Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
by
Dr. William E. Thompson
Vice President
Turbo Research, Inc.
West Chester, Pennsylvania
90
A E R ODY N A M I C S OF T U R B I N E S 91
(9)
Table la . Conservation of Mass Principle (Con tinuity T able lb . Conservation of Linear Momen tum Principle
E quation ). (E quations of Motion ).
92 P R OC E E D I N G S OF T H E F I R S T T U RB O M A C H I N E R Y S Y MP O S I U M
eq. ( 1 2}. The p r i n c i ple is w ell k n own as the first law wi#t (i'xZ)k R and jRdn 'I'' )<Ia I'< II if;.
.; R;.
lc,
It should be n o ted that the w o r k calc u l a ted by eq.
( 23 I co rresponds t o the energ y actually yielded by t h e
w o r k i n g fluid b u t i s d i m i n i sh ed b y th ree s m a l l parasite
losses before delivery as shaft w or k b y the turbine. R o t o r
1 -
d i s k friction retu rns a s m a l l a m o u n t o f the w o r k as h e a t
Sfo
to the d o w n s tream f l o w w h i l e s e a l and bea r i n g friction
dissipates a small a m o u n t of the w or k w h ich i s lost from
the system .
.3 ---
F IGCRES O F MERIT
Shroud Jurlace
Stage Con figuration
4 dz
Before p r oceedi n g to s u m m arize the v a rious defin i
__
_ I lions o f e fficiency, r e a c t i o n , e t c . a n d to sh ow their i n ter
rel a ti o ns, we have assembled in Figure 2 sketches o f the
physical c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f both a radial and an a x i a l
t u r b i n e stage, the s tage b l a d i n g a n d velocity diagra m s
as w e l l a s a n enthalpy-e n t r o p y d i agram o n w h i c h t h e
s t a g e flow processes c a n b e tr a ced. Corresponding s t a
tions (l), (2 t, ( 3 ) , a n d (4 t a r e s h ow n i n Figures 2 a
a n d 2 b f o r each t u r b i ne t ype. Stations ( l ) a n d ( 2)
designate stator o r n ozzle i n le t and exit respectively w h i l e
stations ( 3 ) a n d ( -1- I spec ify r o t o r i n l e t a n d e x i t respec
lively. Other n o menclature a n d terms are clearly sh o w n
Figure 2a. Radial Turbin e Stage Configuratio n . on t h e figure.
94 PROCE E D I N G S OF T H E F I R S T T U R B O M A C H I N E R Y S YMPOS I U M
.Stvfor b
S tage h-s Diagrams
(!'louie)
Perhaps the m o s t important diagram for d e sc r i b i ng
the flo w phenomena i n a turbine stage a t o u r present
level o f o n e-d i m en s i o n a l flow a nalysis a n d l o s s c orrela
tion i s the enthalpy-entropy d iagram for t h e s t a ge shown
in Figure 2d. Station n umbers o n this d i a g r a m c o i n c i d e
w i th t h o s e o n the p r e v i o u s parts o f Figure 2. T w o l i n es
deno ti n g the flow p r o cess a r e shown even t h o u gh, o f
c o urse, o n l y o n e process takes place. The t o p l i n e c o n
n ec t s stagnation c o n d i ti o n s a t t h e several statio n s while
the l o w e r line d en o tes the static conditio n s. Notice that
t h e s a m e entropy va l u e i s applicable t o b o th s t a t i c and
stagna t i o n condi t i o n s a t a given station. A l s o n ote that
a n actual p rocess term i n a tes i n a n u n p rimed s t a t i o n n u m
Roft.t
ber w h i l e the same p rocess u n d e r ideal isen t r o p i c c o n
d i ti on s w ou l d have termi n a ted a t the s t a t i o n designated
b y the c o r respond i n g s i n gl e p r imed n u mber.
- h:
Eff/(/Mcy,.
I
a ho4
Noult 'JN li :a (U) in the r o t o r in comparison t o t h e expansion across the
1101 - h,;t
stage. The e xpress i o n f o r the reaction i n eq. ( 29) i s
then rec o g n ized i f the entering veloc i t y co a n d t h e leav
Rotor Efficimcy .. htJJ- hot
fu)
17K I
<
..
d ing velocity c1 are a p p r o x i m a tely equal t o each o th e r
hol- h04*
a n d considered s m a l l w i t h respect t o c.1
Turb1iu Staft! hiM - ""
-'- . (2
/sllfropic cffidency.. 'lr e
1101- he-f.'
Polytro pic Efficiency and Reheat
In T a b l e 2b, the defi ni t i o n o f the figures o f m e r i t
o f a t u r b i n e s t a g e are c o n t i n u ed. A n i n c remen tal e n t h al
p y d r o p dh,, occurs across a "small" s t age and with t h i s
(27)
t h e s m a l l s ta ge efficiency i s defi n ed i n eq.' ( 3 1 ) . If t h e
s m a l l stage effic i ency i s c o n s t a n t for a l arge n u mber o f
hoi - "' . "I - "J' +
hiM - ho.f.' - 11o
-
11.1
i n c rements i n a t u r b i n e s tage, i n tegr a t i o n th r o ugh o u t t h e
hoi - ho4 "4 - ho ho4 - ho 11o4 - 11o<l- stage y i elds eq. \32 ) w h e r e the c o n s ta n t efficiency a p
p l i c a b l e a c r o s s the s t a g e i s c a l l e d t h e p o l y t r o p i c effi
I ..!- +
h04 - h.t ( 1101 - 11.t' - f) (18) c ienc y. Comparing terms in eq. ( 32 ) leads t o eq. ( 33 )
7r 7R hoJ - h o "4 - 11.1 where n i s t h e poly tropic exponen t used to relate t h e
p ressu r e a n d t h e temper a t u r e i n the a c t u a l expansi o n
hoJ - hJ (J 'lz + (hoJ- ho4) - fhoJ - ho4) process. Eq. ( 34 I, rel a t i n g the p o l y t r o p i c effi c i e n c y to
hoJ - ho4 hoJ - ;,, the i sen tropic efficiency u s i n g the s t a ge p ressu r e r a t i o,
(hD.J - "'+) - (J'it i s f o u n d w i t h a l i t tl e algebraic m a n i p u l a t i on .
I - ., f _,. (Z9)
hoJ - hu Whereas t h e ass u m p t i o n o f s t r a igh t, paralle l c o n
s t a n t pressure l i n es o n the h-s d i agram l e d t o e q . ( 30 ) ,
..!.. r)(t - 1)
It '/ll
+ (t- (Jo) the reten t i o n o f their slightly d i verging c h aracteristic
leads t o the s t age o r turbine reheat fact o r. The r a t i o o f
t h e s u m o f t h e i ncrement a l isen tropic enthalpy d r o ps
Tab le 2a . Figures o f Merit: Isen tro pic Efficiency a nd through the m a n y "sma l l" stages t o a s i n gl e isen tropic
Reactio n .
(.Jt)
/o
8
'
3
t-
\)
1\J
I
.8
"'
.3
1:C 8;o4
3. N,D" Diagram fo r Tu rb in e .Stage. Efficiency is Nl a total-to -total basis ; tha t it is relat e d to in let a wl
.1tagnation con dit ions . Diagram values a rc s uitab le fo r m 1u:h in e Reyno lds n wnb a Re " 1 0".
Balje and Hinsley" u;:;ed i n devel o p i n g t h e details for t h e ferred to the o ver-a l l correl a t i o n o f s taw perfo rmance
turhomachinery applicatio n . Boret-l h a s earefutly eval gtven i n ;;;e ction D.
u aterl t h e basis o n which such d i mtn;;i o n a l analy;;is is
made a n d referenc e 25 'give;, an idea o f t h e extent t o A xial Turb in e Loss Me ehan ism s
w h i c h s u c h w o r k can be carried. Vav ra1 c r i t icizes t h e
Losses i n a n a x i a l t u r b i n e l atre passage a r e assoc i
approach b y c i t i n g perfo rmance o f actua l t u r bomach i n e
a ted w i th the b l a d e profi le, t h e passage s i d e w a l l o r end
u n i ts w hich grea t l y exceeds the d i a gram \'al u es . T h i s
>1 a l l, seco n d a r y f l o w , blade t i p r u n n i n g clearnnee, flow
d o es n o t d iscr('d i t either the method o r Figure :3 b u t
o n l y Pmphasizes t h a t each user m u s t assemb l e h i s o w n i n c i d ence t o the blade !<:"a d i n g ' ed ze, and d i s k friction.
T h e blade profile los i s due i o b iU!Hlary lu yer g r o w t h
d a t a f r o m experipnce a n d rnai n ta i n t h e d i a gram up-t o
d ate. In sec t i on G , t h e example o f r ad i a l t u rb i n e stage i n the d irec t i o n o f f l o w . T h e l oss i s o n e o f s t a 'in a t i o n
syn thesis w as c a r ried o u t partially based on t h e /1/JJ, pres:;ure d u e t o a loss o f m omen t u m o f the v i s c o u fluid.
The boundary l ayer t,!!'Cm th, h e n c e l o::;s, very m u c h de
correl a t i on o f s tage efficiency.
pend on the profile shape and the pressure gr a d i e n t to
which the flow i s subjected. T h e loss c oeffici en t r es u l ts
LOSS MECHANISMS from averagi n g t h e l oss s u ffered in th e b o u n d a r y l a y e r
In formation o n the flow processfs i n t h e i n d i v id u a l over a l l t h e flow i n t h e p a s s age. T h e endwal l l oss i s
elements o f a turbine stage i s sufficient l y c o m plete that agai n d u e t o a l o s s o f m o m en t u m i n t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r
l os" mechanisms m av be described and actual flow con b u t i t i s dear t h a t nei t h er t h e prt'ssure grad i e n t n o r t h e
d i t i o n s correlated wi th respect to appa ren t l y b a s i c param flow d i rect i o n t o which t h e e n d w a l l flo w i s s ubjePtcd i s
eters. In t h i s sec t i o n t h e mechanisms wil l h e iden t i fied t h e s a m e as t h e p r o f i l e flow . Des p i t e t h i s, the same loss
an d referen ces where the correlations were formu l a t ed c o efficien t i s often used for both. M o r e s u i t a b l y, the
will be tabul a ted. In ihe next sect i o n , a procedure as endwall loss i s c o m b i n ed w i th !he secondarv f l o w loss.
con s i s ten t as c a n be devi"ed at thi time, w i ll he presen t Adi acent blade profiles produce b o t h the ;lesi red e x i t
ed for aseerl a i n i n g the actual flow c o n d i t i o n s based o n H o w con d i t i o n s a n d a pressu r e grad i e n t across t h e pas
t h e i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r b o t h an a x i a l t u r b i n e stage a n d s a ge from pressure s u r face t o s u c t i o n s u r face. On oppo
a r ad i a l tur b i n e. When t i m e and kn o w ledge a l l o w , t h e s i t e sides o f t h e same blade t h e d ifferent p ressu r e d i s t r i
elemen t-by-elemen t a n a l y s i s o f sec t i o n F i s l o b e pre- b u t i on s produce the blnde l o ad i n g. Across t h e fio w
H8 P R OC E E D I N G S O F' T H E F I R S T T U R B OM A C H IN E R Y S Y MP O S I U M
,__
__ ,....
--
/I
v r-r-Ns =
/0
v - .... _L -- - - --
fo
\:
-;oo
/ ----
-
--
'-'\
-
r-- -
-- r--Ns; /oo
;7
...
.
v
O.f / ;) ,/15 /o
--
0.8 j
f?
'
l.l.
" - --
VI
O.J '/ _, -----
4 6 8 2 :2 4
z !0
passage, t h e p r e:<s u r e grad ient i n duces a componen t o f The mecha n i s m s described a b o v e h av e been r e c og
flow from the h i;;he r t o t h e l ower p re,;su re regio n s w h i c h n iz e d a n d c o nv e r ted i n t o correl a t i o n s o f t h e s e v e r a l l o s ses
i s o ften i d en t i fied a s t h e sec o n d a r y f l o w . lt. i s s y n o n y whereby e i t h e r t h e e n t halpy o r t h e s t a gn a t i o n pressu re
m o u s w i th a t hree-d i m e n s i o n a l b o u n d a r y layer, i s s ubject at t h e a c t u a l exit c o n d i ti on s i s rela t ed t o t h e s a m e p r o p
to complicated separ a t i o n phenomena a n d results i n the e r tv 1d1ich w o ul d h e obtained a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f a n
appearance o f v or t i c i t y in t h e e x i t How. Mec h a nically, i s e;1 t r o pic p r ocess. F o r t h e a x i a l t u r b i n e s t a ge, t h e refer
the end o f t h e m o v ing ( ro t o r I blades i s free o f t h e shroud tcnces where t h e correlations m a y h e f o u n d a r e g i v e n i n
casing. Pressure d ilferences across t h e blade thicknes s Table ;{..
.
t h e n i n d uc e leakage flow s t h r o u gh the dearance space.
Pressure l os, t u r b u lence a n d i n terference w i t h the pri
m a ry passage flow c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e t i p clearance loss. Radial Turbine Loss ]'v!echanisms
S hock-free flow at t h e leadi n g edge of t h e blade occurs T h e passages i n a r a d i a l t u r b i n e stage s uffer losses
w h en the gas angle a n d the blade a ngle c o i n c ide. \Vhen o f t h e s a m e n a t u r e a s t h e axial s t age. As m e n t i o n ed
the gas angle v a ries from this c o n d i t ion, a component of p r e vi ously, t h e r a d i a l t ur b i n e does n o t enjoy t h e s a m e
t h e velocity perpend i c u l a r t o t h e c a m b e r l i n e i s p a r t i a l l y m a t u r i t y a s y e t as t h e a x ial, hence n o t b o u11d a r y l a y e r
o r wholly d i ss i p a ted a s a l oss in k i n e t i c energy. F i n ally, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s b u t r a t h e r p ipe o r c h a n n e l fri c t i o n l o s s
in the dose clearan c e b e t ween r o t or d i s k a n d c a s i n g effect s a r e the basis f o r t h e n ozzle passage a n d t h e r o t o r
d i ap h r agm, t h e entrapped flu i d i s d r a gged a b o u t b y the passage loss c o r r el a t i o n s. T h e r o t o r b l a d e i n c i d e n c e a n d
rotor a n d viscous d is s i pa t i o n becomes a power l oss. t h e d isk f r i c t i o n g i v e r i s e l o losses i d e n t i c a l t o t h e a x i a l
A E R O D Y N AM I C S OF T UR B I N E S 99
c o n figurat ion. Th e rotor d i s c harge loss i s w o r t h a sep Correlation orc/vd..s elluf of.- doe.s flof includ:
arate n ote. I n a s i n gl e s tage machin e, t h e rotor d i s Sptce - chon/ rofio, -'lb
charge loss, associated w ith t h e u nrecoverable k i n etic
l<tynoltl., nvm btu; R.:n rratli"f edfl! flt<lcnes$
energy o f t h e exit flow, i s o ften i s ol ated from the stage
performance and the isentropic efficiency is given o n a Asput rotio, H/h Sfa99u iJ"fle
t otal-to-static basis. Where t h e discharge k i n et i c energy Tltiekntss r11tic, t,.,xll
i s r ecoverable a s i n a m u l t i stage machi n e, the total-t o
8/odinJ f6'omefrJ, or &
total basis f o r the efficiency i s u sed.
The c o r relations of the r a d i a l turbine loss mecha
i) /Jeter mit .$fH1<- <Drd ratio fo whidt GO'rt!laftt>rl opplies ..
n isms appear in the l i terature a s given in Table 4. Of optimum
LOSS CORRELATIONS
ff( b
'J, j
1/JG
Numero u s attempts h a v e been made to assemble c o r iii) Colculafe 1 * ( R'll) j(i + !')(o.97S + o o7S j:[)
relations o f t h e m a n y loss effects i nt o a n o ver-all stage
performance prediction method. We w i l l p resent t h e
.,.her Reh 1'2 Cz/1, f;az
Soderber g32 correlation for the a x i a l configuration b e
cause o f its simplicit y a n d u n u s u a l abil it y t o predict ac h (2Hs eos2 )/(s cosK2 + H)
t u a l results. T h e c orrelat io n h a s been applied b y S ten
n i n gaa an d e v a l u ated b y Horlock, 1 Amann a n d Sheri
dan,34 Lenherr a n d Carter,3 a n d Brown30 a l l o f whom
give i t a s l i g h t p referenc e over t hat o f Ainley a n d Mathie
son.37 It m u s t b e said, h o w ever, t h at the l a tter correla v) C ol<ulafe oduti/ lldpc.nf en#rolpy
t i o n i s much m o r e elaborate a n d d irected at t w o-dimen
s i on a l design rather than the p u rp o ses o f this paper.
(.Sf)
The Soderberg a x i a l turbine loss correl a t i o n i s s u m
m arized i n T a b l e 5 . The correl a t i o n i s strictly applicable Tab le 5. Soderberg A xial Turbine Los s Correlatio n .
t o conditions o f a n o p t i m u m s p ace-c h o r d r a t i o g i v en b y
eq. ( 37). T h e departure o f actual b l a d i n g geometry
5onda,..f Whtl
tndNIII/ FltW Rdol' lip Disk
from this condition s h o u l d b e c hecked. A loss coefficient
Author {)4rc lle f Las.s Lu l"culf" (J'"e F,.tcftotf f i s d eter m i n ed from Figure Sa as a f u n ct io n o f t h e gas
------
deflect i o n a n d t h e blade m a x i m u m t h ic kness. T h e effects
Da/t,, "''e tffw IS
of Reyn ol d s n u m be r and a s pect r a t i o are n ext i ntroduced
Mt1111f,Mt11'.11Dif Ifill 1#
in eq. ( 38 ) . Fina l l y e i s m o d ified f o r a n incidence loss
Hv/ock lfU I using Figure 5b. The resultin g loss c oeffic i en t t h e n
1141/, 8Nolt ,, I m akes i t p o s s i b l e t o estimate t h e actual p r o c es s endpoint
a.q. ,.. 26 enthalpy from t h e isentropic v a l u e as s h o w n i n eq. ( 39)
S.IJ#, "-'t /f(.li T
F11fr111,, l'lllJJ,.b4t.l
1'/(.!i 14
B.rtj B"'"leJ' If zc
0
0 2c 4c 6o 8o {tJO IZc:'> /4c
Kodflt"S If" ..,
s,,!JOII 1'/7<> JD
, Oe/lcfton (dfl'1rus)
Figure Sa. Ent halpy Loss Coe fficient for Use Wit h t he
Table 4. Identification o f Loss Mechanis m s . Soderberg Correlation .
100 P ROCEE D I N G S OF T H E F IR S T TUR B OM A C H I N E R Y S YM P O S I U M
() (4o/
'<\0.2
"""'
o.1s
/.1
25
>
,()
-i: /
1::3 /o.o
(fat 2;:12 t) - '(_.,..
/.0 s (4!)
'- (). 0
" 2 (3J
HEFERENCES
0.o
t
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If)
') 3.o ,j., Daily, J. \V'., Harleman, D. R. F., Fluid Dyn a mies ,
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2.o
<;u
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'
1/
1\
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,
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F l u i d Mechan ics and Desi p1 of Turbomaehinery, A eross-ec t i o n a l area
Pen n s y l v an i a S t a l e U n i versity ( Au g. FJ70 \ ; to he
a area
published in NASA S P.
26. Baljc, 0 .
s o n i c v el o c i ty hn!?'ed o n l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s
"Axial Cascade Tec h nology and A p
pli c a t i o n t o Flow Path Design,' ' foumal, Engineer s o n i c v el o c i t y b a s e d o n c r it i c a l c o n d i t i on s,
ing for Power, ASME Transaction.>, 90A , pp 30t). i .e., c o n d i t i o n s where l o c a l velocity jus t equa l s
HO ( 1 968 ) . ;; o n i c velocity, thus where c '= a c= a ,
Balje, 0 . E., Bin s ley, R. L ., " A;;; i a l Turbin(' Per b blade length ( see Figure 2 c )
formam:e Eva l u a ti on," .foumal, Engineering for c absolute veloci t y
Power, A SlvlE Transactions, 90A , p p JH -360
( 1963 ) . c vecto r o f t h e absolu t e flu i d v el o c i t y F i g-
ure l )
28. Daily, J. W., Neee, R. E., ''Chamber J)imension
Effects o n I nd u ced Flow a n d Frictional Hesistance Cm component o f absolute f l u i d velocity m m e
of Enclosed Hot al i ng Disks," Jonnwl of Basic Engi r i d i o n al pla n e
neerin g, A SME Transactions, 82D, pp 2 1 7-232 component o f absolu te f lu i d veloci ty perpen
( 1960 , . d ic u l a r ! o m e ri d i o n a l plnne
1\:Tann, R. W., Muston, C. A., "friction on speci fi c h e a t a t c o n s ta n t pressu r e o f flo w i n g
Blarted Disks in Hou i n gs as a Fundinn o f Heynolds flu i d
Number. Axial and Radial Clearance and Blade
specific h e a t at constant v o l u m e o f flowin g
Aspect R a t i o and Solidity ," Journal of Basic En{!i
n eering, A SiJ;JE Transactions. 83 D, pp 7 1 ().723 fluid
( 11)61 ) . h y d r a u l ic d iameter ( see T a b l e 51
.)0. Benson. R . ' A Review o f !\l!thods for Assessing speci fi c d iameter ( see Table 3 I
Los>< Coeffi c i e n ts i n Radial Gas Turbines," I n terna
tiona l ]ou m al of /1!/ech an ical Sciences, 1 2, p p 1)05- d i ameter
032 ( 1 ()70 ! . shroud d i a meter ( see F i g u r e 2a I
:n. R o d uers. C .. " E ffieiencv and Performance C h a r ac
, . h u b d i ameter ( see F i g u r e 2 a )
teris tics o f R a d i al T u r b ines," Paper 66075 1, S A E
Oct . ( 1 ') 6 6 I . E energy o f sy-stem ( see T a b l e l c )
104 PHOCE E D I N G S OF T H E F l H S T T C RB 0 1'I A C H I N E R Y S Y M P OS I V M
t a i n e d when
u blade o r rotor tip velocity
5 stator
u, v, w components o f c in the three c o o r d i na te d i
rectio n s ( see Figure 1 I r rotor