NIOSH SHO 02-Incident Prevention

Incident Prevention
Safety And Health Officer

Certificate Course
1
Learning Objectives
To define what is incident
To explain the causes of incident & role

of management control
To explain 3 theory on accident

causation
To list the cost involved in an incident

2 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
Scope
Principles of loss prevention
Causes of incidents
Incidents and productivity
Approach to loss prevention
Principles of
Incident Prevention
1. Incident prevention is an essential part

of good management
2. Management and workers must fully

cooperate
3. Top management must lead in

organising safety
Principles of
Incident Prevention
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation and

resources to implement the OSH
policy
6. Best available knowledge and

methods must be applied
What Is An Incident?
An incident is:
An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
That occurs through a combination of
causes
Which result in:
Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,
Damage to property,
A near-miss,
Any combination of these effects.
Why Prevent Incidents?
Legal
Human Rights
Business
Causes of Incidents
Types of Incidents
Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property:
A forklift dropping a load
Someone falling off a ladder
That occur over an extended period:

Hearing loss
Illness resulting from exposure to
chemicals
Early Theory of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury
Heinrichs
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury
Accident Causation Model
(1974)
The Three Basic Causes of
Accidents
Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Basic Causes
Unsafe Act Indirect causes Unsafe
Condition
Unplanned Incident ACCIDENT

Personal Injury,
Direct Causes Property Damage
Lack of Management Control
Management responsible for:
Selection of workers
Machinery and equipment
System of work
Information, training and Instruction
Supervision, etc
The accident prone worker is a false
approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator
Multiple Cause of Accidents
Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B Accident
(Not look where going) (Trip)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory

Fall From a Defective Ladder
Why was the defective ladder not

identified during normal inspection?
Why did the supervisor allow its

usage?
Didn't the injured employee knew it

should not be used?
Fall From a Defective Ladder
Was the employee well trained?
Was the employee reminded not to

use the ladder?
Did the superior examine the job

first?
Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
Was there a necessity for that person
to walk in that area or was there a
safer route
If the person was not in a hurry

would they have been more aware
of their surroundings and avoided
the wood
Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
If the area was better lit would the

person have avoided the wood
Could the wood have been

removed
The Accident Pyramid
1 Fatal / Serious injury
3 Lost days
50 First aid
80 Property
400 Near misses

TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
Accepted Accident Theory
Multiple Causation Theory
A single unsafe act or condition may or
may not cause an accident but both
are caused by lack of management
control
Bird Loss Causation Model

In line with Schewhart(1930s) theory of
quality control
Accepted Accident Theory
Heinrichs theory is weak and negative

Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream
control and worker participation
Productivity Aspect of OSH
Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg
Direct It is estimated that

for every $1 in direct
Costs incident costs, there
Indirect are anywhere from
Costs $4 to $11 in indirect
or hidden costs
The Hidden Costs
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.
Hidden Uninsured 8-36 times as much as insured costs
1. Product and 7. Investigation time

material damage 8. Supervisors time
2. Plant and building diverted
damage 9. Clerical Effort
3. Tool and 10.Overtime working
equipment 11.Temporary labour
damage 12.Loss of expertise /
4. Expenditure on experience supplies
emergency 13.Clearing site
5. Fines 14.Production delays
6. Legal costs
Incident Prevention Costs
DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine
guards)
OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE,

etc.)
SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health

surveillance, audits etc)
Cost- Benefit Analysis of Control
Measures
Compare specific incident costs with
cost of specific improvement being
suggested
Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
All injuries and occupational illnesses are
preventable
Management is directly responsible for

doing this
Safety is a condition of employment
Training is required
Management
Safety audits and inspections must be
carried out
Deficiencies must be corrected promptly
All unsafe practices, incidents and injury

accidents will be investigated
Management
Safety away from work is as important as
safety at work
Incident prevention is cost-effective; the

highest cost is human suffering
Employees must be actively involved
Summary
Incident in the workplace is largely caused
by lack of management control
If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents
Implement an appropriate company policy
Control OSH risk
Put a management system in place
Promote Occupational Safety and Health

NIOSH SHO 02-Incident Prevention

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Incident Prevention

Safety And Health Officer

To explain the causes of incident & role

To explain 3 theory on accident

To list the cost involved in an incident

Incidents and productivity

Approach to loss prevention

1. Incident prevention is an essential part

2. Management and workers must fully

3. Top management must lead in

5. Must have organisation and

6. Best available knowledge and

That occur over an extended period:

Unplanned Incident ACCIDENT

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory

Why was the defective ladder not

Why did the supervisor allow its

Didn't the injured employee knew it

Was the employee reminded not to

Did the superior examine the job

If the person was not in a hurry

If the area was better lit would the

Could the wood have been

1 Fatal / Serious injury

400 Near misses

Bird Loss Causation Model

Heinrichs theory is weak and negative

Direct It is estimated that

1. Product and 7. Investigation time

OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE,

SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health

Management is directly responsible for

Safety is a condition of employment

Deficiencies must be corrected promptly

All unsafe practices, incidents and injury

Incident prevention is cost-effective; the

Employees must be actively involved

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