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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the level of preparedness of the
No. 649, Zone 68, Manila, in order to address the gap between the concerned
barangays disaster risk reduction and management projects and activities and the
present strength and direction of the preparedness of the BDRRMC. This study aims to
Communication System and Capacity-Building. It also intends to find out if there is any
significant relation between the profile and the level of preparedness of the concerned
BDRRMC members. With all these in mind, the researchers have agreed that by staying
true to the course of this study they shall be able to achieve their desired objectives as
well as produce their intended outputs: a valid and useful evaluation tool for disaster
study?
preparedness which will help the researchers formulate the general statement of the
recommendations of this thesis. It will also help them define the scope and delimitations
of this study.
The first C, Community Risk Assessment. The community must concern itself
with a proper assessment of the three (3) components of disaster risk, namely: hazards,
events or emerging situations that might threaten society or the environment and
the factors involved in contingency planning, too, such as, but not limited to, early
public information.
the cooperation and collaboration of efforts by various sectors. Each sector shares its
community. Even the private enterprises (e.g. Chinese Fire Brigade), non-government
organizations (e.g. ABS-CBN Foundation Inc., a giant media network), volunteers (e.g.
provided in (b) Section I, Rule 2, IRR of R.A. No. 10121 and could be developed for
disaster preparedness may include, but not limited to, infrastructure and physical means,
institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills, tools, systems,
of disaster preparedness as carried out within the context of disaster risk reduction and
management of Barangay 649, Manila. The researchers feel this can be accomplished
through a proper evaluation of the BDRRMC priority projects and activities as well as by
This thesis seeks to understand the concepts and principles which relate to and
building. This research shall rely on the general theory of the disaster management
cycle. This study shall also involve theories concerning Maslows hierarchy of needs
and drills (B.F. Skinners Operant Theory), management concepts related to contingency
dimension of this study the researchers want to add is the variable risk assessment and
Factory Theory of Motivation. This is very important since it is the assumption of this
study that Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Best Practices may be
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promptly gauged according to the soundness of their disaster risk assessment. Finally,
based on the findings of the study, the researchers shall propose action/s on the part of
the government and/or on the part of the researchers which would result to a more
effective and efficient implementation of R.A. No. 10121 in Barangay No. 649 in terms of
present, the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan of Barangay No.
649 shall cover the three-year period 2013-2016. Thus, the development of a
Meanwhile, the gist of this thesis shall remain true to the basic laws of human
nature and of man himself; such as, but not limited to, mans basic law of self-
preservation, or survival, which is: there is strength in numbers. If the readers would
closely follow the line of thinking, this would be a common sense-based approach in
dealing with this study. After all, every disaster that comes and goes is as unique as any
proper to apply a wise mans idiom about the art of war, Know your enemy.
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Ironically, when faced with the most horrendous calamities and back-breaking
1978 when Presidential Decree No. 1566 was enacted, which called for the
strengthening of Philippine disaster control and capability and establishing the national
assistance, thus, primary responsibility was placed upon LGUs, especially officials such
as the Governor, City or Municipal Mayor, and the Barangay Captain. In planning and
utilization of resources, LGUs were directed to utilize local resources fully before support
Government, through the then National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) has
adopted the HFA five priorities for action by developing and enhancing current plans,
programs, and activities on disaster risk reduction. In June 2007, NDCC initiated through
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the Partnership for Disaster Reduction in the Southeast Asia Phase 4 Project (PDRSEA
effective system to promote CBDRM. The same is true with the country being a signatory
(AADMER).
The major shift of the disaster management strategy of the country bored down
to the smaller political subdivisions of the land. At the local level, a Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) is appropriated amounting to not less than
5 percent of the estimated revenue from regular sources as mandated under the Local
Government Code of 1991 to support disaster risk management activities such as, but
not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-
saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities and for the
payment of premiums on calamity insurance. In the same way as at the national level, 30
percent of the amount appropriated for the LDRRMF is allocated as Quick Response
Fund (QRF). Before 2010, most of the remaining fund was used for post-disaster
activities. With the enactment of the disaster risk reduction and management law, it is
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now specified that 70 percent of the LDRRMF can be allocated for pre-disaster
preparedness activities.
Itchie Cabayan began with this statement: By next month, all barangays in Manila will be
prepared to face any disaster within their jurisdiction. Then a typhoon-induced habagat
coupled with monsoon rains came down on the greater part of Luzon on the third week of
August this year which practically halted all economic activities and public services in
Manila, and may have resulted to a considerable damage to property, buildings and
These two events and other circumstances exposed the level of implementation
of R.A. No. 10121, both from the side of the implementers and from the side of the
affected communities. The urgent need to properly assess the preparedness of the
barangay is as real as the disaster risks it has to face day-in and day-out, from season to
season. Especially so if one is living near or within the port area where the community is
diseases.
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Henceforth, as expressly provided for under Section 12 (a) of Republic Act No.
10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(PDRRM) Act of 2010, approved May 27, 2010: There shall be established a Local
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) in every province, city and
The composition of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
While Section 5 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 10121
defines the BDRRMC, to wit: It shall be a regular committee of the existing BDC
(Barangay Development Council) and subject thereto. The punong barangay shall
facilitate and ensure the participation of at least two (2) CSO (Civil Society Organization)
representing the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in the barangay. This
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provision further strengthens the selection of the barangay to be included in the study.
Also, the aforementioned IRR aims to strengthen the local government units (LGUs)
together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to
climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all
level
and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or
risk, and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as
arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information and associated training
and filed exercises. Disaster risk reduction, on the other hand, is considered a
challenge to development at the global, national, local, community and even individual
Barangay No. 649, Zone 68, Manila as stipulated in their respective Barangay Risk
The role of the barangay in disaster risk reduction and management cannot be
understated. In Section 384 of the Republic Act No. 7160, also known as the Local
Government Code of 1991, it is provided, thus, that as the basic political unit, the
barangay serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies,
plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community xxx. While (6), Section 389 of
the same Code provides that the Punong Barangay as the chief executive officer of the
community organized and lead an emergency group whenever the same may be
Shipyard and Steel Corporation). The area covers five shipyard centers in Manila:
Its first inhabitants were fisherfolk from the Visayas (mostly from Samar) and
Bataan who built staging posts or temporary huts while fishing in the area. Later, the
relatives of the caretakers and the stay-in guards of the shipping companies in the
In 1982, BASECO was officially declared Barangay 649, Zone 68. In 1986, the
the shipping facilities formerly acquired by the Romualdez family (during the Marcos era),
which were believed to be part of the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcos family. The series of
informal settlement demolitions in Quezon City and other parts of Metro Manila between
1990 and 1993 accelerated the growth of the barangay as it became the governments
relocation site for the evicted slum dwellers. Further contributing to the sudden increase
in population are the professional squatters in the area, who sell houses for PhP1,000
Harbor, Port Area, Manila. Its largest portion lies within the eastern part of Manila Bay,
beside the mouth of Pasig River, bordering the northeast coast of the river and straddling
There are three (3) major roads leading to BASECO Compound: 2nd Street,
Muelle del Rio, and Tacoma. From Manila City Hall, one can reach the barangay by
taking a jeep to Pier South and a tricycle (three-wheeled motorized vehicle) at the
BASECO tricycle terminal besides the Red Cross building along Bonifacio Drive.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
disaster readiness and, thus, made cognizance of the fact that disaster preparedness is
both an individual and group activity for a particular organization in a specific place and
period of time.
within the context of disaster risk reduction, such as Maslows hierarchy of needs (self-
(disaster simulation exercises and drills), and Herzbergs Two-Factor theory concerning
In Abraham Maslows theory, the most basic physiological level is the first in the
hierarchy of mans need which includes food, clothing and shelter. This connotes the
the context of external environment factors, such risks and, more importantly for this
study, disasters.
Next is B.F. Skinners reinforcement theory wherein it states that man learns
from his environment and greater control of this environment improves his development.
Through understanding the principles of learning, one understands much about how
human behavior makes the individual learn and perform accordingly. Thus, this theory
justifies the absolute necessity for trainings, simulation exercises and drills in disaster
preparedness so that the appropriate response from the BDRRMC could be adequately
obtained.
which produce no real growth in terms of motivation and output (policies and
as differentiated from the real satisfying factors which act primarily as motivators
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sub-problem proved to be vital for the chapters on analysis of data as well as the
There is still yet another element that comes into play when it comes to disaster
preparedness: teamwork. According to John Paul Jones (from the article entitled
Preliminaries to Team Building, 1992), the five elements needed to make an effective
1. Mutual Trust,
2. Mutual Support,
3. Genuine Communication,
mutual assistance were generated by the countrys previous law on disaster control.
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When it comes to team building, Tomas D. Andres (TEAM BUILDING AND CREATING
EFFECTIVE WORK SYSTEMS, 1992, page 25) stated that, in teamwork, one must be
aware of the values one has. A Filipino value that can play a big role in team building is
bayanihan.
BDRRMC, the researchers found complete solace in B.F. Skinners Operant Theory
(Human Behavior in Organizations, 3rd Ed., by Concepcion Rodil Martires, 2011) which,
ironically, is a deviation from the human needs theory as determinant of human behavior.
Burrhaus Frederick Skinner believed that the environment determines the individual
behavior. In his theory, positive reinforcements are found to be more powerful than the
negative and neutral reinforcement. Thus, this theory supports the belief that all
DISASTER PREVENTION,
ADAPTATION
& MITIGATION
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
DISASTER RESPONSE
DISASTER RECOVERY
These priority areas are not autonomous from the other nor do they have clear start and
end points. The four priority points are NOT seen as a mere cycle which starts in prevention and
ends in recovery. They:
1. Mutually reinforce each other and are interoperable.
2. DO NOT, SHOULD NOT and CANNOT stand alone.
3. Have no clear starting nor ending points between each of the aspects and overlaps are
to be expected.
4. Are problem-needs and asset-strengths centered.
5. All point to one direction: reduce peoples vulnerabilities and increasing their
capabilities.
REDUCE VULNERABILITIES
INCREASE CAPACITIES
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Budgeting (Zulueta, et. al., 1999) remains predominant in the basic approach of tackling
the methodology of disaster preparedness, the researchers believed they could add
another component to this set of principles. This is the component of research and
analysis, most especially in the field of risk assessment which is virtually the basis of
importance of POSDCORB as a process, this study would like to emphasize on the value
required from disaster readiness to response is vital because this will dictate not
necessarily the speed of the response, but the timeliness and appropriateness of any
disaster response.
measure the satisfaction of the BDRRMC and constituents, but also of the decision-
This is the rationale why the study wants to justify the classification of disaster risk as a
researchers believe this will not only hold the key in future capacity-building programs for
disaster risk reduction and management but also make the readers of this study have a
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework presents the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (2013-2016) of Barangay No. 649, Zone 68, Manila as integral
implementation of R.A. No 10121. Thus, the Government Planning involved here in the
thesis is formulated at the community level using the bottom-up and proactive approach
in planning. The projects and activities submitted and utilized by the BDRRMC will, like
any set of government plans and programs, be evaluated for review in terms of their own
level of efficiency.
It is worthy to note that the old thinking of disasters and calamities being
Figure 2.
The Level of Preparedness of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Committee (BDRRMC) of Barangay No. 649, Zone 68, Manila
The study focused on the level of preparedness of the Barangay Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) of Barangay No. 649, Zone 68,
Manila.
1.1. Age
1.4. Residency
1.5. Training
2. What is the level of preparedness of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
2.1.1 Hazards
2.1.2 Vulnerabilities
2.1.3 Capacities
2.4. Capacity-Building
Researches
Center
3. Does the profile of the BDRRMC significantly affect the level of preparedness of
Ho: r = 0
preparedness.
Ha: r 0
preparedness.
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promote, execute and coordinate a disaster preparedness plan which is carried out within
the context of disaster risk reduction and management. It is important that the readers
and users of this thesis understand the significance of the study to the over-all
1. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) this study will help
enhance the disaster risk reduction checklist and modules they formulated by
providing new inputs and information regarding the profile and the level of
2. City Government of Manila this research will help the disaster risk reduction
Barangay No. 649, Zone 68, Manila the principal beneficiaries of this research
study in terms of helping Barangay 649 develop a program of action which will
5. The Researchers a fulfilling goal which goes beyond being a partial fulfillment
ferociously burning.
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649, Manila. As of May 1, 2010 census made by the National Statistics Office (NSO), the
following is its respective population: 50,918. Its location boundaries are, as follows:
North Delpan, East Intramuros, West Manila Bay, and South Port Area. The total
The number of BDRRMC respondents for the selected barangay is estimated at,
more or less, forty-two (42), namely: punong barangay, seven (7) kagawads, barangay
treasurer, barangay secretary, two (2) Civil Society Organization (CSO) representatives,
twenty (20) barangay tanod, and ten (10) listed volunteers. This is the over-all estimated
number of the purposive sample. The high vulnerability of the community guided the
researchers to select this barangay for their study this last quarter of 2013.
sampling decision where the researchers select a particular group or groups based on a
certain criteria of purposes or variables. Thus, this thesis is concerned with the criteria of
the level of preparedness of the particular group, the BDRRMC of Barangay 649, Manila.
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The researchers are well aware of the risks involved in the making of this thesis.
Nonetheless, the sense of having a higher purpose in their academic endeavors became
a common objective for each member of the research group. The recent disastrous
landfalls of the super typhoon Yolanda and the storm surges which followed November of
2013 in the country more than multiplied the need to finish this study through its natural
course.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
The fundamental use of the terms in this section remains as a valuable reference
guide that should surely aid the readers of this study in understanding both the content
risk management
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1 Section 4, Functions,
effects of a disaster.
such as social
relationships, leadership
30
and management.
described as capability.
capacities. governmental
organizations from
realizing their
developmental goals
them to achieve
measurable and
sustainable results.
(Google search,
31
keyword/keyphrase:
capacity-building)
Ed. 1994)
interconnection and
interoperation to form an
search,
keyword/keyphrase:
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communication system)
of decision-making and
implementation of disaster
management activities.
establishes arrangements
and situations.
community or society to
conditions of vulnerability
insufficient capacity or
measures to reduce or
consequences. Disaster
property, destruction of
disruption and
environmental degradation.
events or conditions.
Preparedness action is
capacities needed to
of emergencies and
recovery. Preparedness is
activities as contingency
planning, stockpiling of
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the development of
arrangements for
coordination, evacuation
supported by formal
budgetary capacities.
time period.
38
exposures to hazards,
lessened vulnerability of
adverse events.
individuals, communities
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and organizations
threatened by a hazard to
appropriately and in
A people-centered early
hazards, communication or
capabilities to respond to
expressions end-to-end
detection to community
response.
search,
keyword/keyphrase:
highest educational
attainment)
economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
organizing, training,
planning, equipping,
stockpiling, hazard
mapping, insuring of
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construction of buildings,
inadequate protection of
management.