a lighter weight [67], [68]. Basically, as
depicted in Fig. 4(a), a reflect-array is comprised by of a solid
metallic ground plane, a single- or multi-layered of
inhomogeneous array of printed resonant scatters with
optimized sizes and patterns, and a thin dielectric spacer.
Various center-fed and offset-fed reflect-arrays that produces a
single or multiple main beam(s) within a single or multiple
frequency band(s) have been proposed and experimentally
verified at microwave to MMW frequencies [69]-[75], which
can potentially be further developed into MBAs by including
more feed antennas. To further shrink the overall system
volume and reduce spill-over loss, folded reflectarray based on
printed structures has been proposed [76] and implemented in
the MMW band [77], [78], which can be highly useful for
automotive radar systems [79]. As shown in Fig. 4(b), by
incorporating three dielectric rod antennas as the primary feeds
for a folded reflectarray, multiple radiated beams can be
achieved a high gain of more than 40 dBi in the E-band (see Fig.
4(c)) [80].
B. PMBAs Based on Lenses
In addition to the reflector-based PMBAs, the lens-based
beamforming components are transmitting devices that provide
the targeted multibeam radiation. As shown in Fig. 5(a), a
typical lens-based PMBA has a continuous aperture. One side
of the lens is illuminated by the input waves emitted from the
feeding antennas, while the other side of the lens serves as the

Fig. 7. (a) Configurations of a planar transmitarray fed by an array of antennas for producing N beams. (b) A Ka-band dual-layer transmitarray based MBA and
(c) its measured normalized radiation patterns at 28 GHz according to every exciting port. (Reproduced from [132])

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radiating aperture [43]. Comparing to the reflector-based
PMBAs, they provide a more compact system form factor and
the blockage effect of the feed antennas no longer exists.
Evolved from the basic convex/concave lenses made of
homogeneous isotropic dielectric materials, shaped lenses
[81]-[84], bifocal lenses [85], gratings [86], and spherical
lenses [87]-[89] have been explored to increase the gain and
reduce the sidelobe level of the multiple radiated beams.
Fresnel lenses, also referred to as zone plates, possess a lower
profile, but suffering from a narrow operational bandwidth and
increased insertion loss due to shadow blockage [90], [91].
More complicated geodesic lenses with various gradient-index
distributions have also been extensively studied, among which
the most widely known ones are the Luneburg lens and the
hemispherical half Maxwell fish-eye lens, as illustrated in Fig.
5(b) and (c), respectively [92], [93]. Since each point on the
curved lens periphery is a focal point, two-dimensional
scanning can be obtained with less scanning loss when these
two types of gradient-index lenses are fed by an array of
antennas conformal to the lens surface [94]-[97]. Recently,
planar printed Luneburg and half Maxwell fish-eye lenses have
also been investigated for achieving low-profile end-fire
radiating devices with one-dimensional multibeam
functionality [98]-[100]. Apart from the Luneburg and
Maxwell fish-eye lenses which have an index profile that can
be expressed analytically, more complicated gradient-index
lenses with anisotropic index profiles obtained from coordinate
transformations and global optimizations have also been
proposed for achieving a compact device form factor with
maintained performance [101], [102].
Instead of directly radiating from the lens aperture, the
output face of the lens can also be connected to a number of
ports, each feeding an antenna element or a sub-array. These
lenses sometimes have multiple focal points, which can be
designed relying on the bootlace concept [103]. One important
advantage of this kind of lenses is that they can be fully
integrated into the substrate and connected to transmission-line
or waveguide input and output ports. The most well-known
ones are the Ruze lens [104], Rotman lens [105], and R-KR lens
[106]. In particular, the R-2R lens is able to provide 360
azimuthal coverage [107]. Various types of radiators, including
patches, arc slot pairs, and leaky-wave antennas, have been
integrated with these lenses, implemented by bulky waveguides
and transmission-lines, to form PMBAs for applications
including satellite communications, automotive radars, and so
on [108]-[114]. To achieve low-profile and low-loss planar
beamforming lenses at MMW frequencies, the substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW) technology has been employed to
implement high-performance lens-based PMBAs [115]-[118].
Fig. 6(a) presents the photograph of an SIW Rotman lens that
generates 7 beams covering a sector in between 20 off
broadside and a gain of more than 13.8 dBi in the Ka-band
[115]. Fig. 6(b) shows a modified SIW R-KR lens, producing
15 beams that cover a wide angular range between 54with a
gain higher than 17.44 dBi [116]. For both antennas,
longitudinal SIW slot sub-arrays are used as the radiating
elements.
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Similar to reflect-arrays, lens-based PMBAs can also be
achieved by discrete apertures, which are referred to as
transmit-arrays [119] or phase shifting surfaces [120]. They
have been actively investigated, especially in recent years, with
the aim to further reduce the weight and size of the lens-based
PMBAs. Instead of relying on the cumulated optical path to
achieve the required phase correction across an aperture, a
spatially dependent distribution of phase shift [121], [122] or
time delay [123] across a planar lens can be manipulated, as
depicted in Fig. 7(a). Basically, such a planar lens can be
viewed as a hardware that performs the discrete Fourier
transform on the incident wave which is a linear combination of
plane waves impinging from different angles. The required
phase shift or time delay can be realized by cascading multiple
layers of printed metallic resonators [124] or by inserting delay
lines between the two surfaces of the lens [125], [126]. The
parameter F/D needs to be optimized in order to minimize the
spill-over loss and maximize the directivity [127]. It has been
shown that, by properly positioning the feed antennas behind a
planar lens, multiple independently controllable beams can be
obtained [35], [128]-[132], based on which the application of
such lens-based PMBAs for MIMO communications has been
envisioned [133]. As shown in Fig. 7(b), a dual-layer
transmit-array composed of Jerusalem cross unit cells has been
designed and fabricated for massive MIMO applications in the
Ka-band [132]. When illuminated by seven oppositely
side-by-side aligned SIW-fed stacked-patch antennas, seven
beams can be independently generated, covering an angular
range between 27off broadside and a maximum gain of 24.2
dBi. Apart from planar lenses using metallic resonators, planar
dielectric multibeam lenses have also been explored
[134]-[137]. In such a structure, the desired phase delay is often
accomplished by drilling holes of various sizes to form an
inhomogeneous effective medium. Due to the lower loss
associated with the dielectric materials and the elimination of
resonating metallic structures, the planar dielectric multibeam
lenses offer a lower absorption loss.
C. PMBA Based on Beamforming Circuits
In contrast to the reflector- and lens-based PMBAs relying
on quasi-optics beamforming strategies, passive beamforming
circuit is a versatile approach that can be fully integrated with
an array of antennas into a single substrate. Specifically, the
phase distributions along the linear antenna array required to
achieve beams pointing at different angles are obtained from
phase-shifting transmission-lines and directional couplers [23].
The number of antennas determines the angular resolution,
while the number of ports is a factor of spatial selectivity. Due
to the dispersive properties of the beamforming network, the
angles of beams and their associated beamwidth will vary as
frequency changes. Various beamforming circuits have been
proposed and demonstrated, among which the most
well-known ones are the Bulter matrix [138] and Blass matrix
[139].
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Fig. 8. (a) System architecture of a 4 4 Butler matrix based MBA. (b)
Photograph of a Ku-band SIW 4 8 Bulter matrix MBA and (c) its measured
normalized radiation patterns at 16 GHz according to every exciting port.
(Reproduced from [155])
A typical beamforming N M Bulter matrix, consisting of
fixed phase shifters, cross-overs, and 90hybrid couplers, can
produce a number of N orthogonal beams radiated from a
uniform linear array (ULA) of M elements, as shown in Fig.
8(a). Basically, the Butler matrix performs a hardware fast
Fourier transform (FFT) [140], [141]. It possesses good input
impedance and port isolation, with a beam crossover level of
around 3.9 dB and a sidelobe level of about 13 dB. The main
limitation of the traditional Butler matrix is that both N and M
have to be a power of two. To increase the beam flexibility,
terminating unused ports or employing hybrid couplers with six
and eight ports has been proposed [142]. Other topologies for
generating 3m inputs and 3n output Butler like matrices have
also been reported using regular four-port hybrid couplers and
phase shifters [143, 144]. As the number of beam becomes
larger, the required numbers of hybrid couplers and phase
shifters grow significantly, leading to a much more complicated
Fig. 9. (a) System architecture of a 4 4 Blass matrix based MBA. (b) Photograph of a Ku-band SIW 4 16 Blass matrix MBA and (c) its measured
normalized radiation patterns at 16.1 GHz according to every exciting port. (Reproduced from [163])
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layout and increased insertion loss. Introduction of 180hybrid
couplers [145] and reflective matrices [146], [147] have been
shown to reduce the total number of components. In addition, in
order to control the sidelobe level and crossover level of beams,
various modified Butler matrices have been suggested, by
introducing amplitude tapering into the radiating ULA [148]. In
the past, Butler matrix based PMBAs have been realized using
the microstrip [149], coplanar waveguide [150], slotline [151],
artificial transmission-line [152], CMOS [153], and hollow
waveguide [154] technologies, for applications such as radar,
fixed wireless access, satellite communications, and so on. In
particular, much research efforts have been carried out in
developing and miniaturizing Butler matrices based on SIW
structures from microwave to MMW, due to the planar and
low-loss properties of SIWs [155]-[159]. Fig. 8(b) shows the
implementation of a 4 8 Bulter matrix PMBA with amplitude
tapering in the Ku-band for MIMO communication base
stations, achieving a sidelobe level below 15 dB, an averaged
gain of about 22 dBi, and a beam crossover level of 12 dB (see
Fig. 8(c)). Due to the employed SIW beamforming structure,
the insertion loss was only around 0.9 dB.
The Blass matrix is a more flexible beamforming circuit,
which allows for generating an arbitrary number of beams, each
pointing at arbitrary position and even with a distinct pattern
shape [139]. It consists of N travelling-wave feedlines
connected to another set of M transmission-lines serving as the
inputs of the ULA for generating N beams (se Fig. 9(a)).
Directional couplers are positioned at the intersections between
the two sets of lines and lossless phase shifters are used in
between two consecutive couplers. Since the two sets of lines
are terminated with matched loads, the Blass matrix is a lossy
network, which has a reduced efficiency but with relaxed
requirements on the orthogonality of the beams [30]. Lossless
Blass matrix, however, has not been realized because it needs
directional couplers with near-unity coupling values [160]. To
minimize the loss of the Blass matrix, the non-linear
multivariable programming problem was transformed into a
linear one-variable problem, which can be efficiently solved by
applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization [161]. In order
to miniaturize the footprint of a Blass matrix based PMBA, it
has been shown that the beamforming circuits and micropstrip
antennas can be integrated into a single component, at the
expense of the emergence of minor spurious beams [162]. Fig.
9(b)-(c) present a double-layer 4 16 Blass matrix realized by
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Fig. 10. System architecture of a (a) passive and (b) active MBPAA. (c) Photograph of a dual-beam phased array operating in the 500 1500 MHz range and
its measured radiation pattern (Reproduced from [171]). (d) Microphotograph of a quad-beam two-antenna Ku-band phased array. (Reproduced from [172])

the SIW structure in the Ku-band, achieving 4 beams covering
an angular region of 30with an averaged gain of about 13.5
dBi and a beam crossover level of 9 dB [163]. As a special
case of the Blass matrix, the Nolen matrix is a serial feeding
network but with no loss, thus avoiding crossovers [164], [165].
To reduce the dispersive beam squinting, adequate delay
compensation can be incorporated into the coupler design for
enabling broadband operation [166].
III. MULTIBEAM PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS
Different from the various PMBAs presented in the previous
section, which have prefixed number of beams each pointing at
a predefined direction once the system is manufactured, the
phased array antennas have agile beams, providing significant
system advantages [28]. These electronically scanned arrays
have received great amount of interest since the 1950s, with
widespread applications in military and commercial radars,
satellite communications, imaging systems, and so on.
Originated from the conventional phased arrays which supports
a single steered beam [167], the generation of multiple
concurrent beams using the phased array technology has been
developed in recent years for multi-user or multi-target
applications due to its frequency reuse advantage. In general,
the MBPAAs can be divided into two main categories, i.e.
passive and active MBPAAs [168]. From the perspective of
analog beamforming networks, the phase shifting techniques of
a MBPAA can be classified into RF phase shifting, IF shifting,
and BB phase shifting. In this section, the system architecture,
operation characteristics, and applications of different types of
MBPAAs are presented and compared.
A. Passive and Active MBPAAs with RF Phase Shifting
Among all types the MBPAAs, the most popular and widely
employed one is the RF phase shifting network based MBPAA.
As shown in Fig. 10(a), typically, a passive MBPAA contains N
RF channels and a ULA of M elements with a separation
distance of d. Each channel has its own transceiver, connected
to the beamforming network via a duplexer or a switch
(DPX/S), for controlling the power level of a single beam. For
each antenna element, it is connected to the N channels through
a phase shifter, thus the total number of phase shifters is equal
to the product of the number of beams and the number of
antenna elements, i.e. N M [169]. Specifically, the phase
shifter connecting the mth antenna element and the nth channel
is denoted as nm, where m = 1, , M, and n = 1, , N. In order
to direct the nth beam to an angle of n off broadside at a
wavelength of 0, the phase values assigned to corresponding
phase shifters need to satisfy
(1) = 2 sin 0 , = 2, , . (1)
The larger the inter-element distance d, the narrower the
beamwidth becomes for the main beam. However, this comes
along with a reduced scanning range and the emergence of
grating lobes. Thus, to prevent the occurrence of a second main
lobe, the choice of the spacing d must follow
0 > 1 + {|sin |}, = 1, , . (2)
The architecture of an active MBPAAs is illustrated in Fig.
10(b). In contrast to the passive one, here every antenna
element has its own low noise amplifier (LNA) and power
amplifier (PA). The RF phase shifters are placed in between the
LNAs/PAs and the mixers, with a same number as that of the
passive MBPAA. A limiter can be added in front of the LNA
for protection. Such architectural difference improves the
system noise figure and thus the receiving sensitivity. In
addition, it is also capable of generating high levels of RF
power and a better system linearity since the power from all the
relatively low-power solid state PAs combine in free space,
whereas the transmitted power from the passive MBPAA
comes solely from a single PA [170]. Consequently, the active
MBPAA has a better power efficiency as compared to the
passive MBPAA, especially when the number of beam
increases. The phase shifting and spacing requirements for
generating the beams are the same as that for the passive
MBPAA. For both types of MBPAAs, in order to control the
sidelobes of each beam, a variable attenuator can be
incorporated along with each phase shifter, resulting in a total

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number of N M attenuators. Alternatively, variable power
dividers can be used for obtaining the required amplitude
tapering across the array aperture. For broadband operation,
time delay components need to be employed instead of phase
shifters. The required time delay between neighboring elements
for directing the nth beam to an angle of n off broadside is
(1) = sin /0 ,
where c0 is the speed of light in free space.
Fig. 11. System architecture of a MBPAA receiver with LO phase shifting.
Due to the system complexity, much fewer demonstrations
of the MBPAAs can be found in the literature as compared to
the PMBAs. As shown in Fig. 10(c), a dual-beam active phased
array receiver with 3-bit analog RF phase shifters was
implemented in the frequency range from 500 to 1500 MHz for
radio astronomy application [171]. At higher frequencies, when
the number of beams is small, the RF beamforming circuit can
be integrated into a single IC. Fig. 10(d) displays a
dual-channel active MBPAA receiver with 4-bit phase shifters
realized in the SiGe BiCMOS technology, which produces four
linearly-polarized independently scanning beams in the
Ku-band for radar application [172]. Based on the same
concept, a programmable phased array receiver has been
further developed that supports one, two, four simultaneous
Fig. 12. System architecture of (a) a full DMBA with M elements, M channels, and N beams, (b) a fixed sub-array DMBA with M elements, Q channels, and N
beams, and (c) a phased sub-array DMBA with M elements, Q channels, and N beams.
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beams [173]. True-time delay circuits can be adopted for
wide-band multibeam generation using the RF phase shifting
scheme [174]. MBPAAs have also been deployed on
geostationary satellites for satellite communications, which
provide more versatile contour beam patterns that are adaptive
to the dynamic market coverage on the ground [175], [176].
Since only a narrow field-of-view is required,
(3)
circularly-polarized sub-arrays can be adopted as the basic
radiating elements, which greatly reduces the number of phase
shifters and attenuators.
B. IF, BB, and LO Phase Shifting Techniques
As the key elements for obtaining the precise phase and
amplitude distributions across the ULA aperture, various
analog RF variable phase shifters and attenuators have been
investigated, including the transmission-lines with p-i-n diode,
field effect transistor, or microelectromechanical switches,
magnetic field controlled ferrite phase shifters, varactor-tuned
hybrid coupler reflective phase shifters, solid state phase
shifters based on CMOS or GaAs technologies, and so on [177].
However, the RF phase shifting network still suffers from a
poor isolation and is subject to amplitude variation due to phase
shifting states and increased temperature, which degrades the
accuracy of the beam direction and pattern shape. In addition,
they are more sensitive to manufacturing inaccuracy (e.g. wire
bounding length) and suffer from a larger insertion loss since
the switches and power combining/distributing circuits operate
in the RF domain. Such problems become more severe at the
MMW and terahertz frequencies. Alternatively, analog phase
shifting at the IF [178], [179] and even BB [180], [181] have
been proposed. These two methodologies benefit from low-cost
components along with smaller insertion loss since they work at
lower frequencies. However, they are limited to narrowband
operation since implementing a certain time delay using the
analog approach would require much longer delay lines at IF
and not even feasible at BB. Rather than using phase shifters or
time delay lines, virtual phase shifts can be obtained via
modifying the phase of the local oscillator (LO) [182], [183].
As the basic receiver architecture in Fig. 11 illustrates, the
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direction of the beam is determined by applying different LO
phases to each antenna element. In general, for an array of M
elements generating N beams by LO phase shifting, a number
of NM mixers along with associated phase controlling circuits
and N sets of LO distribution circuits are required. Such LO
phase control can be realized by a higher frequency divided
clock [184], direct digital synthesis [185], [186], or variable
gain amplifiers based phase rotators [187], which achieves a
much finer beam scanning due to its high precision phase shift.
The LO phase shifting technique has also been applied to
realize a dual-band quad-beam phased array operating in the
C-band and Ku-band, i.e. one horizontally-polarized and one
vertically-polarized beams for both bands [186].
IV. ACTIVE DIGITAL MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS
Comparing to the PMBAs and MBPAAs using analog
beamforming networks to obtain multiple independently
controlled main beams, performing the beamforming in the
digital domain at BB is a more flexible and versatile approach.
The DMBA is robust to failure of one or a few of the antenna
units and thus is considered as the ultimate goal of
beamforming [188], [189]. In this section, the operation
principle and applications of DMBAs are presented and the
beam coverage of several different DMBA system architectures
are compared.
A. Principles of Operation and Applications of DMBAs
The general architecture of an active DMBA with a ULA
containing M elements that generates N beams is shown in Fig.
12(a). For each element, it has its own amplifying module but
without any phase shifters and attenuators. The beamforming is
processed in the BB using high-speed digital signal processing
(DSP) chips. With the high precision digital signals, much
smoother beam scanning can be achieved as compared to the
PMBAs and MBPAAs, especially at the MMW frequencies.
For the receiving mode, the RF signal vector from the ULA is
down converted and sampled at the BB via an analog-to-digital
(AD) converter, which is denoted as
= [1 , 2 , , ] , = 1, ,
where xm refers to the complex BB signal corresponding to the
mth array element. It contains two streams of binary baseband
signals that represent the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q)
components. In the digital domain, a combining weighting
matrix W, which is defined as
11 12 1 (FPGAs) which are able to handle millions of logic calculations
= [ ] = [ 21 22
2
],
1 2
is applied to these digitized BB signals from all the antenna
elements. = (m = 1, , M, and n = 1, , N) is
the complex weighting coefficient for the mth element of the
nth beam. The coefficient controls the amplitude tapering
across the aperture, while the coefficient determines the
phase delay of each element. These parameters can be readily
implemented to have different values for different frequencies,
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which enables wideband beamforming without using expensive
and complicated true time delay components. The output of the
nth beam is
() =
, (6)
where the superscript H represents the Hermitian
transpose. Basically, with the effect of the input signal power
being removed, in order to synthesize the nth beam pointing
at an angle of n off broadside, the desired weighting vector
is expressed as
2 2
sin (1) sin
= [1, 0 ,, 0 ] . (7)
Vice versa, for the transmitting mode, the BB digital signal for
each beam is multiplied by the Hermitian transpose of the
weighting vector, which is then transformed into analog signal
via a digital-to-analog (DA) converter and up converted to be
radiated by the ULA. By choosing the appropriate weighting
matrix, multiple beams each with independent steering, nulling,
and pattern shaping can be achieved fully in the digital domain,
which relies on the design of sophisticated beamforming
algorithms [189], [190]. Importantly, the signal-to-noise (SNR)
ratio requirement for each channel behind the antennas can be
relaxed due to the array gain, which alleviates the demand on
the resolution of the DA and AD converters. The N beams can
be digitally synthesized either simultaneously in parallel, which
requires a considerable amount of computational resource. The
resulting increase in the number of employed DSP chips,
processing time, or the complexity of the RF transceiver design
is proportional to the number of beams and array elements.
Alternatively, for reducing the number of analog RF channels
and AD/DA converters, the synthesis process can be
accomplished in a multiplexed way [191] either in a time
sequence [192], [193], which lowers the calculation time, or at
different frequency bands [194], [195], which broadens the
bandwidth of the RF transceivers. Recently, it has also been
proven that orthogonal coding waveforms can be assigned to
different beams to ensure the extraction of useful data when the
(4) beams are not physically orthogonal to each other [196].
In the early years of the development of the field, active
DMBAs have primarily been designed for military radar
applications [188], [197], due to their high cost back then. In
recent years, with the fast development of powerful
applications specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for high
throughout DSP, such as the field programmable gate arrays
per second, active DMBA becomes an attractive candidate for
(5) applications other than military purposes. For example, various
DMBA systems have been demonstrated for commercial
satellite communications [173], [198], [199], wideband beam
hopping [200], [201], mobile communications [202],
spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar [203],
massive MIMO [204], [205], automotive radar sensing [79],
[195], radio astronomy [206], personnel imaging [207],
point-to-point links [173], and so on. In particular, as shown in
Fig. 13, an active full DMBA with both transmitting and
receiving functionalities has been implemented to operate at 5.8
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GHz for massive MIMO applications [204]. This system

contains 64 channels for generating multiple beams distributed
in the horizontal direction, with each channel connected to a
sub-array of 4 patch elements in the vertical direction,
experimentally demonstrating multiple beams in a
field-of-view of 20off broadside with a gain around 29 dBi.
Measurements have confirmed a good linearity of the
transmitter and an excellent error vector magnitude (EVM) (a) (b)
performance of the receiver. Fig. 14 shows a 64-channel
DMBA base station operating in the Ka-band at around 28 GHz,
with a bandwidth of 500 MHz. It is connected to 8 terminals,
each with 4 RF channels. The MMW circuits and the antenna
array are seamlessly integrated. The DMBA station supports 64
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), enabling a peak
system data rate of 20 Gbps and a spectrum efficiency of about
40 bps/Hz (see Fig. 14(b)). Fig. 15 presents a 16-channel
DMBA receiver operating at the E-band, which consists of a 4
4 array of 16 SIW-fed tapered slot antennas centered at 77
GHz, with an inter-element distance d = 3 mm. Each antenna is
back by a receiver with a BB bandwidth of 40 MHz. As
displayed in Fig. 15(b), it provides the formation of multiple
beams within a range of 20 off broadside with a gain
variation of less than 2 dB and a half-power beamwidth (c)
(HPBW) of about 18. Fig. 15. (a) Photographs of the antenna array and full system of a 16-channel
active DMBA receiver operating in the E-band. (b) Measurement setup. (c) The
synthesized multibeam radiation patterns.

B. Beam Coverage Comparison among Different DMBAs

Fig. 13. (a) Photographs of a 64-channel active DMBA transceiver operating at
5.8 GHz. (b) The enlarged views of the fabricated antenna array (front side of
PCB) and the RF front-ends (back side of PCB). (c) The synthesized multibeam
radiation patterns. (Reproduced from [204])
Fig. 14. (a) Photographs of the system setup of a 64-channel active DMBA base
station and 8 terminals operating in the Ka-band. (b) The measured 64 QAM
constellation of the signal received by the 8 terminals.
In order to reduce the number of RF channels in a DMBA,
which can lower the cost and complexity of the system, two
simplified architectures have been considered, namely the fixed
sub-array DMBA and phased sub-array DMBA, as shown in
Fig. 12(b) and (c), respectively. For the DMBA with fixed
sub-arrays, the M elements are divided into Q sub-arrays, each
containing P = M/Q elements (provided that M can be divisible
by Q) [208]. The power of the P elements is combined in the RF
domain in-phase. Thus, the number of transceivers is reduced
from M to Q, the amount of required beamforming processing
in the digital domain is also relaxed. For the DMBA with
phased sub-arrays, which is also referred to as hybrid MBA
since both RF and digital beamforming techniques are
employed [208], [209], the M elements are divided into Q
phased sub-arrays, each containing P elements. In contrast,
here, every antenna element of each sub-array is connected to a
RF phase shifter, with a phase delay of , p = 1, , P.
In order to compare the beam coverage of a full DMBA, a
fixed sub-array DMBA, and a phased sub-array DMBA, a
specific example is studied here. Without the loss of generality,
we assume the elements of the ULA are aligned along the x-axis,
with associated array parameters to be M = 16, Q = 8, P = 2, and
d =0/2. The element pattern is modeled by cosine tapers as
(, ) = cos 1 cos + cos 2 sin , (8)
where 90 90 and 0 360 [210]. For such a
linear array, considering that the formation of multiple beams
occurs in the x-z plane, we set to be 0 and q1 equals to 0.5
such that the E-plane HPBW for a single element is 3 =

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120. Similar to the MBPAAs where analog beamforming is
used, the physical spatial resolution of the DMBAs is
determined by the beamwidth of the beams, which is controlled
by both the number of elements and the radiation pattern of a
single element. In general, the HPBW of a ULA with M
elements, denoted as 3 , is approximately 3 3 /
[42].
Fig. 16. (a) Normalized radiation patterns of 15 orthogonal beams generated by
a full DMBA with a ULA of 16 elements. (b) Normalized radiation patterns of
the 7 orthogonal beams generated by a fixed sub-array DMBA with a ULA of 8
sub-arrays, each containing 2 elements. (c) Normalized radiation patterns of the
7 orthogonal beams generated by a phased sub-array DMBA with a ULA of 8
sub-arrays, each containing 2 elements. All the sub-arrays are steered to an
angle = 30.
For a full DMBA, in order to cover the same angular range as
that of the HPBW of a single element, N=M1 orthogonal
beams are required, as can be seen from Fig. 16(a). For beam 1
to beam 15, the weighting vector Wn can be obtained by
applying Eq. (7), with = sin1 (2/ 1) for each beam
where n = 1, 2, , 15. The 3 dB coverage range is limited by
the radiation pattern of the single element but not the array
arrangement. For a DMBA containing fixed sub-arrays of P = 2
elements, the multiple beams are formed using a modified
weighting vector. For each of the orthogonal beams pointing at
an angle , the weighting vector Wn can be expressed as
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2
sin (1)
2
sin
= [1, 0 ,, 0 ] (9)
for the receiving mode. As can be seen from Fig. 16(b), the 3
dB coverage becomes much narrower, where only N=Q1
beams near the broadside are useful. Here, = sin1 (2/
0.5), where n = 1, 2, , 7. For the beams pointing at
directions close to the broadside (i.e. < 10), they have
similar properties to those of the full DMBA. Even though a
grating lobe can be observed in beam 3 and 5, it has a smaller
intensity than the other side lobes. However, as increases,
the level of the grating lobe increases significantly and the
power of the main beam drops quickly (see beam 1, 2, 6, and 7).
For the beam at an angle of = 30 off broadside, the grating
lobe has the same intensity with that of the main beam, thus
forming an undesirable radiation pattern with two main beams.
When further increases, the grating lobe becomes stronger
than the main beam. The sub-array based DMBAs are useful
only when a smaller angular coverage range is required [202].
At last, we consider the hybrid DMBA shown in Fig. 12(c). In
contrast to the fixed sub-array DMBA, the hybrid DMBA has
narrow but steerable coverage. By setting the phase shifters to
satisfy the following phase progression condition
= 2( 1) sin 0 , = 1, , , (10)
the radiated power from each sub-array is steered to point at a
certain angle off broadside. The corresponding weighting
vector Wn for each beam pointing at an angle is the same as
that for the fixed sub-array DMBA, i.e. Eq. (9). Basically, the
radiation pattern of the sub-array defines the envelope which
imposes a limit on the maxima of the multiple beams that can
be achieved at the digital beamforming stage. Hence, the useful
beams would be the ones with a small value of around for
avoiding significant gain drop. As the radiation patterns of the
multiple beams for = 30 reveal (see Fig. 16(c)), the 3 dB
coverage is similar to that of the fixed sub-array DMBA. Only
N=Q1 orthogonal beams are useful with = sin1 [2(
1)/], n = 1, 2, , 7. For the particular beam obtained when n
= 5, i.e. = , the radiation pattern becomes exactly the
same as that generated by the full DMBA since the phase
distributions across the ULA are identical for both cases (i.e.
beam 12 in Fig. 16(a) and beam 5 in Fig. 16(c)). It should be
noted that the fixed sub-array DMBA is a special case of the
hybrid DMBA where all the phase shifters have the same
amount of phase delay. Due to the added RF beamforming
network of the phased sub-array DMBA, it possesses the same
3 dB beam coverage as compared to the full DMBA by steering
the radiation pattern of the sub-arrays. However, for any instant
time, the 3 dB beam coverage is still much narrower than that of
the full DMBA, preventing the formation of multiple
high-efficiency beams simultaneously serving distributed users
without employing a time division multiplexing technique.
V. SUITABILITY AND CHALLENGES OF MBAS FOR 5G
As seen from the previous sections, the diverse MBA
technologies have their own characteristics and design trade-off
in terms of system complexity, beamforming flexibility and
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robustness, device form factor and cost, and so on. The unique
properties of each technology identifies its suitability for
specific applications. Particularly, for the highly demanding 5G
massive MIMO base stations, which are expected to have a
number of antennas on the order of a hundred or more [26], [27],
[211], most of the existing MBA methods do not have the
capabilities that meet such flexible and versatile system
requirements.
Specifically, all the PMBAs provide beams with fixed
directions once the system is built. Consequently, they are not
able to offer adaptive beamforming for serving mobile users in
the range of coverage. Rather, in order to link with mobile users,
the beams need to be switched constantly. In addition, when a
user occurs at a position in between two adjacent beams,
corresponding beam selection rules and possible SINR
reduction need to be taken into account. From the hardware
point of view, achieving a large number of beams (e.g. a
hundred beams or more) and a reasonably wide angular
coverage (e.g. 90 120) using the reflector or lens based
PMBAs would be almost not possible. Such a desired
performance would require a sophisticated electrically large
multi-focal reflector/lens and a tightly aligned cluster of feed
antennas. This could lead to a bulky system form factor along
with substantially increased phase error and mutual coupling,
which can severely deteriorate the quality of beams, especially
for those pointing at directions away from the broadside of the
reflector/lens. For the beamforming circuits, a large number of
beams means a huge number of hybrid couplers and fixed
phase/time delay lines that may not be feasible. For example,
even realizing a 64 64 Butler and Blass matrix require a
number of 192 and 4096 hybrid couplers, respectively! This
would result in a huge system footprint and a dramatically
increased insertion loss.
The MBPAAs have much improved flexibility in controlling
and shaping the beams. However, no matter using the analog
RF, IF, or BB phase shifting methods, a large number of phase
shifters is required. For an array of 100 elements that produces
100 beams, a total number of 10000 tunable phase shifters or tie
delay lines need to be used. Similarly, when employing the LO
phase shifting approach, for example, a total number of 20000
mixers and associated LO distributing circuits are required for a
100-element array providing 100 controllable beams, where
two mixers are used for the I and Q channels. The huge number
of phase shifters/time delay lines or mixers makes the overall
system extremely sophisticated, bulky, and expensive. In
addition, the accompanying thermal dissipation would become
a severe problem.
Compared to a MBPAA, the DMBA gets rid of all the phase
shifters and requires only a number of mixers linearly
proportional to the number of RF channels. At the same time,
the DMBA possesses all the beam steering and shaping
flexibilities that can be achieved with an array of radiating
elements. When compared to a full DMBA, the DMBAs with
fixed or phased sub-arrays can reduce the number of RF
channels and the computation load in the digital domain at the
expense of a degraded performance. Particularly, hybrid beam
forming technique has been investigated primarily due to their
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suppressed system complexity [212], [213]. However, from the
perspective of multibeam generation, their angular coverage
becomes much narrower along with a faster gain roll-off
without using multiplexing techniques in the time domain [212].
Such drawbacks hamper their practical usage as wide-coverage
base stations. The full DMBAs present to be a promising
solution for 5G massive MIMO applications due to its
high-performance and flexible beamforming capability.
According to our previous system level demonstrations of
full DMBAs at both microwave and MMW frequencies, such
an approach has been proven to be realizable with currently
available technologies. However, despite the overall superior
performance metrics owned by the ultimate full DMBAs, the
current state-of-the-art full DMBA still requires very high
power consumption and economic cost. Hence, several
following challenges still need to be overcome before they can
truly become cost-effective candidates in handling the
demanding requirements of 5G systems.
1) Beamforming Algorithm Challenges: Highly-efficient
baseband algorithms are required with the capability of
direction-of-arrival finding and interference signal blocking for
multiple users. In addition, algorithms for dynamic control of
all the amplifiers and attenuators in the DMBA system is
desired for maintaining a high SNR while preventing the
damage of the transceiver due to strong useful or interference
signals.
2) Digital Processing Hardware Challenges: Due to the
wide signal bandwidth employed in 5G communications, the
high-speed data from all RF channels would add up, yielding a
huge amount of information that need to be processed at the BB.
This would require hardware, e.g. the AD/DA converters and
DSP chips, with extremely high-throughput digital processing
capabilities and efficient algorithms for determining the
complex weighting matrix applied to the digital beamformer.
3) MMW Component Challenges: When serving multiple
users using multiple independent beams, the total power is
increased if the same level of SINR is desirable as compared to
the case of serving only one user. A good linearity, power
efficiency, and thermal control of the components, particularly
the amplifiers, in every transceiver has to be maintained in a
wide bandwidth at MMWs, which can be challenging to RF
designers.
4) Array Channel Challenges: As the number of RF channel
increases, the mutual coupling between channels, performance
uniformity of all the channels, and the synchronization of data
would become much more complicated, which require more
delicate considerations on the system level for the designers.
5) System Implementation Challenges: In order to maintain
a compact footprint of the final equipment with a planarized
multilayer PCB configuration, a limited board area needs to
encompass the transceiver chips behind all the closely spaced
antennas, making the signal routing and board layout a
complicated task to system designers. Hence, the system
architecture needs to be optimized to obtain a balance between
performance and complexity. In addition, the realization of
MMW chips integrated with multi-channel transceivers would
be critical to the success of a low-cost and compact DMBA for
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5G base stations.
VI. CONCLUSION
In summary, the MBA technologies have been reviewed in
this paper, including the PMBAs based on reflectors, lenses,
and beamforming circuits, MBPAAs utilizing analog RF, IF,
BB, and LO phase shifting techniques, and DMBAs with full,
fixed sub-array, and phased sub-array architectures. The
principles of operation, design and implementation, and
applications for each type of MBAs have been presented.
Particularly, the suitability of these MBA technologies for 5G
massive MIMO applications were discussed at the end. Even
though a few related challenges remain to be solved, the full
DMBAs is regarded as a promising pathway towards the
realization of high-performance 5G wireless communication
systems.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for
their insightful and constructive comments.
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Wei Hong (M92-SM07-F12) received the B.S. degree
from the University of Information Engineering,
Zhengzhou, China, in 1982, and the M.S. and Ph.D
degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in
1985 and 1988, respectively, all in radio engineering.
Since 1988, he has been with the State Key Laboratory
of Millimeter Waves and serves for the director of the lab
since 2003, and is currently a professor and the dean of
the School of Information Science and Engineering,
Southeast University. In 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998, he was a short-term
Visiting Scholar with the University of California at Berkeley and at Santa Cruz,
respectively. He has been engaged in numerical methods for electromagnetic
problems, millimeter wave theory and technology, antennas, RF technology for
wireless communications etc. He has authored and co-authored over 300
technical publications with over 9000 citations, and authored two books. He
twice awarded the National Natural Prizes, thrice awarded the first-class
Science and Technology Progress Prizes issued by the Ministry of Education of
China and Jiangsu Province Government etc. Besides, he also received the
Foundations for China Distinguished Young Investigators and for Innovation
Group issued by NSF of China.
Dr. Hong is a Fellow of IEEE, Fellow of CIE, the vice presidents of the CIE
Microwave Society and Antenna Society, the Chair of the IEEE
MTT-S/AP-S/EMC-S Joint Nanjing Chapter, and was an elected IEEE MTT-S
AdCom Member during 2014-2016. He served as the Associate Editor of the
IEEE Trans. on MTT from 2007 to 2010, one of the Guest editors for the 5G
special issue of IEEE Trans. on AP in 2017.
Zhi Hao Jiang (S07-M13) was born in Nanjing, China,
in 1986. He received the B.S. degree in radio engineering
from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2008, and
Ph. D. in electrical engineering from The Pennsylvania
State University, in 2013. He is currently a Professor with
the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of
Information Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China. From August 2013 to July
2016, he was a postdoc fellow at the Computational Electromagnetics and
Antennas Research Lab (CEARL) in the Department of Electrical Engineering
at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. His research interests include
microwave/millimeter-wave antennas and circuits, impedance surfaces, and
metamaterials.
Dr. Jiang holds 3 US patents and 1 Chinese patent, has authored over 90
papers in peer reviewed international journals and conference proceedings, as
well as 7 book chapters. He has co-edited 1 book: Electromagnetics of
Body-area Networks: Antennas, Propagation, and RF Systems (Wiley/IEEE
Press, 2016). He is the recipient of the Thousands of Young Talents presented
by China government in 2016, the Honorable Mention in 2013 IEEE AP-S
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Student Paper Contest,
the 2012 A. J. Ferraro Outstanding Doctoral Research Award in
Electromagnetics. He also serves as a reviewer for more than 20 journals
including Nature Communications, Scientific Reports, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL
CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION
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Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
Submitted to IEEE Trans. AP
LETTERS, IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENT LETTERS, IEEE
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, etc..
Chao Yu (S09-M15) was born in 1984. He received the
Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from University
College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, in 2014. He is currently an
associate professor with the State Key Laboratory of
Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and
Engineering, Southeast University. His research interests
include microwave and millimeter wave power amplifier
modeling and linearization, and 5G wireless system design.
Peng Chen was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,
in 1982. He received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in
2004, and Ph.D. degree in electromagnetic field and
microwave technology with the School of Information
Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,
China, in 2009. He is currently an Associate Professor in
School of Information Science and Technology, Southeast
University. His current research interests include
beam-forming networks, multi-beam antennas, phased array antennas, antenna
signal processing and antenna tracking systems for satellite and mobile
communications.
Zhiqiang Yu received the B.S. degree from Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, in 2002, and the
Ph.D. degree from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in
2013. From 2002 to 2007, he worked as a research staff on
airborne radar transmitter in Nanjing Institute of
Electronics of CETC. He is now a lecturer with the school
of information science and engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China. His research interest focus on
microwave and millimeter-wave circuit and system design.
Hui Zhang was born in Suzhou, Anhui Province, China, in
1980. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2002, the
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University
College Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden, in 2007, the Ph.D.
degree in electromagnetic field and microwave technology
from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2016.
Currently, he is with the State Key Laboratory of
Millimeter Wave, School of Information Science and Technology, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China.
Dr. Zhang is the recipient of the first-class Science and Technology Progress
Prizes by the Jiangsu Province Government, China. He has authored and
co-authored several technical publications, include international journals like
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Microwave and
Components Letters. He holds 2 Chinese Patents. He was a TPC member of
2015 Asia-pacific Microwave Conference (APMC2015) and served as a
session chair. His research interests include multi-beam antennas, phased array
antennas, microwave and millimeter-wave imaging, and automotive radar
systems.
Yujian Cheng (SM14) was born in Sichuan Province,
China, on April, 1983. He received the B. S. degree from
University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China, in 2005 and the Ph.D. degree without going
through the conventional Masters degree at Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, in 2010.
Since 2010, he has been with the School of Electric
Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, and is currently a Professor. From
2012 to 2013, he was a research staff in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore. His current research
interests include microwave and millimeter-wave antennas, arrays and circuits.
He has authored or coauthored more than 100 papers in journals and
conferences, as well as a book-Substrate Integrated Antennas and Arrays, (CRC
press, 2015).
0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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Dr. Cheng was the recipient of the National Science Fund for Excellent
Young Scholars in 2016, Chang Jiang Scholars Program (Young Scholars) in
2016, the National Program for Support of Top-Notch Young Professionals in
2014, New Century Excellent Talents in University in 2013, and National
Excellent Doctorate Dissertation of China in 2012. He is currently the secretary
of the joint IEEE Chapters of MTTS/APS/EMCS, Chengdu, China. He is the
Senior Member of the Chinese Institute of Electronics. Now, Cheng has served
as the Associate Editor for IEEE Antennas and Propagation Letters, and on
review boards of various technical journals, including IEEE Transaction on
Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE
Antennas Propagation Magazine, etc.
Yan Zhang (S09-M12) received the B. Eng. degree
in Information Engineering, and Ph.D. degree in
Electrical Engineering from Southeast University
(SEU), Nanjing, China, in 2006 and 2012, respectively.
During Jan. 2009 to July 2009, he was with the
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for
Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore, as a research engineer. From Nov. 2009 to
Dec. 2010, he was with the Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory of the
Pennsylvania State University as a visiting scholar. Since Dec. 2011, he has
been a researcher with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, SEU.
His research interests include millimeter wave and terahertz antennas,
planar transmission line techniques and filters, RF and antenna design for
satellite communication. He has published over a dozens of peer-viewed papers,
and is holding 14 granted and filed patents. He is the recipient of best student
paper award of the 2008 International Conference on Microwave and
Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT2008) and 2013 International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2013). He serves as a
reviewer for several journals, including IEEE Trans Antennas and Propagation,
IEEE Antenna and Propagation Letters, IEEE Microwave Wireless Component
Letters, PIER, etc.
Jixin Chen (M11) was born in Jiangsu, China, in 1976. He
received the B.S. degree in radio engineering and M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electromagnetic field and microwave
technique from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in
1998, 2002, and 2006, respectively. Since 1998, he has
been with the Sate Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
Southeast University, where is currently a Professor with
the School of Information Science and Engineering. He has
authored or co-authored over 100 papers and presented invited papers at
ICMMT2016, IMWS2012, and GSMM2011. His current research interests
include microwave and millimeter-wave circuit design and monolithic
microwave integrated circuit design.
Dr. Chen was the recipient of the 2016 Keysight Early Career Professor
Award. He won the Best Student Paper Award of ICUWB 2016. He has served
as Technical Program Committee Co-Chair of HSIC2012, UCMMT2012, LOC
Co-Chair of APMC2015, Session Co-Chair of iWAT2011, ISSSE2010,
APMC2007, and reviewer for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES and IEEE MICROWAVE
AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS.
Shiwen He (M14) was born in 1978. He received the
M.S. degree from Chengdu University of Technology,
Chengdu, China, and the Ph.D. degree in information and
communication engineering from Southeast University,
Nanjing, China, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. From
2013 to 2015, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher with the
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department
of Radio Engineering, Southeast University.
Since October 2015, he has been with the School of
Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University. He has authored or
coauthored over 80 technical publications, hold over 16 granted invention
patents, and submitted over 20 technical proposals to IEEE standards. From
December 2015, he serves as a technical sub-editor for IEEE 802.11aj. His
research interests include multiuser MIMO communication, cooperative
communications, energy efficient communications, millimeter wave
communication, and optimization theory.