Wessels Calibration 1966

THE CALIBRATION OF COMPOUND
CRUMP AND SHARP-CRESTED GAUGING

WEIRS IN SOUTH AFRICA
by
P. Wessels
Disscnation presented for the Degree of Ph.D. Engineering (Civil)

at the University of Stellenbosch
Promotor: Prof. A Rooseboom
NOVEMBER 1m
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
DECLARATION
I the undersigned hereby declare thaI the work contained in this dissertation is my own
original work and has ~lot previously in its entirety or in part bt.-en submitted at any
uniYel'5llty for a degree.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like (0 take this opportunity to thank the following people and/or
organisatioR.'i for their assistance in the completion of this dissertation:
TIle Department of Water Affairs and Forestry for allowing me to undertake these
studies. and making their facilities available. in particular the Hydraulics laboratory
where a major pan of the testing wa.'i undertaken.
The waler Resem:h Commission for allowing me to make use of the results of a
series of hydraulic model tests performed on my behalf as a part of a WRC project at
the UJjlversity of SteJlenbosch. I also want to extend my gratitude to all the people
Whcl were involved with the modei tesl'i at the University of Stel1enbosch.
Professor A. Rooseboom for guidance. help and inspiration when it appeared that
there was no way forward.
All my colleagues and friends in the Depi1ltment for patience. motivation and input at
all ~es of the work.
My wife. for her patience and support during the years that I was busy with this work.
Finally, the Lord for providing me with the insight and ability to carry out this
rest'.an:h.
~YNOPSIS
The present network of now gauging stations in South Africa has grown from isolated
observations on an ad h(x: ba.. is to an extensive network of stations across the country.
Standardised gauging stations to suit local conditions have been developed which include
purposely desigll4:d compound weirs.
Nearly all. compound gauging weirs In South Africa have. for practical reasons. been
constructed without dividing walls. thus deviating lr',:.n the standards set by the British
Standards Institution (1981). Uncertainty about the accuracy of calibration of such structures
had to be darifi,ed and. where ~cessary. adjustments had to be made to existing calibration
formulae in order to compensate for the de,,iations. It was also necessary to determine
whether the accuracies that could be attained were adequate in terms of the potential financial
implications of inaccuracies. It has thus become necessary to re-evaluate the calibration of
these structures which consist of mainly compound Crump .md sharp-crested weirs.
Selected flow l"t'Cords were analysed and the data wa.\ used to determine the impact of errors
on the required capacities of reservoirs. This wa., done in an anempt to provide guidelines for
the accuracy required in flow records.
An31ysing a single application of a flow record cannot provide guidelines for the required
accuracy of a flow record and thus the gauging of flow. Although no general conclusions can
be drawn. it appears thal the benefits arising from an improvement in the accuracy of a flow
record are proportionally greater than the percentage improvement in accuracy.
Three-dimensional flow conditions exist either upstream or downstream of the point of stage
measurement depending on the presence or absence of diViding walls at a compound gauging
weir. The existing calibro1tion theory does not account for the influences of three-dimensional
flow conditions and a.-'isociatcd energy losses in the determination of the upstream total energy
head. Hydraulic model tests were thus undenaken to detemline the magnitude of the resulting
energy losses. New techniques were developed to compensate for these energy losses in the
calibration theory of compound gauging weirs.
Application of the new calculation techniques to rate compound weirs using a single point of
stage measurement results in improvements in accuracy. It was found that compound weirs
ii
wkbout dividial walls can be rated to pealeI.' levels of accuracy than weirs with dividiftl
_ ..... wbeft . . . meuurernents are 1ak~'1l at single point.
III
SAMEVATTIN(;
Die huidige nc!werk van vloclmectpumc III SUld-Afnka hel gegroei van gc'isoleerde
waamemings op 'n ad hoc basis, tot 'n uitgebrcldc nctwerk. van meetpunte vcrsprei oor die
hele land, Standaard mcetstruktuure aangepas vir plaaslike omstandighede is ontwikkei en
sluit in doelgeboudc saamgestelde mcetstrukture.
Byltans aile saamgestelde mcetstruklure in Suid-Afrika is weens praktisc oorwegings opgerig

sonder verdeelmure, wal afwyk van die standaarde gestel deur die British Standards Institution
(1981). Onsekerhede aangaande die akkuraathcid ,'an die kaJibrasie van sulke slrukture moes
opgekJaar word en unpassjngs un die beSlaande leorie moes gedoen word om hier'OOf te
kompenseer. iodien nodig. Oil was ook nodig om va~ Ie s,tel of akkuraathede Waf hulbaar is
voldoende is, met inagneming Vlll poIensi~1c finamiitle implikasies van onakkuruthede. Oit
hel dus nodig gcword om die bestaandc kaJibra.liic van saamgestelde meetstrukture.
hoofsaakJik Crump en sterpkroin meetwaJle, Ie hcrcval~r.
Seleere vloei:rekords is ontl~ en die data is gcbruik om die impak van foule ~ bepaal op die
berekende k.apasitei~ van opgaardamme. Oil IS gedoen in 'n poging om riglyne neer te Ie
rakende die akkuraatheid verlang in 'n vloeirekord.
Die ontleding van '0 enkele loepassing van 'n vloeirekord lewer nie genoegsame data om
riglyne vas Ie stell. "ir die verlanp akkuraalheid van 'n vloeirekord of vloeimeling nie.
AlhoeweJ geen duidelike riglyne hieruii vOilr1spruit nie. kom dit voor asof die voordele verkry
uit '0 verbetering io die akkuraatheid van 'n vloeirekord in verhouding groter is as die
vcrmiodering in die vloeimetingsfout.
Drie-dimensionele II'loeitoeslande bestaan of stroomop of stroomaf van die punt van

watervlakmeting, afl1iangende van die 'cenwoordigheid of afwesigheid van vcrdeelmure by 'n
saamgestclde meetstlruktuur. Die beslaande kalibrasieleorie maak nie voorsiening vIr die
invloed van drie-dimensionele vloeitoestande en die gepaardgaande energieverlicse op die
bepahng van die totale stroomop energiehoogte nie. Hidrouliese mode1tor: sc is ondemeem
om die omvang van die resulterende energieverliese vas te ste!. Nuwe tegnieke in die
kaJibrasieteorie vir saamgestelde strukture is ontwikk.e1 0:t1 tc kompenseer vir hierdie
energieverliese.
iv
'n Verbc:tcde akkuraatheid word verkry wanneer die nuwe tegniek toegepas word op die
kalibrasie van saamge~telde meetstrukture met 'n enkele punt van watervla.kmeting. Daar is
gevind daR saamgestelde meetstrukture sonder verdeelmure illurater gekalibn:er lean word. as
suuktt.Rmet vcrdeelmure waar walervlakke slegs by 'n enkclc punt gemeet word.
INDEX
UE..C;CRIYII()~ PAGE
SYNOPSIS i
SAMEVATIIN(; m
INDEX v
LIST OF FlGURE..t.; viii
LIST OF TABL.:S x
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi
1. INTRODUcnON. 1
1- 11IE DEVEWPMENT OF nnw GAliGING IN SOlJTH 5

AFlUCAN RIVERS.
3. 11IE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE ASD RELIABLE 9

n.ow RECORDS.
3.1. AN lNVESTIOATION INTO THE POTENTIAL ERRORS IN 9
THE GATHERING. PROCESSING ANDCOMP!LATION OF A
FLOW RECORD.
3.2. mE IMPACT OF ERRORS IN A FLOW RECORD ON THE 12
SI7lNG OF A RESERVOIR
3.3. 11m FINANCIAL VALUE OF RELIABLE HYDROLOGICAL 22
DATA.
4. SHAItP-CRESTED A~'D CRUMP GAUGING WEIRS IN 2S

SOUTH AFRICAN RIVERS.
4.1. INTRODUcnON. 25
4.2. COMPOUND GAUGING WEIRS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 26
4.3. SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS. 27
4.4. CRUMP WEIRS. 29
5. DISCHARGE FORMULAE FOR CRUMP AND SHARP- 31

CRESTED WEIRS.
5.1. FORMULAE TO RATE THE DISCHARGE OVER A CRUMP 11
__' .1
WEIR.
5.1.L THE DERIVATION OF THE BASIC DISCHARGE FORMULA 31
FOR A CRUMP WEIR.
5.1.2. CRUMP DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR MODULAR FLOW 34
CONDITIONS.
5.1.3. DISCHARGE FORMULA TO RATE A CRUMP WEIR FOR 35
DROWNED FLOW CONDITIONS.
5.2. FORMULAE TO RATE THE DISCHARGE OVER A SHARP- 36
CRESTED WEIR.
vi
5.2.1. DERIV.>\TION OF THE BASIC DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR 36

A SHARP-CRESTED WEIR.
5.2.2. FORMULAE TO RATE A SHARP-CRESTED WEIR FOR 39
MODULAR FLOW CONDITIONS.
5.2.3. DISCHARGE FORMULAE TO RATE THIN-PLATE WEIRS 42
FOR DROWNED FLOW CONDITIONS.
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDRALlJIC MODEI~ TESTS. 4S

6.1 OBJEC11VES OF THE HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS. 45
6.2 MODEL FACILITIES AND LAY-OUT. 45
6.2.1. GENERAL. 45
6.2.2. HYDRAULIC MODEL FACILITIES USED IN THE 46
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY OF OWAF.
6.2.3. MODEl.. FACILITIES AS USED IN THE HYDRAULICS 47
LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH.
6.3 SUMMARY OF THE HYDRAULIC MODEL TEST 50
PROGRAMME AND OBSERVATIONS.
6.3.1. GENERAL. 50
6.3.2. DFINmON OF DIMENSIONS. 50
6.3.3. MODEL TESTS WITH CRUMP WEIRS. 51
6.3.3.1. Model Tesas Performed In The Laboratory Of OWAF 51
6.3.3.2. Tests Performed In The Laboratory Of The University Of 51
Slellenbosch.
6.3.4. MODEL TESTS WITH nUN-PLATE WEIRS. 52
7. ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL TEST RESULTS. SS

7.1 GENERAL APPROACH fOll.OWED IN THE ANALYSIS OF 55
mE HYDRAULIC MODEL DATA.
7.2 ANALYSIS Of TIlE TEST RESULTS WITH DIVIDING 56
W AU.S AND THE DERIVAnON OF IMPROVED
DISCHARGE FORMULAE.
7.2.1 GENERAL. 56
7.2.2 COMPOUND CRUMP WEIRS WITH FLOW CONFINED TO 56
THE LOW NOTCH.
7.2.3 COMPOUND CRUMP WEIRS WITH FLOW OVER ALL THE 60
NOTCHES.
7.2.4 COMPOUND THIN-PLATE WEIRS WITH FLOW O\,'ER ALL 67
THE NOTCHES.
7.2.5 CONCLUSIONS. 75
7.3 ANALYSIS OF THE TESTS RESULTS WITHOUT DIVIDING 77
WALLS AND THE DERIVATION OF IMPROVED
DISCHARGE FORMULAE,
7.3.1 GENERAL. 77
7.3.2 COMPOUND CRUMP WEIRS WITHOUT DIVIDING WALLS. 77
7.3.3 COMPOUND THIN-PLATE WEIRS WITHOUT DIVIDING 83
WALLS.
7.3.4 CONCLUSIONS. 91
vii
8. CONCLUSIONS. 93
8.1 REQUIRED ACCURACY OF A FLOW RECORD. 93
8.2 CALIBRATION THEORY FOR COMPOUND CRUMP AND 93
THINPLATE GAUGING WEIRS OPERATING llNDER
8.2.1 COMPOUND WEIRS WITH DIVIDING WALLS. 93
8.2.2 COMPOUND WEIRS WITHOUT DIVIDING WALLS. 94
8.3 1lIE NECESSITY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF DIVIDING 95
WAU..S AT COMPOUND GAUGING WEIRS.
,. RECOMMENDAnONS.
99
APPENDIX A
APPENDIXB
APPENDIXC
APPItNDIXD
APPItNDIXE
APPENDIXF
VIII
LIST OF FI(;URES
DF-SCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 Growth of th~ flow gauging network in South Africa since 1895. 8
3.1 uxaliti.!!s of Hydrological Gauging Slation.! Analysed. 14-1

3.2 Relative required resen'oir capad:y to mat II yield of 20% of the MAR. 15
3.3 Relative required reservoir capadty to mut a yield of 30% of the MAR. 16
3.4 Relative required r~ser\.'o;r CClpat'ity to mut a yield of 40% of the MAR. 17
3.5 Relo.tive required resen'oir capacity 10 meet a yield of 50% ofthe MAR. 18
3.6 Relative required resen'O;r capacity 10 meet a yield of 60% ofthe MAR. 19
3.7 Relatiw required resen'Oir capacity to mul a yield of 70% ofthe MAR. 20
3.8 RelaJive required reservoir capacity to mut a yield of80% of the MAR. 21
3.9 Potential in/lunlCe of inaccurate hydrological data on the construction 23
costs of WoIwedanJ' Dam.
4.1 Cross-Mcrion through a thin-plaIt' w~ir. 28

4.2 Cross-uction through a sharpere.fted weir. 29
4.3 HornonUlI Cf'WftI'structure. 30
4.4 V-Crump stn4cture. 3C
5.1 Flow over a broadcrested slruttuft, 32

5.2 Flow liNs over a Crump weir. 34
5.3 Flow pattern over a thin-plaie weir. 36
5.4 Ickalised flo"'" pattern o"'u a thin-platt weir. 37
5.5 Deji.nitioft sutch ofparameters used in the non-modular flow equations 43
for a thin-platt' weir.
6.1 Schematic [ayoul ofnwdel as lesied in tht! laboratory cf lhe 46

Department of Waler Affairs and Foreslr}'.
6.2 Schematic layour offacilities tested at the University ofStdlenbosch '.'1 49
Hydraulics Laboratory.
6.3 Definition of dimensions as tested in th~ test models. 50
7.1 Error in calculated discharge (%m) expressed as a/unction of 58
I}{ . flow confined to the low nOlch. h > O.06m.

7.2 Increased stage reading as a result of surface tension between the point 59
gauge and waler surface.
7.3 Error in adjusted calculated discharge (Q;6m) expressed as a 60
function of H y{ ;Jor all the flflw confined 10 the low notch

Error in calculated discharge (Q;6m
61
7.4 Jexpressed as a function of
Hy{ .jor flow over all the crests ofa compound weir.
ix
75 Flow lines 1U~ar (J structure with di\'i<Ji'lg \\',1115. }1ow over both crests. 62
7.6 [)efinition sketch showing lhe tlifferem pammeters used in tlu: analysis. 63
7.7 CurveJ 10 ddermine ihe cOI!.{ficimt (k".) to calculare &1 for Crump 65
weirs with dividin~ walls. flow ova both ere.Us.
7.8 Error in calculated di$char,~" (Q/6"" Jexpressed tU a/unclion of
67
Hi using llu imprm'ed caieu/ali())!! !t'chniqut', flow over both cresl.f.

It,rrm'in calculated di.fcharge (Qi6",) expu.'fSed as a function of
7.9 69
HI
i { ,JIm..' over bOlh cresl.f.
7.lO Curves to cktt'rmine the coefficient (k... J to calculate &f for thin-plate 71
weirs wilh dividing wall.f, }1ow Ol't'r bolh crt'sts,
7 !l t
I Error in calculated discharge (Q/6m) expre.ued as afum:'ion of 74
H;{ using llu! improved calculation technique. flow over both crests.
7.12 Error in calculated disc.harge (Q;6m) expresud df a funt.t;on of
78
Hi. for tM compule tt'st series.

7.13 Flow lines near a structure with.,ul di\'idin~ ~aii.f: flow over both 79
crests.
7.14 Dtfinition s/cLtch showing the corrl'clion &f in the IOlal mugy h~ad. 80
7.15
Curves to defme the ratio MfiH. e:cpresJed lIS a function of Hi, all 81
fesl l'eries.
7.16 Error lit calculated discharge (Qi6.. ) expussed as a fun<.t;on of 83
Hi using the improw:d calculation techni'lue

Error in calculated discharge (QI'6.. ) e:cpresud as a function of
7.11 85
H./
It .
7.18 Curves 10 define the ratio .M!;i-I. expre.ued as (l function of H ~I , 87
7.19 Error in calculated discharge (Qi6m) expressed as a/unction (~r 90
HIt/ usmg
, th
e 'tmprove d carcu
I Ialton
tee h'
"'que,
LIST OF TABI... ES
DF..sCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 A breakdown of the first compound gauging weirs constructed in each 7

origiNJl province of South Africa.
3.1 ~ in.fluence ofan 18mm overestimation in stage measurements on II

discharge cok&dalions per unit crest lengl,"-
3.2 1"",,""" ofpool depth vari4lions and submergence on discharge 12
caJculatiofts for a Cnunp ~ir of unit crest kngth.
6.1 R.t.ut,e 0/ CI1IIIIp weir diMen.rions Usud in 1M DWAF laboraJory. S1

6.2 Rmre of C1VIIIp wt:;r dUMnsions ksted in the laboratory ofthe 52
Un4vftnity 0/ S~lUNJosclt.
6.3 Rtmge o.ldimetulotu uned in 1'ItOde/ tests on compolllld thin-plale S3
wir,.
8.l ~ $ ill calcalakd discharge owr compowuf gQllg;"g weirs with 94

di"id.int walls using dw standard aNJ improved calibration techniques.
3.2 ACClU'GCie.f in CGkuhued discharge ow!r compormd gauging weirs 95
wimo.u dividing walls using 1M standard and improved calibration
UChl'liqIWS.
xi
LIST OF SYl\lBOLS
112 I
. - 1.,/2
"",,' I '
..>-- 1t2_
-l-ot..o __------..-l.J,..
i I r "l
I _1.
r - M!l. - :~ - - - 1-----
[~ ~ I, lb' H, r
ITl
! I
L'-l-..-/..-_p~...o....-I_J I
t
p
Compound weir with dividing walls. Compound weir without dividing walls.
DdlnJtion sketch
A Flow cross section n,xrnal to the direction of flow (m:!).

AI flow cross sectiocl in (ront of low notch of weir (m2).
a Surface width of flow section in nall.!raJ channel (m).
~ Discharge coeffICient (Crump and IMFT formulae).
Cp Discharge coeffkient (Department of Water Affairs and FOlrestry formulae).
Fr m-nu_+J~~J
f Correction coefficient for submerged flow conditions.
g Acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/ Sl).
h Gauged head or head upstream of a structure (m).
hi Head relative to low notch level of a compound weir (m).
h2 Head relative to hieh notch level or submergence head (rn).

he Critical flow depth (m).
h~ Gauged head corrected for systematic error in measurements (m).
H TOIal energy head relative to weir crest ( = h + VXg).
HI Total energy head relative to low notch level of a compound weir (m).
H2 Total energy head relative to high notch level or total head downstream of weir (m).
M1 Difference in upstream total energy head or correction in (;alculated total energy
head (m).
Xli
Hmu Maximum total energy head (mI.

H.. Total enerfiv i.~a1 corttcted for systematic error in measured head (m),
Coefflcients uset! to (,t~lermine losses.
I (..cngth of a weir crest or wu.::'" of a canal (m).

Length of the low notch of a compound weir (m).
Length of the high IlOlch of a compound weir (m).
Upstream pool depth (m).
PJusure (N/m1 ).
Discbqe (ml/s).
~ts.ae coofincd to low notch of compound weir (rol,s).
Discbqe conf'uaed to higb noteh of compound weir (Oll,s).
Cakuliled discba"'F allowing for systematic error in measuremects (m3/s).
Ca.IcubIed discbarJe with improved calculation methods. for compound weirs with
dividiDJ wall! (m'/s).
CalculItcd disdwp with iffiJ-'ro\'ed calculation methods. for compound weirs
wilbout dividiDa walls (m'/s).
0iIcbarge as measured in model (m'ls).
TbeoreticaJ discharge (Ol'is).
y flow velocity (mls)
Flow velocity upstJeam of low notch of weir (mls).
Flow velocity upstream of high notch of weir or downstream of weir (mls).
C-.,rical flow velocity (mls).
z Height above dalum (m).
p Fluid density (kglm\
THE CAIJIBRATION OF COl\'IPOUND CRUMP

AND SHARP-CRESTED GAUGING WEIRS IN
SOUTH AFRICA
1. INTR()DUCTION.
WaJl:r is essential to aU form:) of life and is thur. the most precious of all the natural
~. The planning and control of rational water use require accurate measurement of
the availability of this resouzce. Despite careful pJann;ng, the successful development of a
region is likely (0 fail wi!hoo( adequate and reliable hydrological data. This is particulMly
so in relatively dry countlries like the Repubhc of South Africa.
Hydrological data is f"~uently used to determine the capacity of a reservoir required to

supply. certain demand of water for domestic, industrial or any other usage. Rood
dama&e could be reduced considerably if the design of structures in river channels, for
example weirs, and any land use in flood plains were to be based on accurate hydrological
data. Hydrobygical data is also used to detennine flood discharges to size spillways of
reserw.lirs. or the height of bridges above riverbeds.
The gathering of hydrological data in the Republic of South Africa is the responsibility of
the Directorate of Hydrology in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (OWAF).
DWAF requires this information in order to perform its task of developing and managing
the water resources of South Africa.
It is generally known that runoff is a function of precipitation characteristics: - duration.

intensity and areal extent. It is. however. also a fun/ction of catchment characteristics: -
vegetation, land use, soil type. geology and topography. The ~lanagement, development
and control of water resources require accurate and reliable stream !low information,
which can be in the format of discharge or stage. Information of this nature can only be
obtained from a well established. operated and maintained network of !low gauging
stations.
A flow gauging station m~y be defined as follows:
"A gauging stalion i.\ a sill' on II ri\'er which has been selected. equipped and
operaled 10 prm'ide lire fH.uic dara from which systemlllic records of Wdtu level
and di!;charge may be deriled. Es.sentially;1 consists of a nalural or artificial rivu
ao.u-st'crion where a cOn/inuou.s record of stage can be obtained and where a
re/mion bet'wun stage and discharge can bt' de/umined." (Lambie. 1978).
From this definition it is obvious that two actions are required to measure discharge; the
gauging of stage. and the derivation of discharge from stage records. Various methods are
used by DWAF (0 conven stage records inlo discharge or flow records. Direct
measurement techniques include the use of flow gauging weirs and velocity-area methods.
whilst indirect measurements are used mainly to detelmine peak discharges after flood
events. By combining both methods a wide ranging flow record at a point of interest can
be produced.
Aow in South African rivers is monitored at roughly 800 gauging stations. At

approximately 80% of these stations flows are gauged with compound Cn1mp or sharp-
crested weirs. Compound gauging weirs are used in an attempt to ensure accurate gauging
and sensitivity over a wide r.mge of discharges in rivers. A compound gauging weir
consists of a series of individual weirs, with the crest of each weir at a different level
across the width of a stream. Low discharges in a river flow only over the lowest crest. or
the low IlOlch. of a compound weir and with increasing discharge more nOlCbe~ start to
operate.
Theory and coefficients to rate Crump and sharp-crested weirs are well established for
two-dimensional now conditions, which exist in weirs with only a single crest section
(Ackers, etat., 1978). According to the British Standards Institution, (BSI, 1981), the
individual weir sections of a compound gauging weir should be separated by dividing
walls to minimise the effect of three-dimensional flow conditions I. BSI (1981)
recommends that nonna! two-dimensional discharge formulae should be used to rate the
individual weir sections of a compound weir.
I Three-dimensional flow conditIOns are defined In thIS theSIS as flows With three. mutually perpendicular.
velocity components Two-dunenslOnal !low :onditions have no hOrizontal velocity component parallel to
the weir crest.
As a result of practical and economic considerations the majority of compound gauging

suuetures in Sooth Africa have been constructed without any dividing waHs. From a
practical point of view. high flows often bring down debris that become entangled around
the walls. adversely affecting the rating. In addition to the absence of dividing walls. il is
also common practice in South Africa to monitor upstream water levels only in the vicinity
of the lowest crest or notch of a compound weir. Doubt has been expressed, within
OWAF, about the accuracy of ratings of compound weirs due to the above mentioned
pnctices aDd especiaJly due to the requirement set by the BSI that compound weirs
without dividin. walls need in situ or model calibrations.
The aims oflhis thesis are:
the Citablishment of standards for the required accuracies of flow records and
~fore flow measurement in general.
to dclamine if compound puging structures built without diViding walls can be

theoreticalJy calibrated to the same accuracies as those with dividing waJls and
whether model studies ~ requiredr these calibrations.
wbetherit is necessary to construct dividing walls at existing compound

stn.~.
to clarify lhe uncenainties surrounding the caHbrati(j1l theory for thin-plate weirs
in use by DWAF and
to irnp.-oyc calibration theory for compound gauging weirs with and without
divid~ng waJ~s, if necessary.
2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW GAUGING IN SOUTH

AFRICAN RIVERS.
Except for the documentation of historical flood evcnls, infomlation on the history of flow
gauging in South African rivers prior to 1900 is scarce. This is especially true regarding
techniques used to gauge discharge in rivers. It is probably due to the disastrous nature of
floods and their impression on mankind. that earlier historical information on flood events
is available at all.
The fmt documented flood event in South Africa occurred shonly after the arrival of Jan
van Riebecck at the C . of Good Hope. This event look place during the night of 22 July
1652 when an extremely heavy downpour wa.~ experienced. The rain storm was so intense
that on the morning of 23 July rivers were not capable of handling the runoff and flooded
the land (lbom. 1952). Flood waters from the ValS River inundated the newly established
vegetable garden and all the crops were destroyed.
In 1822 a flood in the Olifants rivcr ncar ClanwiUiam was observed during which the
water level rose 29 feet (=-9m) above the normal stage of the river (Unscott. 1924).
Estimations of discharge. as opposed to stage, are first documented for the 18 May 1859
flood observed in the lower reaches of the Ohfants river. A peak discharge of 25 000
cusecs (71 Om'/s). compared to the four cuecs (0.1 to m 3/s) of the previous day. was
estimated
(Linscott~ 1924).
Historical drought sequences are also mentioned in literature, but this information is
usually limited to periods of zero flow in riven Observations of flow in the Kariega
River. Eastern Cape, were made. probably on a daIly basis. as early as 1860. Prior to 1860
a stream of water flowed daily in the Kariega River from October to May without failure.
Similar flow conditions were observed from December to May for t"Je years 1861 to 1863.
The river gradually dried up and subsequent to 1880 flow only occurred after substantial
rainfall in the catchment (Linscott. 1924).
The fIrSt long-term documented dally stage recording in the country start'"":': during July
188531 the pumping station of the Kimberley Water Work3 Company in t'le Vaal River at
6
Rivenon (Hurley. 1905). At lhe beginning of 1909 DWAF assumed the responsibility for
Ihe~ measurements. According 10 availahle records. the only other gauging station
operational earlier than 1900 was cstahlished in 1898 in the Breede River near Robenson.
~tage measurunents at thIS gaugmg station ceased during 1917.
The most elementary method to measure stage in a river is the observation of water levels
against fixed gauge plates on the river bank. Continuous records of stage in streams are
obtained by means of automatic water level recorders. In South Africa mechanical
recorders havr~ ~n widely used for the continuous recording of stage. These mechanical
recorders consist of a mtating horizontal drum driven by a clockwork mechanism. The
drum rolMe5 once in a week. or month. depending on the settings of the clockwork
mechanism. A pen attached to a float and counterweight traces the stage variations in the
river l),,'1 graph paper wrapped around the drum. The graph paper is replaced aft~r each fuIl
revolution of the drum.
Thc first mechanical recorder wa.. installed \)0 I December 1900 at hydrological gauging
station. C2HOlO, on the Vaal River at RIC~tfontein near Vereeniging (Depanment of Water
Affairs, )l)Cjl(). Observations at this station continued until 30 September 1922. The
oldest operatiooal gauging station equipped with a mechanical recorder, is that on the
Pienaars River al Khpdrift. A2HOO6. where recording slarted on I March 1905.
The first gauging weirs completed specifically to measure flow in rivers in South Africa
were complete-J in 1904 in the Tmnsvaal (Menne. 1960). New structures were constructed
until 1916 when a lack of funds due to the First World War brought a temporary halt to the
expansion of the gauging network. At that time there were at least seventeen compound
gauging weirs established in the Transvaal by the former Irrigation Department. where
discharges in rivers were gauged continuously with mechanical recorders. Besides these
weirs. ~veral other gauging stations were established during 19 15 by the Rand Water
Board under supervision of the Government. In the Cape Province al least eight
compound gauging weirs had been established and in the Orange Free State at lea..<;t three
compound gauging weirs were operatiooal (Kanthack. 1924). Table 2.1 gives details of
the first compound gauging weirs huilt in each original province of South Africa; all these
weirs were sharp-crested structures.
no
~ ~
NtJMUIl IUVItIl PLACE
A2HOOI KROKODIL HARTBEESPOORT !922 09 30 lVL
A2HOO2 MAGALIES HARTBEESPOORT 1904 08 01 192209 30 TVL
C2HOOi Mool WITR.AND 1904 OS 01 lVL
D3HOOI SEEKOEI HAASFONTEIN 19111001 19410430 CAPE
J2HOOI GAMKA KLIPFONTEIN 1911 II 05 19210131 CAPE
J2HOO2 NELS DUFFELS VALLEJ 19111206 191809 30 CAPE
C6HOOI VAI..S ROODEWAL 191301 IS 0f1S
C81Q)) WlLGE FRANKFORT 1913 1001 OPS
V1HOOI BOESMANS ESTCOURT !928 09 01 1965 0331 NATAL
Table 2.1~ A brifaJcdown oftM fir~t compound gauging weirs constructed in eac1r original
prm';na of South A.frica.
Almost without exceJMion all the gauging weirs built in Soulh African rivers until the mid
70's were compound sharp-crested SUUCtures. The nrst compound Crump w'eir was built
in the Greal Fish riVt'f and SWlcJ to operate in October 1977.
From information available in OW AF. FIgure 2.1 was compiled to show the growth in the
number of flow gauging stations in South African rivers. since 1895. Row gauging
stations were defined as per the followingeumple:
"At a particular gauging weir a farmer diverts water into two canals to irrigate his
lands. TIle water level is recorded upstream of the weir to determine discharge over
the crest of the weir In the canals flow is gauged with Parshall flumes some
distance from the weir. The total discharge available in the river at this station is the
flow over the weir plus the flow in the two canals. Although flow is gauged at three
separate points, these poinls together act as one flow gauging station in the river."
The influence of both world wars on the growth of the gauging network is clear from
J'igure 2.1. After World War Il the number of operational flow gauging stations grew
rapidly until lhe early 70' s. Due to a near optimal numJler of bauging stations across [he
cOllntry. the stan of a network planning program and financial stringency, the number of
operational flow gauging stations remained between 800 and 900 since the beginning of
1975. By the end of March 1995 flow was gauged at 818 different stations in South
Afric;m rivers. Of these stations approximately 55% include components at which flows
are gauged with compound sharp-crested weirs an~ 25!:lc with compound Crump weirs.
Flow records al these gauging stations are compiled from roughly 2650 continuous
measurements of stage. gate openings and flow meter readings.
:v, +
u _
\'FAR
Flpre 2.1: Growth of 1M floM' gauging n~'M'ork in South Africa sinc~ 1895,
Velocity-area rating methods have been used to confinn theoretical calibrations of gauging
weirs and to extend the measuring range of these weirs beyond the limit of theoretical
calibrations, Sections, rated by velocity-area methods, have not been used extensively for
the following practical reasons:
Vast distances to the respective sites and generally short runoff periods make it
logistically difficult to fuHy rate sections within acceptable time limits,
a lack of real-time rainfall and runoff data adversely affects reaction times to
undertake the necessary gaugings,
high rainfall making access to sites hazardous and
a lack. of skilled manpower to undertake the required velocity-area gaugings.
The resulting prevalence of compound Crump and sharp-crested weirs amongst South
African flow gauging stations indicates that improvements in the calibration theory of
these two tJl>es of gauging ~tmctllre would yield the greatest benefits in terms of more
accurate now records.
3. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE AND RELIABLE

FLOW RECORDS.
Gathering of a flow record is a complex. multi-faceted process. To ensure reliability. all

the individual steps in the process should be carried out as accurately as possible. within
acceptable financial constraints. Simply put. collection costs should not exceed the
pot.entiill benefit value of a record. A~..sment of the collection costs is a relatively
simple wk~ however. determination of the financial benefi..s is complicated by the
followina factors:
It is impossible to identify all the current and future users of flow data.
diflkulty in defining all the benefits that may arise from a flew record and
benefits from the data arc shared by a number of uscrs.
Due to the difficulty in deriving a true (ost-benetlt relationship for a flow record. it was
decided to use more simplified methods to determine the value of accurate and reliable
flow records.
Errors in compiling flow records arise in two bfmld processes:
collecting and processing of the stage-time record and
establishment of the unique ~hltionship between stage and discharge.
The potenticu magnitude of these errors provides an indication of the expected accuracy of
a flow record.
3.1 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE POTENTIAL ERRORS IN

THE GATHERING.. PROCESING AND COMPiLATION OF A
FLOW RECORD.
The establishment of a gauging station is just lhe beginning of the long and costly proce"s
to produce a flow record. As most of the t10ws in this country are measured by means of
gauging weirs the process of producing a flow record from a gauging weir is analysed.
10
Construction of a gauging weir establishes an artificial control idcaJly creating a unique

relationship between discharge and stage at that poiOl. Once a control has been e:stablished
two actions are required to determine a flow record; measurement of stage and the
derivation of discharge from the stage record.
In South Africa. flow records obtained from gauging weirs are generally gathered,
processed and compiled in the following manner:
The finaJ reading on the stage chart produced by the mechanical recorder is
compared [0 the actual stage reading observed on the gauge plates in the river.
The gauge plate reading is taken as cnrrcct and adjustments are made to the
recorder If necessary. when removing the chart.
If errors in the automatic stage measurements arc discovered. the chart ;s edited
accordingly. This stage-time data is digitised and stored in a database.
11Ie.oreticaJ calibrations of the weir are used {o convert the stage record into a
flow recc rd.
Regular inspections of the gauging weirs help to maintain the quality of the stage record.
If necessary. debris that may influence the water lew 1 ! wn cd from lhe "veir crest. If
there is any indication that the inlet system !O the recorder is blocked, the system is flushed
to remove the blockage. 1bc partial blockil1lg of the inlet sY"ilem to the recorder. due to the
infiltration of sediment, is probably the most serious problem experienced currently with
the recording of stage. A partially blocked inlel system causes the recording of faJse water
levels and the result is a poor and often useless stage record. Errors of thi:~ nature dre
difficult to quantify because of their variable nature; however. regular insr,.~ctions and
corrective actions will minimise their effecl.
Although various factors may irlfluence the accnracy of the stage recnrd, human error
(incJuding~ incorrect gauge readings. pen 'ieuings or digitising errors) is one of the main
causes for uncertainty in a record. The totaJ uncertainty in the measurement of stage with
a mechanicaJ recorder system may be set at roughly 18 mm (Ackers, 1978. Muller.
1977). This error represents the tOlal inaccuracy due to uncertainties in the gauge zero,
gauge plate readings. graph processing and mechanical recorders. The influence of this
11
uncenainty in slagc mea..urcrncnt on the uc\.'uracy of flow gaugmg with a horizontal
Crump weir of unll crest length and pool depth. IS shown an Table 3.1.
A(.TVAL STAGE ACTUAL DISCHARGE .. ERROR IN DISCBARGB

Q(ta'lLJa)
0.10 0.063 +28.3
0.20 0.1'19 +13.9
0.30
0,40
0.331
0,514
+ 9.3
+ 7.0
--
O.SO 0726-\
+ 5.6
O.7~ I,J68 + 3.8
1.00 2.162 + 2.9
Table 3.1: Th" ,n/lIHna of tin IX mm 0l't.'rt"Mi1tliIl,OfI ill Jtu.f(t' lnt.'llJuumenl.f on discharge
calculution.f fH'r unit crr.'ll It'nglJt
f=acto", affecting the proper dcnv3uon of di\('harge from a stage record at a gauging weir
oare:
Variations in the pool depth upstream of a weir. Regular surveys of the pool are
required to detennine whether changes in pool deJHh are sufficient to influence
the theoretical rilllOg of a wen.
With increa'dng discharge or variations In river conditions downstream of the

weir. non-modular (submerged) flow conditions may develop.
Ac(:uracy of the calibration theory.
Taking it Crump weir of unil width and pool depth operaling under modular now
conditions with a constant stage reading of Im, Table 3.2 reflects the polentiaJ influence
of submt:rgence and upstream pool depth on discharge caJculations.
Due to the large (,,'ontribution of human error in the gathering and processing of a stage
record it is diftlcuh te, minimise its influence in a flow record. Greater accuracy in
calibration theory is therefore a more realistic approach to improve the quality of a !low
record in generaL Justification for the improvement of flow records can only be based on
an assessment of the potential impact of errors in a now record.
12
POOL Q ., BIUlOIl
DEPlB(.)
1,00
(WfLaa)
2.162
" ERROR
INFLOW
0.0
SUBMERGENCE"0
Q
(1IILm)
2.162
1N ... ,nw
0,80 2,216
- +2.5 75 2.162
0.0
0,0
0.60 2.305 +6,6 80 2,101 -2,8
O,SO 2,313 +9.8 85 2,050 -S,2
0,40 2,473 +14,2 90
- 1,9S8 -9,4
0,30 2,637 +22.0 95 1,4SO -32,9
Table 3.1: Influencl! of pool tkpth varial;on.~ and submugltn.cl! on dischargl! calculations
f()r a Crump wlti, of un;1 cust lrngih.
3.2 THE IMPACT OF ERRORS IN A FLO\\' RECORD ON THE

SIZING OF A RESERVOIR.
One of the most important fields of application of flow eat3 is the sizing of reservoirs.
Dctennination of the capacity of a reservoir is dependant on the tollowing factors:
Aow record at the proposed site.
Required yield.
Physical dimensions of the proposed reservoir site, e.g. stage-capacity

relationship.
Evaporation and rainfall effects on the water surface.
If the evaporation and rainfall data is excluded from the analysis (gross yield anaJysisJ then
the calculated required capacity is not dependent on location. By using a now record.
with and without errors, to calculate the required reservoir capacity to meet a certain yield.
the impact of erron: becomes evident. This method provides an indication of the required
accuracy for J. specific flow record being analysed. To provide a general indicator of the
required accuracy for any flow record. in respect of reservoir capacity determination, a
number of records should be analysed in this manner.
13
Selected flow records at 45 different locations spread across the country, as shown in
Fipre 3.. were analysed, A requirement for the selection was <I, minimum uninterrupted
flow record length of at least fony years. This condition was set in an altempt to ensure
that enough high and low flow sequences were represented in the record. Some flow
records therefore had to be extended via a rainfall-runoff model in order to meet this
minimum record length requirement. In alt cases the mean runoff and the coefficient of
variarion ,of the extended ~ords were repre~ntative of the long tenn characteristics
gauged at tbe different stations.
Intbe analysis. the demands or yields. expressed is ratio.i of the MAR. were evenly
disuibuccd throop the)'Uf. In aU cases the extended records were assumed lO be a
bundRd per call corrt'Ct. Based 00 this assumption, required reservoir capacities to satisfy
different yields were detennined according to the 45 selected records.
AfieJ' these initial uaiygs. the flow records. were adjusted in an auempt to detennine the
effect of the errors on the calculated required rescrvolf capacities. Only the effect of
~tiaJ underestimations in a record were analysed. A simple approach to adjust the
different flow ~ was adopt?td by scaling down the monthly flow volumes and MAR
0( the assumed lCCurate records with percentage.s varying between 10% and 40%. In the
adjusted records the coeffldents of variation were still tbe same as that of the original
recon1s. The gross yield analysis process was again used to detennine re~r\'oir capacities
in terms of the MAR, to meet the same yields as used in the original analysis. The results
of these anaIy~" !Ue shown in tabular and graphical fonnat in Appendix A for each
gauging station investigated.
The results as shown in Appendix A may only be used to detemtine the impact of
underestimation in the record on reservoir capacity for the different stations analysed.
This is due to the facl that each individual flow record is only representative of the flews
gauged at a particular gauging station. The only way to generalise the results was to
determine relative required reservoir capacities needed to satisfy a specified yield.
Required reservoir capacities detemlined for the differenl yields from the assumed
hundred per cent accurate flow records establish the base capacities in this analysis. In this
way the impact of incorrect flow gauging on reqUired reservoir capacities are expressed as
dimensionless proportions.
14
Relative required l:apa"illcs to meet different yields were determined for aJl 45 gauging
stations. The mean value and standard deviation of the relative required reservoir
capacities were cakulated separatc!y for the different yields. These results are shown in
both tabular and gr.aphical format in FilUre 3.2 to Figure 3.8. Each of these figures
reflects the relative impact of systematic incorrect flow gauging on the required capacity of
a reservoir to meet a cenain yield. expressed as a percentage of the MAR in a stream.
With the hc:p of these figures it is possible to dctennine the impact of inc.rrect flow
puging on lhe required size of a new reservoir. From Fipre 3.5 an underestimation of
10 per cent in gauged flows leach to. on average. a 15 per cent increase in reservoir
capacity to meet a yield of SO per cent of the MAR. Clearly the underestimation of flows
result in the development of unnecessarily large reservoirs leading 10 ineffective capital
expenditure. Overestimation of flows on the other hand would lead to even more
significant Ios.~s due to unexpected shortfalls in supply.
As only one application ofa now record ha.c; been eumined no dear guidelines for the
~uired accuracy of a record can be set. However. Flaura 3.2 to 3.8 show that. on
.venae. an error in a now record is magnafied when translated into a required reservoir
capacity. This indicates that the resulting pocenliaJ savings increase with increasing
puginl accuracy. Evaluation of these benefits can be accomplished by converting them
into monetary terms,
.~~Wii7
I1pre 3.1 :
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Error in the JMlIIIll Relaa.ive required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 20% of tbe
oftlow ua MAR. 1be required capacity with a 0% error in the gauging of
percentqe of the Oow esublishes the base capacity used in this analys,ls.
MAR Meu Mean + Mean Maximum Minimum
capacity Selev Sdev
0% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.09 1.14 1.03 1.21 1.00
-1St.{. 1.14 1.~3 1.05 1.32 1.00
-20% 1.21 1.34 1.07 !.62 1.00
-2St.{. 1.28 1.47 1.10 1.96 1.02
-30% 1.37 1.61 1.12 2.31 1.06
-35% 1.46 1.77 1.15 2.66 1.08
-40% 1.58 1.98 1.19 3.01 1.08
Sdev =Standard deviation
Figure 3.2: Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a ....ield of 20C;< uf the MA.R.
16
~.
~
~
--,
...
Enor in t~ gauging Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 30% of the
of flow as a MAR. The required capacity with 0% error in the gauging of
percentage of the flow establishes the base capacity used in this analysis.
MAR. Mean Mean + Mean- Maximum Minimum
capaci"' $dev Sdev
~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.12 1.19 1.03 1.40 1.02
-15% 1.18 1.31 1.06 L61 1.04
-20% 1.27 1.44 1.10 LSI 1.05
-25%
-3(}%
- 1.37
1.48
1.59
1.77
1.14
1.19
2.02
2.24
1.07
1.09
-35% 1.62 1.96 1.27 2.48 1.10
-40% 1.80 2.24 1.35 2.92 Ll2
Sdev = Standard deviation
Figure 3.3: Relative required reservoir capacit\' to meet II vield of JOCk of the MAR.
17
Error in the gauJin. Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 40% of the
of nowas a MAR. The required capek ty with 0% error in the gauging of
percenuaae of the flow establishes me base capacity used in this analysis.
MAR. Mean Mean + Mean Maximum Minimum
capacity } I
Sdc:v Sdev
0% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.13 1.20 1.06 1.32 1.02
-lS% 1.21 1.31 1.10 1.51 1.03
_.
j
-20% 1.31 ~"

1.47 1.14 1.71 1.04
-25% 1.43 1.66 1.19 2.11 1.09
-30% 1.58 1.92 1.24 2.56 1.13
-35% 1.79 2.28 1.30 3.17 1.15
-40% 2.11 2.82 1.40 4.30 1.15
~dev =Standard deviation
Figure 3.4: Relative requu _" reservoir capacity to meel a yield of 4()C7c ufthe MAR.
18
: ..
I'"
Error in the gauging Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 50% of the
of flow as a MAR. 'The required capaciry with 0% error in rhe gauging of
percenlaF of the flow establishes the base capacity used in this analysis.
capacity Sdev Sdev
0% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.15 1.25 1.06 1.43 1.03
-15% 1.26 1.42 1.09 1.65 1.05
-20% 1.40 1.67 1.14 2.11 1.08
-25% 1.59 1.97 1.22 2.67 1.17
-30% 1.82 2.32 1.32 3.24 1.20
-35% 2.11 2.80 1.42 3.87 1.23
-40% 2.53 3.53 1.54 5.11) 1.25
Sdev =Standard deviation
Figure 3.5: Relative required reservoir capacltv to meet a yield of 509c of the MAR.
19
I 1
~ :I
"
;,..
i...
"

';
~
~
~;\\

::i'
k~'
!
};.
<

,'..
:01-

\
J

~ ....
I
Ii'"
Error in Ihe gaulina Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 60% of the
of flow as a MAR. 1be required capacity with 0% error in the gauling of
IlCrcentage of the flow establishes the base capacity used in this analysis.
CapIel)' Sdev Sdev
0% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.22 1.34 1.10 1.54 1.05
-15% 1.36 1.55 1.17 1.80 1.08
-20% 1.52 1.79 1.24 2.11 1.08
-25% 1.75 2.17 1.32 2.86 1.19
-30% 2.05 2.72 1.38 4.62 1.20
-35% 2.48 3.50 1.45 7.58 1.20
-40% 3.23 4.67 1.80 10.5 I 1.20 +
Sdev = Standard deviation
Figure 3.6: Relative required reservoir capacity to meet (l vield or 6U(;c of the MAR.
20
~.. .
I' "
!' ,
i! "
..
..
Error in the gauging Relative required reservoir capacity to meet a yield of 70% of the
of flow as a MAR. The required capacity with 0% error in the gauging of
percentage of the flow establishes the base capacity used in this analysis.
MAR. Mean Mean + Mcan- Maximum Minimum
capacity Sdev Sdev
0% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-I ()l; 1.22 1.33 1.10 1.61 1.06
-15% 1.38 1.61 1.15 2.12 1.09
-20% 1.60 1.99 1.20 3.30 1.13
-25% 1.88 2.47 1.29 4.83 1.24
-30% 2.38 3.2) 1..56 6.36 1.26
-359'c 3.44 4.91 1.97 8.30 1.26
-40% 5.09 7.75 2.42 14.0 1.26
Sdev =
Standard devIation
f'igure 3.7: Relative reqllired reservoir capacity to meet (l yield of 7(Yk uj rhe MAR.
I.
\ l .
\ ,
Error in tbe g~uging Relative required reservoir capacity iO meet a yield of 80% of the
of flow a,.. a MAR. 'The requm~.'d capacity with 0% error in the gauging of
percentage of the flow t~~?lishes the base capacity used in this analysis.
MAR. Mean Mean + Mean - Maximum Minimum
capacity Sdev Sdev
~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
-10% 1.27 L46 LOS 2.22 1.05
-15% 1.47 1.79 1.15 3.03 1.15
-20% 1.82 2.27 1.36 3.83 1.23
-25% 2.51 3.41 1.61 4.69 1.41
-30% 3.57 5.26 1.89 7.73 1.47
-35% 4.80 7.32 2.28 ll.l 1.47
-40% 6.10 9.48 2.71 14.6 147
Sdev = Standard deViation
Figure 3.8: Re{ative required reservoir capacity to meet a \lCU (It .Wy:; 0/ rile MAR.
22
3.3. THE FINANCIAL VALlJI-: OF RELIABLE HYDROLOGICAL

DATA.
In an ancmp! to ~ktenmnl: the fmancial hcncflts of reliable hydrological data in the sizi:'~
of a dam. the flow record used for Wolwco.ms I),un was analysed. Wolwedans Dam was
selected becau~ of the availabilIty of n.'n'nt and comprebensive financial data on the
construction work. ConstnKtlon of the 70m I11gh dam. built mainly to supply water to the
Mossgas projeci near Mos\,C1 Bay, was completed dunng 1990. On completion the total
construclion cost of t.he Wolwcdans Dam project. excluding the delivery pipeline to
Mossgas, wa.~ approximately R 43 000 (X)() (DW AF. 1993). With the construction of a
dam the cost of cenain items is almm.t constant. Irn~"'pc('tlvc of the aclUal size of the dam.
The construction of workforce accc-Jlunodation. "lie of.icc, workshops, access roads,

security fencing. river dIversion, and rehahilitatlon aftcr completion of thc works. are
examples of these costs. At Wolwedam. Dam the con"tructlOn cost of items sensitive to
the variation in the requIred storage capacIty of the dam was approximately R 32 800 000.
This amount !jvldcD by Ihe volume of (Ol1l..'fCtC u"cd In ,:onstruct the dam wall yields a
unit price for pla(cd concrete. it figure lIkeh In remain constant within rea...onable
deviations in dam Size,
Assuming the Original extended now n.~,:ord to he correct. the potential yield of the dam
was calculated nn the hasl~ of thl" .is butlt capacllY of the darn. WIth a ne! yield analySIS. A
net yield analysis. in contrast to a gross yll:ld analysis. considers the influence of rainfall
and evaporatloh on the water surf;~i:e area of a resen'olr If a record had been collected
which underesllmated the ;tvailabic tlow. an unnecessarily large capacity dam would have
been constructed to proVide the rcquJrI:d yield. From the net l'apaclt~ versu" stage t.lbles
for Wo!weddr;., Dam ne,,"' full supply kve\s for lhe dam were determined for varlou"
assumed llnJcrl'stlmallon" in gauged flow The addlll,mal capital c.xpendllUfc of :hc.,e

mcreaseJ S!or.l!!C ..:aP,H.'ltle" were ..kn\cd from lhl" uall pncl" for plaL'cd concrete
Con ver"c1y.;\ ',ord wludl o .... crc"tllnated the amount of '1\ ,td<thk watcr would ha ....e
re"ultcd III too "i",di a re"erVOlr bcmg cun"lrul"tcd In thl" Cd"C the rc"Cf\Olr would not be
,thle 10 meet the ,KIll'll demand. either the Jam would havc to he ral"cd or productIOn hy
lhe end u\er w()~t1d he affected. Fi~url' 3.9 "how" the Impact on lapltal1"atlon co,,, for
VJflnu,> '1"..,umcd flow record lIlaCCUraCll"S
23
From Figure 3.9 an R II 800 000 ovcrcapitahsatio!1 would occur if flows were
underestimated by 10 per cent. Overestimation of available flows by 10 per cent and the
resulting undercapitalisation in the initial reservoir size would have :unounted to
R 5 000 000. Since. ovcrcapitaJisation is more expensive than undercapitalisation for a
s~ific gauging error because of ~he dam site features, this results in the two different
slopes in the figure.
The poteritia! savings in constrJction cost that may be achieved with the use of a reliable
flow [?:Cord. as shown in Figure 3.9 for Wolwedans Dam. represents the d~rect financial
benefit of accurate flow ~auging. The prevention of potential financial lusses that
consumers may suffer dt 1c to failures in the supply of water may be described as the
indirect financial henefits of a reliable flow record. DiffioJlties in the del.ermination of
these benefiLlii makes their translation into financial terms complex and should be the
subject of funher research.
In summary. the aim of flow gauging should be to provide the highest possible qudiiy of
data, within given tinancia! constraints. ThiS aim can only be reached by maximising the
calibration accuracy to rate gauging weirs and mmimising human error.

;;:)
-
~'J"''''
--
P~TCltntagr rrror in flo,," record
Figure 3.9: PoteTliial inJ711t:'TlCe of inaccurate Il\drological datu 0/1 lh~ omslruction
cosH of WolwedwlS Dam.

2S
4. SHARP-CRESTED AND CRUMP GAUGING WEIRS IN

SOUTH AFRICAN RIVERS.
4.1 INTRODUCTION.
Due to the va....tness of the country and the related logistical problems it has been the poiicy
of DW AF to establish a gauging network that mainly uses weirs to gauge flows in rivers.
Although gauging weirs are relatively expensive structures to build and maintain. their
biggest advantage is the creation of J stable artificial control with a known relationship
between stage and discharge. A gauging station consists of the approach channel, the
downsu'eam channel, the gauging weir and the stage recording instrumentation.
Flow conditions upstream and downstream of a gauging weir are very important as they
may influence the accuracy of gaugmg. The upstream channel should be straight and
reasonably regular in cross section for a dio,tancc of at least five times the width of the
river. This is necessary to ensure that uniform now conditions exist upstream of the
structure. The Froude number (Fr) in the approach channel upstream of the weir should
always be less than OA to prevent the formal ion of unstable flow condition~ (Van Heerden,
et aI .. 1986;. A deep pool relative to the overflow depth. upstream of a weir. helps to
smoothen the water surface and increases the gauging accuracy.
Ii is important to ensure that a gauging weir is constructed perpendKuiar to the tlow

direction in a stream. The structure should also be founded on a good solid foundatIOn and
it is essential for the structure to be watertight. The surface of '.he ..,truc!ure should he
smooth, especially in the Vicinity of the crest of a WelL Flank walls should be paralleL to
the now direction. as well as being vertical and shoull extcnd past the ,,[age measuring
position upstream of the structure.
Conoitions in the river channel downstream of a weir control thc water levels III the river
downstream of the structure for different discharges. These levels arc of vila! importance
to optimise the ere... t Ievcl of a gauging welL It IS therefore Important to "urvcy the
downstream channel of the river prior to thc design of a gauging WelT and to determine the
vanatlon in the downstream water levels with changIng discharge
26
Sharp-crested weirs wen.' l.lC first type of hydraulic structures to be constructed ill South
Afnca for Ihe gauging of flows 10 rlvcr.... The firsl sharp-crested gauging weirs were
completed In 1904, whilst the flr... t Crump \\eir in the country was only constructed during
1977. Nearly all the Crump i,\JI~j sharp-crested wcirs in South African rivers are compound
. .
gauging welfS.
4.2 COl\IPOUND GAUf;ING \VEIR.-'ii IN SOUTH AFRICA.
South Athcan rivers arc subJe.ct to large vanations III discharge. Compound gauging
weirs, composed of a series of weir crests at varymg levels. are mostly used to improve (he
gauging sensitivlly during inw flow... Low flow In .1 stream passes only over the lowest
crest, or notch. of the weir. As the flow ratc increases more of the higher crests start to
function. This ensures that dlschar,ge can he gauged accurately over a wide range of flow
rates without causing an ex.cessive increase in the wOlter level upstream of a weir.
Calibration theo I)' to rate WClfS with .mly a single I.'rest level is well established
(Ackers. et aL 1978). To apply thiS theory to compound welTS each crest should operate as
a simple weir without Influence from adJa(Cnl crest sections. To minimise this interaction.
dividing walls should be constructed between the different crest sections. with the
difference in adjacent crest levels t~ll1g restncted to 0,5 m (BS). 1981). These dividing
walls should extend Upstn...d111 past the ~eCllon where the head is re..:orded, The walls
should also be high enough to separate the now throughout the design range of the weir.
FUfI!hennore. the British Standards Institution requires a minimum thickness of 0.3 m for
dividing walls to avoid sharp curv,ltures at the entrances. which may tx= semi-circular or
semi-ellipticaL
A series of indiVidual wClrs operating In parallel IS created iKm..,s the nn:r In [hi'" \vay
Discharge over the indindual cre,>ts can be rated with the established JI ... charge formulae
for a single erest weir if ...tage IS recorded between the diViding \valis upstream of t::ach
weir ,>cetion. With a compound weir it is usually not economical 10 measure water levels
upstream of each individu<:l weir section If water \evel-. are measured only at a single
',eelion of a compound weir the total hcad I;' as;,umed constant over !he full width of the
weIr. Thc total head is calculated at the Individual weir section where the water level is
recorded.
27
According to the Brlilsh Standard... Institution (BS l. 1981) compound gauging weirs
without dividing walls require In "itu or model calihratio[ s. Compound gauging weirs
without dividing walls arc also not covered by the Stan('ard. From a South African
perspective this is probably the most important point in the Standard. More than 95 per
cent of all the compound gauging ",,:irs constructed in South Africa !o date do not have
dividing walls. This was done not only for economic rca..'ions. but also to reduce the risk of
floating dcbn., hemg trapped. Branches andlfccs entangled by dividing walls adversely
affect the accuracy with whICh nows are gauged. Only.t few of these compound structures
have been caJihrated with 10 situ now mca."urcments using current meters.
As mentioned previou~;ly. in addilion 10 the omission of dividing walls. it is common

practice to fe4.:ord upstream water levels only upstream of the crest with the lowest level.
In South Afoca it is general practice to measure the head at a distance of four times the
design head (H n1... ) upstream of the WC'1r for both sharp-crested and Crump weirs,
regardless of whether the 111.'dr is equipped \\llh l.11V1ding walls or not. Alllhese deviations
raised doubts about the gf,lUgmg accuracy that can be achieved with <compound weirs in
South Africa.
A dear need for a more systemallc and .u:cura.:c approach to calibrate compound weirs
without diViding walls wa.... identified by "WAF The best way to address this need was to
build hydraulic models where discharges could be adjusted and measured accurately while
the geometry of the weirs and p;..XlIs could be \'3J1"ied in a systematic manner. If each weir
configuration were tested with and without diViding walls the affect of dividing walls
could also be established.
A brief discussion of sharp-crested and Crump weirs follow,",
4.3 SHARP-CRESTED \VEIRS.
A thin-plate weir has a crest profile con"isting of a narrow hOrl/ont.il top '-urfacc at a right
angle to the upstream face of a steel plate and a chamfer of not lc~" than 45" on the
downstream edge. as shown in "~igure 4.1. ThID-plate weirs arc \\ideiy u'>cd to gauge
flows in hydraulic lahoratories Extcn"jvc hydraulic model tests have been performed
28
world-wide on thin-plate weir, 10 cstahllsh formulae to ratc this type of stntcture under a
wide variety of flow I.:ondltlons (Acker.... ct aL. 1978).
I In 2rnm
~-"-.-
,
ROW
... _--.- . . _. .-
It~igure 4.1: Cross-section through a thin-platt' weir.
The crests of thin-plate wei~ are rather fragile and arc therefore easily damaged by debris
in natural streams. Duc to this reason thin-plate weirs are only used on a very limited scale
in natural streams. In South Africa the shape of the thin-plate weir was altered to fonn a
sharp-<:rested weir as shown in It'igure 4.2.
By using an angle iron to form the crest of the sharp--erested weir. the ,tructure is much
more robust than the cla.sslcal thin-plate weir and IS more sUitable for use in natural
streams and rivers. Nearly all the crest profiles of sharp-cre.;tcd ",elf', in South African
rivers are built as shown in "~igure 4.2. The calibration fomlula to ratc thm-phtle weirs
was adjusted to allow for the use of angle mln crests (Knel, 1963)
The greatest disadvantage llf the ,harp-cresled WCIf I'" il'- "'C!I"ltl vlt: [0 dnm ned flow
conditions. When the water level downstream of a WClf nsc:-. above thc crest Ind. j[ starh
to intluence the gaugcd head upstream of the Welf. ThiS may ad\'cr"ely cffcl.:t the accuracy
of now measurements WIth sharp-crested welrs. c,>pccially If no l.:\>rrCl"lion ... are made In
Ihe lulings of the gauging structurc:-..

29
ROW DIRECnON
~oo
.. _.---~
~-----t
W AI1'.R-, IGtrr I i
J01~"
I 50
r--
i
1
:"J!
1
...)..--
1 2m~' -'(-~l-i<-):>-. -~ r
A.....
0,'"
r
v
500mmuc
o p
Fiaure 4.2: Cross-.'it'Clion throu~h a slwrp-crested weir
A discussion on the theory 10 rate a sharp-crested wc:ir follows at a later stage.
4.4 CRUMP WEIRS.
The Crump weir is at present the most popular type of triangular weir world-wide. E.S.
Crump pllblishc.d a paper during 1952 in England to which he described a new type of
triangular profile weir. Upstream and downstream slopes of this triangular profile weir are
1:2 and 1:5 respectively. There are two types of Crump weirs used for flow mea."urement
in natural streams. namely the horizontal Crump weir. see Figure 4.3. and the V -form
Crump weir. In South Africa the side slopes of the V-Crump are pre~enlly standardised at
I vertical to to horizontal, as shown in Figure 4.... The advantage of rhe V-Crump\
accuracy at low flows can also he achicved by combming (compounding) honzontal
Crump cre~ts at different levels in a strucrure. Thercfore. only compound horizontal
Crump weirs will he analysed in this document
30
""""'Y:';;::"
k 11-
~
Flcure 4.3: Horizontal Crump .Hru(:{/lrt!.
The Crump weir is relatively easy to construct It is a robust structure and is insensitive to
minor damage to the triangular profile of the crest. The greatesl advantages of a Crump
weir are a stable and constant (oefflClClll of dl'.chargc in [he modular flow range and a
relative insensitivity of thl~ strucIUr(~ 10 drowned flow conditions. A discussion of the
formulae to rale Crump and sharp-crested weirs follows.
Figure 4.4: V-Crump slrUclI4rt'.

31
5 DISCHARGE FORl\1ULAE FOR CRUMP AND SHARP

CRESTED WEIRS.
The ba"ic hydraulic pnnciple mostly applied In flow gauging structures with free surface
flows, is to create artificial controls which enforce a transition from subcriticaJ to
supercritit:al flow conditIOns, Unique relatlonships arc created between the upstream water
level and the discharge over the structure. Different approaches are required te derive
basic theoretical discharge formulae for Crump and "harp-crestcd weirs. The triangular
p, . {lie Crump well \'- lCi iHlIlC1pk ,j lilg, ">\",d 'c" i.n~ dClI\.Hlun of the basic theory IS
based cn that for a broad-crested weir. In the case of the sharp-crested weir the theory for
a thin-plate weir is used.
5.1 FORMULAE TO RATE THE DISCHARGE OVER A CRUMP

\\o'EIR.
5.1.1 THE DERIVATION 0"- THE BASIC UISCHAR(il': H)RMULA FOR A

CRUMP W'IUR.
Being a long-ba..'C weir, the theoretICal deriv3110n of a discharge fonnula for a Crump weir
is :Jascd on the theory for a broad-crested weir. Assumptions u'>ed in the derivation of the
discharge formula for a broad-crested weir arc a~ follows
Flow in the approach channel upstream of the weir I .. ul1lform Flow hnes are
parallel. velocities arc constant and thc prc....ure vanallnn ,.. hydroo,,ratlc
The crest of the weir I" hon/onlal and .,ulliclcntly long In Ihc d;n:dll;n of tlow !o
cn"urc that now 1mI.''> arc parallel to the ere,>t HyJnl\[,\!IL pn:"urc \aL.ltlon
e:(I,>h near the down ..tn:am end of lhe \'Clf
CntICal depth occur" at the control ,cellOn near the do\;, n'ln:am enJ of the \,.,elr.
The we!f operate'> under modular now condition... , lhat i ... drowned now
condition, do not occur
Effect,> of vl'>cosity and <,urface tension arc neglected

32
Energy los:.es bet ween the upstream section and the control section on the weir
are negligibJ,:
Applying the Bemoulli equation between sectloO'. and 2 in Figure 5.1 the derivation of
the discharge fonnula is as follows:
..".---- T"'~!2g 'i
"-l,-'t-"" ~f2~ I
HI ! -'----...---,---.--.J-.-----,-----.,.-..
h
v,
H.OW ) ,
,."..'"'t'?:;::. ..
Figure 5.1:
v
.
v
.
h +.--.. = h+- = H
'28 2g
In a rectangular ch<lnnd wIll! a width I:
h
,=lfCi
Vfii (5, I)
where Q! j" the theoretical discharge at the critICal section.
Q,
aho v. h =--
/
h \'
:=) -':"'=-'
2 2g
')
... I\: =':'H

3
and substitullng III etluation (S. I ) results in

33
:. Q
,
=:.:.3. . I Jf:"
-=-g H)':,
3
(5,2)
By introducing a discharge coefficlcnt (ell to convert thc thcoretical discharge (Q,) to a

real discharge (Q). equation (5.2) become...
Q = C ~3 I ~~g
d 3
H':~ (5.3)
broad-crested wdr is sufficienlly wide and that it operates under modular flow conditions.
In equation (5.3) the discharge coefficient (e,,! has to compensate mainly for the small
energy loss between sections I and 2. In the ca"c of the broad-crested weir values of Cd
are normally close to unity with Cd "" 0.98 " typical value. The influence of contraction
losses between ~tions 1 and 2 plays an IfIslgntficant role in the discharge coefficient and
therefore Cd is independent of hand P value... ,
When the broad-<Tested weir fOffilula. equallon 15.3). IS applied to the Crump weir the
a.,s.umption \)f hori1.onlaJ and parallel flow over the weir crest is invalid. Flow lines over
the control section arc now clearly curved and a separation pocket forms JUSt downstream
of the crest of the Crump weir as shown in Figure S.2. Pressures at the control scction are
now lower than hydrostatic and lhi... will therefore mfiuencc the value t-[ lite discharge
coefficient, This has the effel.'t of increasmg the di...charge coefftcient to values higher
than that for a claSSical broad-cre..tcd weir and leads to Cd value.. larger than unity. A-. IS
the case with the hroad-neslcd weir. Cd rcmams ("onst<.lnt and IS also mdcpendt.IH of the
gauged head (h) reiatlve to the nest of the weir and the pool depth (PI
34
h '~-,
s p'Hl'!1I!J!I" J~~~i\n
Figure 5.2: Flow lint's O\'er Cl Crump I\t'ir
5.1.2 CRlJMP PISCHARGI': FORMULA FOR MODULAR FLf}W CONDITIONS.
DI~chargc over a weir may be da:-,slfH:d a' modular when It IS indc{X:ndcnt of variations in
the water level downstream of the structure. Ex,cnslve research to Irate Crump weir~ has
been undertaken in the past. From this research, the discharge formula to rate a Crump
weir (BSt 1986) for modular flow conditIOns IS:
(5.4)
The following generalliluilations dellfjcate the applicability of the formula:
h? 0,06 III for a crest :,cction of fine concrete or equivalent:
P? 0.06 1"".;
i 2: 0.30 m;
~p <1
_. ,-,
S
/1/h
? 2,0
Within the"c limitation" the value of CJ can vary helw~cn 1,157, If 1 IS equal to 0.06 01,
and 1,163 for large value .. of h, Thi" V,lflat;,lI1 i\ \c-;s than 1c.:~ and the value of CJ may be
taken at a com,tant value of 1.163 for practICal purpo"e" The vdue of Cd is greater than
35
unity due to con\'ex flow lines and the forming of a sepan~tion pocket just downstream of
the crest of the: Crump weir.
5.1.3 DISCHARGE .'ORMVLA TO RATE A CRUMP WEIR FOR DROWNED

FWW CONDmONS,
In drowned flow conditions the stagc-dischargc relationship for a Crump weir depends on
both the .upstream and d(,wnstream waler levels. Provision wa'i made in the original
design of the Crump weir to gauge lailwater levels with a tapping in the downstream face
of the weir, close to the crest. In South Africa, problems are experienced with sediment
particles blocking ihe cresHappings. Water levels recorded downstream of the hydraulic
jump are U5ed to correcl fOr the influenc~ of drowned .low conditions.
The discharge formula to rare a Crump weir for drowned flow conditions (Ackers, et aI..
1978) is:
(5.5)
and
f= 1.00 if O,75~ H~
if 0,75< H~::; 0.93
f =8,686 _ 8.403 H ~. if 0.93 < Hy~ ::; 0.985

H
The ratio between the total downstream head (H 2 ) and the total upstream head i Y)
indicates the degree oi submergence of the weir.

36
5.2 FOR~fULAE TO RATE THE DISCHARGE OVER A SHARP

CRESTED WEIR.
5.2.1 DERIVATION 01. THE BASIC DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR A SHARP-

CRE..,TED WEIR.
The derivliJtion of a hasic di.'i(.~arge formula for !he sharp-erestcd weir. as given below. is
ha.liCd on the derivation for a thin-plate weir (Massey. 1975).
Consider a sharp-edged rectangular weir as shown in Figure 5.3.
Filure 5.3: Flow porum over a thin-plate weir.
The classical analysis is based on four assumptions:
Flow conditions in the approach channel upstream of the weir are uniform. Flow
lines are therefore parallel. velocities are constant and the pressure variat:0n IS
hydrostatic .
The draw-down of the free water surface as the flow approaches the crest of the
weir is ignored. That implies that all particles passing over th~ crest move
horizontall y.
37
Pressure throughout the nappe is atmospheric.
The effects of viscosity and surface tension are negligible.
Taking these assumptions into account an idealised flow paltern as shown in Figure 5.4 is
obtained.
FlpreS....: /dt'alis~d flo't\; patt~m OliU a thin-plalt' weir (Massey. 1975).
If the Bernoulli equ~lion is applied along a streamline in Fipre 5.4. then:
P yl v~
- ' +Z +-1. =O+Z,+-'
pg '2g . 2g
but since b = Zl + 12 the equation reduces to

pg
and this may be rewritten as

38
The tht.~oreti('al dist.:h.ugc (Q! lover a weir with a width I. is
(5.6)
Thus far. only the assumption that the water surface remains horizontal up to the crest of
the weir is highly questionable. The other a..... umptions .uc normally not unreasonable
provided chat
A deep and regular pool is created up'Meam of th~~ weir to ensure uniform flow
conditions.
The nappe is pmperly aerated.
The depth of the water flowing over the wClr is not too small.
Introducing a discharge coeffiCient (Cd) to equatlon (5.6) the theoretical or apparent

discharge (0.) is converted to a true disch4lTge (Q):
. ',Xl
Q=C4 ::"
3
"
l.fii Ir
l
>/
H'?
(v
-l-J... ..
2g) J
(5.7)
In conU'dst to the broad-crested weir. the disch4lTge coefficient (Cl) in equation (5.7)
mainly compensates for the contraction losses between sections I and 2. and the idealised
a~sumptjon of ignoring the draw-down of the free water surface near to the weir crc~L It
can be expected that the disch4lTge coefficient should possess values similar to a
contraction coefficient for a rectangular orifice. which are in the order of Cd = 0.6.
Because the contraction at the bottom of the nappe Will also be dependent on the degree to
which the flow is contracted from the pool to the crest of the weir. a dependence can be
expected between Cd and hiP.
39
Discharge over a thin-plate weir can only be dctennined through an iteration process if
equation (5.7) i~ used. This IS necessary since the upstream velocity VI depends on the
2/)j'~
discharge (Q). This equation is frequently simplified by neglecting the last (v;/2g term
in equation (5.7), which leads to
Q =Cd ~32 l.J2i Hf2 1/
The discharge formula for a thin-plate weir has found wide acceptance in this more
fundamental (onn, because it expresses the dischiolrge as a function of the total head (H)
rather than the water head (h).
5.2.2 FORMULAE TO RATE A SHARP-CRESTED WEIR FOR MODULAR

FLOW CONDmONS.
In the International Organisation for Standardisation document (ISO, 1980) the following
discharge formulae are given to rate a thin-plate weir for modular flow conditions~ namely:
Kindsv3ter-Caner formula (Ackers, et aI., 1978)
SIA formula (Society of Swiss Engineers and (Ackers, et al., 1978)
Architects)
Rehbock formula (Ackers, et aI., 1978)
IMFr formula (lnstitu! de Mecanique des (Ackers, et aI., 1978)

Fluides de Toulouse)
Uncertainties attributed to the discharge coefficient in ihese formulae. at the 95%

confidence level. is less than 1,5% if hiP is lower than I,O~ less than 2o/c- if hIP is between
1,0 and 1.5 and not greater than 3% if hIP is ootween 1,5 and 2,5. These accuracies are
applicable only if additional restrictions on the values of h. I. P. hiP and (B-OI2 are met
(ISO, 1980).
40
THE IMFT DISCHARGE f'ORMl'IJA.
Because of the similarity in the calculated discharge values obtained by applying the
various fonnulae. it was decided to investigate the (MIT formula only. The IMFT
fonnula is the only formula that is written directly in tenns of the total head H. rather than
the overflow depth h. The inclusion of the v: <

/2g
term leads to a fonnula with a discharge
coefJicient that does not vary greatly. since it agrees more closely with the basic theory.
The IMFf formula for a fuil-width weir is:
2 M: :v. (5.8)
Q=<C"i,,2g IH?:
with Cd = 0,627 + 0.0 t 8 H

P
Restrictions on the applicability of the IMfT fonnula are:
~ < 2.5
h >0.03 m
I> 0,20 m
P>O.lOm
11le IMFf equation agrees with the fmro of the basic discharge formu!a as derived in the
previous section. Within the restrictions set above. the value of the discharge coefficient
(Cd) in the IMFT equation varies between 0.627 if % = 0 and 0.679 for 17~ = 2.9;
which is a variation of roughly 8%.
THE DW AF DISCHARGE FORMULAE.
Due to the high sediment load of rivers in South Africa. the upstr?am pools of weirs tend
to silt up. This rediJces the pool depth (P) upstream of a weir and often creates %ratios
)!I"eater than 2.5. To overcome this problem DW AF initiated research to address this
41
problem and the equations presently In lise 10 raie Ihm-plate and sharp-crested weirs were
developed.
The OWAF equation to rate thin-plate weirs is :
(5.9)
The coefficient C p is included m order [0 cover a wider range of % values as set for the
formulae in the publication of the InternationaJ Organisation for Standardisation document
(ISO. 1980). Values for the coefficient C p are as follows:
H )UA
C, =1,000 + 0.11 (\H+P
-- if H/<34
J'p . .
P )0,01
CI''::: l.I45 ( - -
H+P
3.4 < %:s 200
C p = 0.926 %>200
The OW AF discharge equation (Le Roux. et al.. 1990) to rate sharp-crested weirs fitted
with angle iron crests is the same as (5.9). but is replaced with {5.10) in the range
specified:
Q =1.61 / CI' (H +0.OOltA1l> (5.10)
only if H :S 0.31 Om and %:S 3.40. C p values as per (5.9).
Equation (5.10) provide'i for the influence of the angle iron crest on the dischnge mer the
sharp-cresled weir and includes the results of earlier research by Kriel ( 1963).
Although it is possible to use these equations to ra~e thin-plate and sharp-crc:ited weirs
with a very shallow pool depth (P). caution is advised when the Froude number (Fn
exceeds a value of 0.4 in the approach channel.
The DW AF equations were evatualed (Hydraulics Research. 1986) a'i part of an

assessment study of the potential water yield of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.
42
This evaluation revealed an inherent error In the eqllatll.ln~ of appmxlmately 2% for
values of r~ < 3.4 Increa....mg lmcarly to 6(} when t.Y~::: R.O. In this assessment it was
recognised that DWAF equations were designed to cover a wide range of upstream pool
depths and describes these !low conditions hetter than alternative formulae.
5.2.3 DISCHARGE '-ORMULAE TO RATF: THIN-PLATE WEIRS FOR

DROWNED FLO"' CONDITIONS.
Thin-plate weirs are usually designed to operate only in modular flow conditions. In
South Africa sharp,cfe$ted weirs are Widely used to gauge flow in natural streams. It
happens quite often that downstream water levels are higher than the crest elevations of
these weirs. In these circumstances the wei,... operate under drowned conditions and the
r.ltings of the weirs should be adjusted accordingly. Under drowned flow conditions the
discharge over a weir is dependant on both the upstream and downstream water levels.
The best known equation to correct for the mfluence of drowned flow conditions is that of
Villemont (1947) and reads a.", follows for a rectangular thin-plate weir:
. V 1(1 ,..~
h \:
Q = Q. [ 1-( ~ J j (5.11 )
where
Q= The actual discharge in the stream.
Qd= Discharge determined as for modular !low conditions for an upstream

head (h), a... gauged under drowned flow conditions.
h2= Downstream water level. relative to crest elevation
ali shown in Figure 5.5.
Different equations, including that of Villemont. were used by DW AF to correct for

drowned flow conditions at sharp-crested weirs. Vast discrepancies between the resulls of
these equations led to a research project to determine the influence of submergence on
dl:;charge. This resulted in a new technique to calculate drowned discharges and is
presently used by the Department. With this technique (Wessels, 1986) an equivalent
43
theoretical modular flow conditIOn. with the same discharge. is created for the gauged
drowned flow condition at the weir. Once the equivalent modular flow situation is
established. dil;Charge Clln he calculated as if there is no submergence.
h
I
Io1cure 5.5: ~finit;()n .fk~tch of ptlram~ter.'i u!;~d in the non-modular flow equations
for a thin-platt' weir.
With this method it is possible to detemline discharge for submergence in excess of 90%.
1'be equations to create an equivalent modular flow condition are as follows:
(5.12)
with
-b+N -4c
a=------
2
b = -0.3407 - O,3062l-~
'h )
where
44
The equivalem modular upstream head;
h = The gauged upstream hc:ld (drowned flow condition);
Downstream gauged head relative to crest.
ali shown Qn FlIU~ 5.5.

45
6. DESCRIYfION OF THF: HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS.
6.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE HYDRAlILIC l\10DEL TESTS.
With compound weirs the now conditions upstream of the weir are no longer two-
dimensional. especially in the ca..~ of compound weirs without dIviding walls. Some of
the assumptions made in the derivation of the basic discharge fonnu~ae in Chapter 5 are
violated if now is gauged with compound weirs. Errors in the gauging of flow are
expected to increa.~ i'l relation to the degree that the a<;sumptions are violated. Parameters
causing the highest degree of cross flow will affect the gauging accuracy the most. These
parameters are: rhe difference in adjacent wen crest levels. the relative depth of flow over
adjacenl. crests. the proportionaJ lengths of neighbouring notches and the comparoltive flow
velocities in the pool upstream of each crest. Most of these parameters influence each
other and the difference in adjacent crest levels will affect ne<triy ali the other parameters.
A systematic test programme was required to determine the influence of all these
parameters on the accuracy of flow, gauged with compound weirs. 10 the tests these
parameters were varied 10 cover condlllons thaI can be expected in reaJity. To establish
the influence of the dividing walls on the accuracy of flow gauging each modeJ
configuration was tested with and without walls. All tests were performed under modular
flow conditions and the approach channel wa.. rectangular in most of the tests. Some tests
wen: conducted to delermine the influence of irregular upstream pool conditions on the
accuracy of flows gauged wilh compound weirs.
6.2 MODEL FACILITIFS AND LAY-OUT.
6.2.1 (;ENERAL.
Tests on compound Crump weirs were undertaken in the hydraulics laboratory of DW AF

in Pretoria. Compound Crump and sharp-crested weirs w~re also tested In the hydraulics
laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch. These te~ts
were run as part of a project of the Water Research Commission. The maximum error in
the discharge gauged at both hydraulic laborat0rics is estimated to be less than I ,5% of
46
the actual discharge. A hncf description of the facililjes and the tests performed at hoth
these institutions follows
6.2.2 HYDRAULIC MODf;L FACILITIES USED IN THE HYDRAULICS

LADORATORY OF DWAf'.
A schematic layout of the tcst facility in the hydraulics laboratory of DWAF in Pretoria is
shown in F1aul"e 6.1. Water was supplied to the model from a constant head tank. about
8m above the model floor. via a 0.3 rn diameter deiivery pipe. Electromagnetic flow
meters were used to measure the flow rate supplied to the model. The maximum discharge
through the model was roughly 0.180 mJ/s. Volumetric methods were used to chk the
accuracy of the electromagnetic flow meters on a regular ba."iis. The water was discharged
into the model basin using a diffuser and grid system. to ensure uniform flow conditions
with minimum surface disturbance in the approach channel to the weir. In the model the
approach channel wa.. approximately 4m wide and 8m long and also fonned the upstream
pool of the weirs tested.
Figure 6.1: Schematic layol4l of modell'S tested in the laboflllon' of :he Department
(~r Water Affairs lilld Forestr".
.t7
Smooth mortar was w..ed for the construction of the Crump models and pool linings.
During all the tests performed the pool cross-section upstream of the model was
rectangular. Water levels relative to the low notch level were recorded outside the now
channel in stilling wells by means of p<>101 gauges. Water entered the wells through tubes
built into the floor of the model. Water levels were measured on top of the crest of the
weir and at distances of 2Hrrw.. 4H mu and 6HIII&. upstream of the crest of the low notch by
means of point g&uges.
The divid~ng walls used in the tests were fabricated from IOmm thick perspex sheets.
1bese walls projected a distance of 6HtnIJ' upstream of the crest of the weir. In the tests
without dividing walls the walls were fixed to the side of the flow channel to ensure that
the net overflow length of the weir remained constant.
u.JMODEL FAOLmES AS USED IN THE HYDRAULICS LABORATORY OF

11IE UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH.
A schematic layout of the test facility in the hydraulics laboratory of the University of
Stellenbosch is included in Fipre 6.2. Water wa..'\ supplied to the model via two constant
bead tanks Sm and 12.5m respectively above the model floor. Two 0.3 m diameter pipes
connected these tanks to the model basin. Discharge in the supply pipes was measured by
means of two 0.213 m diameter orifice plate gauges connected to either water or mercury
manometers. Valves were used to control the discharge in each of the two supply pipes.
By using both the supply pipes in parallel a maximum flow rate of approximately
0,4 m 3/s could be achieved,
Return flows in the model were also gauged 10 the return flow channel with a thin-plate
weir. This weir was 0.8 rn wide and had a pool depth uf 0,5 m. The rerum flow was
measured to obtain an indeper.dent check on the discharges gauged with the onfice plates
in the supply pipes.
A grid system was again used to ensure uniform flow conditions. whilst ...urface
di~ turbances were dampened with a floating lanic~ network. An approach channel of 901
long and approximately 3m wide was used for the model tests. The thin-plate weir models
were fabricated from 70101 thick PVC sheeting mounted in a metal frame. Once again.
Crump weir models were constructed from smoc.th concrete. For both the thin-plate and
Crump weir models 100101 thick PVC sheeting mounted on a metal frame was u~ed for the
48
dividing walls extending a distance of at least 6H mu upstream of the model crest. Only
two crest levels were: modelled in each test; a low crest with a higher crest symmetrically
placed on both sides of the low notch.
Water levels relative to the crest of the :ow notch were measured with a point gauge
mounted 00 a beam. Levels were recorded on the weir crests of the models and at
distances of 2H_. 4H_ and 6Hmu apstream of both the low and high crests of the weirs.
49
Hf;ADTA1'<1<. (!::!.5ml

HfADTA~'K(5nlJ
1lIINPlATE
SIDE EU."VAllCX'l
REI1JRN Fl.DW
--r-0lAf'Nl.. 1
-
I I
(
~ <RA\H. I I ?
<XJdP()()'ND WHR
A lAlThG
0 L ITICE
I .. + I nnNPlAH:
- WBR
'-'--lllES
-
lEvH. REHRIN:E PQL"'TS
PLAN VIEW
Figure 6.2: Schematic layout of facilities at the University of Ste/lenbosch's

Hydraulics laboratory.
50
6.3 SUMMARY OF THE HYDRAULIC l\10DEL TEST

PROGRAMME AND OBSERVATIONS.
6.3.1 GENERAL.
Water levels wen: measured a: more than one position during the tests, as described in
(.1IapC.er 6.1. In lhis thesis only the water levels recorded at a distance of four times the
riWtimurn total head (H_> upstream of the lowest crest were used to calculate discharge.
This was done imspective of whether dividing walls were used or not. Only the water
levels used for tile calculation of discharge arc tabulated in Appenoe'*1r B. Alllhe measured
data is documented in lAboratory Calibration of Compound Sharp-Cr~$t~d and Crump
Weirs (Rossouw. et aI. 1995).
U.1 DEFlNmON OF DIMENSIONS.
The different weir dimensions as tested in the model are shown in Flaure 6_1.
1- lt~. __-J.--. I, -1- 1.f2---i
~
._.... lj
----r--r-~ -i
1 i H \ j'
I i i h j I
I ! I
IL--, P
.....-I, .--.--J
i
Flpre 6.3: Definition ofdimensions as tested in test models.
The palameters are defined as follows:
P= Pool depth below the low notch crest level.
t = Difference in heighl between the adjacenl crests of the compound weir.
Length of the low notch.

51
Total length of the high crest.
h = Recorded head relative !O the low notch level.
e H= Total head relative (0 the low notch.
6.J.J MODF:L TESTS WITH CRUMP WEIRS.
6.3.3.1 Model Tests Performed in The L~bontory or DWAF.
In this series all the model tests were performed with and without dividing walls. During
the test series the parameters shown in Figure 6.3 were varied as per T.b~ 6.1 below. All
the teslS were conducted under modular flow conditions with a rectangular approach
channel upstream of the: compound wei;.
Although water levels were measured at more than one positi,)n during these tests only the
levels recorded at a distance 4H_.. upstream of the crest of the low notch were used to
determine discharge. Using only this water level to determine discharge is in agreement
with the standards set in South Africa by the Dcpanment of Water Affairs and Forestry.
AU the measurements taken at this JX>sition for the different Crump weir configurations
tested in Pretoria are given ,n Appendkes 81 and 82. Appmclix 81 reflects the data for
the tests with dividing walls. whilst Appendix 82 contains the data for the tests without
dividing walls.
.........
II (m)
- tested
0.672 S h < 1.597
h(m) 2.408 S /2 S 3.332
P(m) 0.093 s P < 0,269
t (m) 0.071 SIS 0.099
Q (m:l/s) 0,005 S Q S 0,177
Table 6.1: Range of Cnutlp weir dimensioTl.,) tested in the D\i-'AF lahoratory.
6.3.3.2 Tests Performed In The Laboratory or The University Of Stellenbosch.
The main purpose of the model te<;ts on Crumr' y,cirs at Stellenbosch was to extend the
range of parameters tha, were previously tested in Pretoria. This was possible due 10 the
greater maximum discharge of 400 lIs available in the laboratory at Stellenbosch. The
flow channel used in the tests at Stellenbosch was also narrower compared to the ~hannel
52
used in Pretoria. By testing 10 t\loO locations independent verification of the data could
also be achieved.
All these tests on the Crump weir were performed Wlih and without dividing walls. All
the tests were conducted under modular flow condiuons with a rectangular shaped
approach channel. During the test series the parameter", shown in Figure 6.3 were varied
approximately as per Table 6.2
ra... rtei" - IeIUd

I, (m) 0.479 S I, s 1,197
12 em) 1,780 S 12 S 2,498
P(m) 0,098 S P S 0,171
t (m) t =0.107
Q (m,l/s) 0,050 s Q S 0,400
Table 6.2: Rang~ of Crump wl'ir dim~nsion.~ t~.~r~d in the laboratory of the
University of SIt'lItoJch.
The observations used for the cakulation of discharge in these tests are given m
Appendices 83 and B4 respectively for Crump weirs with and without dividing walls.
U".4 MODEL TF.8TS WITH THIN-PtATE WEIRS.
All the model tests with thin-plate weirs were run in the hydraulics laboratory of the
University of Stellenbosch. These tests on compound thin-plate weirs were aU conducted
under modular flow conditions.
for all these model tests on compound thin-plate weirs a rectangular approach channel was
used. In this series of tests a11 the weir configurations were tested with and without
dividing walls. During this tcst series the parameters as defined in Figure 6.3 were varied
in the approximate ranges as per Table 6.3 below.
The data for these different thin-plate weir ..:onfiguratlons tesled is given In Appendices
8S and 86. Ap~ndix 8S contains the data for the tests with dividing walls and
Appendix 86 the data for the tests Without dividing walb.
53
...........
II (m)
- tested
0.500 s I, s I, 180
!l(m) 1.750 S /2 S 2,430
P(m) 0,050 S P s 0,300
t(m) 0.050 S t s 0,200
Q{mJ/s) 0,050 S Q S 0,400
TableU: Ran8~ of dilMnsions I~sled in modd t~SIS on compound thin-plate weirs.

5S
7. ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL TEST RESULTS.
7.1 GENERAIJ APPROACH FOLLOWED IN THE ANAl,YSIS OF

THE HYDRAULIC MODEL DATA.
The model test data for weirs equipped with dividing walls was analysed first. Only water
levels recorded at a point 4 HInU upstream of the lowest weir notch were used in the
calculation of discharge. Discharge over the compound weirs was determined by
a~suming a constant total energy head across the full width of the weirs. This head is
obtained by adding the velocity head appropriate to the lowest notch. to the observed water
level. This method is specified in the relevanlBritish Standard (BSI, 1981). In doing this,
the influence of the assumed conSlant total energy head on the gauging accuracy can be
determined. Methods to improve the discharge fonnulae should be investigated if the
accuracy proves to be unacceptabie.
The second pan in the analysis nf the data. is to quantify errors that can be expected in the
gauging of flows if dividing walls are omilted. As staled preViously, only water levels
n:corded at a position 4 HInU upstream of the lowest weir notch were used in the
calculation of discharge. In this case the wa!er level across the fuJI width of the compound
weir is assumed to be homonta1. The total energy head is also assumed to be COQslant and
is determined by adding a velocity head. lased on the mean approach velocity to the whole
struCture. to the observed water level. Methods to improve the accuracy of the discharge
theory will also be investigated. if necessary.
In the final part of the analysis the influence of non-ideal pool condition<; on the rating of a
thin-plate weir without dividing walls were investigated. This was done to get some
indication of the influence of shallow and irregular pool!. on the: gauging accuracy of
sharp-crestcd weirs.
56
7.2 ANALYSIS OF THE TEST RESULTS WITH DIVIDING WALLS

AND THE DERIVATION OF IMPROVED DISCHARGE
FORMULAE.
7.2.1 GENERAL.
In a num~r of the tests on the Crump weir. discharges were sufficiently Jow that flow
occurred only over the lowest crest of the compound weir. These cases were analysed
separareJy from the tests where three crests passed flows. In the model tests on the thin-
~ weirs Dow occurred over aU the crests mOOeJed.
Wattt levels were measured between tbe dividing walls at a distance 4 Hmu upstream of
the crest of the low notch of the weirs.
7.1.2 COMPOUND CRUMP WEIRS WITH f'LOW CONnNED TO THE WW

NOTCH.
If WIlel' levels are recorded between dl" ldmg wa)ls upstream of a weir section. that section
of the weir can be lJUled L'Ii a simple weir (8SI. 1981). The discharge over the low
notches of the Crump weirs tested can be rated with tbe discharge formula established for
two-dimensional flow conditions. This fonnula for modular flow conditions reads as
foUows:
1;
with Cd = 1.163 ("1- 0.0003 y::

. h)
The following general limitations apply:
h ~ 0.06 m for a crest section of fine concrete or equivalent;
P20.06m;
I ~ 0.30 m;
57
~ $ 3.5;
~ ~ 2.0
The only restriction affe"ting the tests with discharges confined to the low notch. is the
minimum n..-quired flow depth of 60 mm above the weir crest All the leve~ mea.~urements
lower than 60 mm were excluded from this initial analysis. Flow over the low notch was
determined lor aU the data points ~w;fying the i"estr!clions. An example to explain the
technique used to calculate the discharge is g~ven in Appendix CI. The results of all
these calculations are tabulated in Appendix DJ and are shown in Flaure 7.1. In this
figure the error. expressed ali the ratio between the caJclJlat~ discharge (Qc) and the actual
flow CQm). is plotted as a function of ~. The ratio ':X' .where H is the total energy head
and t is the step height between the notches. gives an indication of the relative degree of
over-topping over the different crests. Row commences over the second notch when the
ratio of f){ exceeds a value of ~
The calculaled discharges overestimate the measured discharges on average by 0,7 % with
a standard deviation of 2.5 %. from Fipre 7.1 it is obvious thar for values of IJ{ < 0,8
the genetaJ tendency in aU tests is 10 overeslimare the actual disdtarge. The
overestimation In the calculated flows becomes less with increasing discharge and the
average enor for ~J{ > 0.8 is only 0.1 % This decreasing error in the calculated
discharge with incre~ing total energy he~. is typical of errors in the measurement of
stage.
In all the tests the average of fivt' stage readings. taken at a point 4H m..... Up~{fCam of the
lowest crest of the weir. was used to calculate the theoretical discharge in the models.
Using this melhod to determine the final stage measurements. the possibility of random
reading errors causing an overestimation in flow is reduced. The constant overestimation
in flow indicates the presence of a possible systematic error in stage measurements in the
models. Although the theoretical discharge overestimates the actual discharge by less than
1 % on average. it was decided to identify and quantify the systematic error in stage
measurement. notwithstanding its limited statistical significance.
58
",. ,..--------_.
11M!

e
e

n ....
"
{I'~
.""
L- e_.J. 10lJ
Itlt
Flaure 1.1: Error in caicuJaud diJdUlrge rQ,~

, / m
) expreSJed as a function of I}{ :
jl{jw confined to tht' low notch. h :> 0.06 m.
Quantification of the magnitude of errors in the stage readings is the first step in the
identification of systematic errors, Suhtracting a constant value from the water level
mea~urements until the error in the average theoretical discharge w~ zero, yielded the
magnitude of the systematic error. The size of the systematic error (x) W~ established as
0,00029 m as given in Appmdh DI. After compensating for the systematic error the
standard deviation of the gauging errors also improved slightly to just below 2.5 %.
This error is of the sam~ order as the correction factor in the di;;charge coefficient (Cd) of
the Crump weir. which allows for the innu~lY,;e of Huid properties at very low heads. The
size of this correction factor in the discharge coefficient as given below. is 0.0003 01.
.V
00001 Ii>
Cd = 1,163 ( ,I - ' -
h J
I
This led to the assumption that the systematic error in the stage measurements was caused
by fluid property effects. As a number of tests were carried out with h < 0,0601. where
surface tension effects are noticeable. it was decided to bring this systematic reading error
into account. It was noted that the surface tension causes the measured water surface to
59
adhere to the point gauge. as shown In Figure 7.2. resulting in too high measured stage
values.
,(-..,<::~,
i
I---j
; i
\
!
I POINT
\ 1-0 GAUGE
\I r
I
I !
\ I
., I (
1
OJXX).9m \ j
I!
WATER SURFACE
-~~- I
Flpre 7.2: Incr~ased slag~ r~ading as a result of surface [,msion between 1M point
gauge and watu surfaa.
The calculated discharges for the full data :>et (Including stage measuuments less than
60mm over the low noc.ch) overestimate the actual discharges on average by 2,4 % with a
standard deviation of 3.6 % without correcting for the systematic error. Havhlg
determined the systematic error in stage readings on the data satisfying the criteria of me
discharge equation it was corrected for in the fuJi data set. This reduced the average I~r
in the calculated discharge to +IA % with a standard deviation of 3.4%. The results of all
these calculations for both cases are tabulated in Appendix D2. The results of the
calculations for the case where me systematic error is d~~uc[ed from the stage
measurements, are shown in FilUre 7.3. Da~a points outside th~ constraints for the
application of the Crump weir theol)' are also shown in thi;; figure. Here adjusted
calculated discharge (Qn) over measured discharge (Qm) versus adjusted tota! en{'rgy head
(H lt ) over step height (I) is plotted.
60
,,,' r--------'-----------.. ~-------------------...,

.1_Conel<_
O~ . ~CDnalI""'tI
c o
" a
o o
o
Q
a
a
0
C
D
C
0
g

~:

.
a Q
0
C\J
',lU 1.-- _
H):i
!' . '
Flpft" 1.3: Error irt udjU.flt'd cakultllf'd dl,\dwrg~' r Q,..k.

Q
"l o:prt'ss('d lIS a /lmction
\ I m 1
A. the ume meuurins techniques were ll!oCd dunns aU the tests the stage measurements
liYen an ,",ppln"" B were adjusted to accommodate the systematic error of 0.29 mOl.
l'11is was. done because the systematic reading error is of the same order as the com:ction
for fluid propeny effects in the discharge equation fur a Crump weir. All the adjusted
~tagc: measurements and the total energy heads and discharges calculated from these
adjusted heads. are indicated with an additional subscript "x". The existence of this
systematic error for' other stage measurement techniques has not been investigated and
should therefore be excluded in the!oC cases.
7.2.3 COMPOUND CRUMP W..:IRS WITH to'LOW OVER ALL THE NOTCHES.
A compound weir equipped with dividing walls may be described as a set of individual
weir~ operating in parallel. Ideally. \\..ter icvds should be measured in front of each notch
of a compound gauging weir. ThiS pre~nts economical and practical problems and for
this reason the upstream head is measured in front of the low notch only in most South
African cases. For the purposes of this thesis. the constraints applicable to the discharge
formula were only determirlcd based on conditions upstream of the low notch. As long as
61
the flow over the weir is restricl-:d to the low notch. discharge over the weir is calculated
as for a simple weir cres.. When the higher notches of a compound weir stan to operate. it
is necessary to make cenain assumptions in rating the higher notches. To calculate the
discharge over the higher notches of the weir. the total energy head determined upstrea.'11
of the low notch is assumed to be constant acros.~ the full width of tile weir (BSI, 1981).
This p~scribed method wa.\ USC,) W (.1Iculate Ihe total discharge when flow occurs over all
the notches of the weirs tested. An example to explain this tcchnique for calculating
discharge over a compound weir is given in Appmdb C2. The results of these
calculations for all the tests are tabulated in Appeadix D3 and shown in Filure 7.4. Once
aptn. the error in flow gauging is expressed a.'\ the ratio between the calculated discharge
(Qa) and the actual flow CQ..). and is pJOlted :as a fuoction of Hi.
..-e-_
::1
1'0
101
~ 100 __t
&

.
I
..1.
.
e..
..

.

0"

'" .-

010

016 ~
010 4-- _
100 l 2'0 '00 160 '10 200 220 2"0
H"It
Figure 7.4: Error in calculated discharge (Q1'6m) expreHed lJ\ (/ jUllcllOfl oj Hi

for flow over allrhe crests oj a cOff/pound weir.
in this case, the calculated discharges underestimate the actual discharge~ with 4.3 o/c on
average with a standard deviation of 4,8 %. From Figure 7.4. it is ohvious that there is a
general tendency in all the tests to underestimate the actual discharge over the !low range
tested. This tendency is most prominent when the higher notch starts to produce flow; this
62
IS when 1.0 -< H;{' < 1.8 In one te!'.t the actual flow was underestimated by almost 15%.
For Hi ~ 1.8 Ihle accur&K:y of the calculated di~;charges improves on average to an

underestimation of 2.2C,l. nus is probably due lo the flow lines becoming more parallel as
a result of the reducmg infk'Coce of the step height on flow conditions tn this region.
The assumption of a horizontal total energy head in front of a weir with dividing walls
(8S1. 198 I) is clearly incorrect. as shown by the constant underestimation in calculated
discharge. Under certain flow conditions the tolal energy bead upstre:am of the high
nocches is con~iderably higher than calculated from the gauged water levels upstream of
the low notches of the weirs. From the results given in Appmdlx D3. it is clear that the
cakulated discharges underestimate the actual flows substantially. especially for values of
~ > 0,8; l{ > 2.5 and I < Hi < 1.8. In the range specified. the flow conditions at the
entrance of the dividing walls to the low notch arc "'(rongly [hree-dirnef.:;jo~aI. Flow Hnes
at the CUlwalers of the diViding walls arc cuncd to the extent that the flow separates from
the dividing walls. a'ii shown in Flau!"t' 7.5
Figure 7.5: Flow lines near (J structure with (}Ilvidinlo: nJlls j70w m't'!" both crests.
63
Break-away flow conditIOns at the cutwatcrs of the dividing walls. as a result of the three-
dimensional flows. cause energy lo~scs at the upstream end of the dividing walls.
Assuming uniform flow conditions at section (8) in Hgure 7.S; the difference in the total
energy heads upstream of the low and high notches of a compound weir, at section (A).
can be explai,ned as foHows.
At section (8). some distance upstream of the dividin 6 walls. the total energy head is
assumed (0 be constant across the width of the river. For a given flow ratc the value of the
toW energy head relative to the low notch. at ~ction (8). is HT. For the same flow rate a
waaer level hi is measured upstream of the low notch. and a level h2 upstream of the high
notch at section (A). The flow conditions at section (A) are defined in F.... re 7.6.
Flgun 7.6: Defiflition sketch showing the different parameters uwd in the wwlvsis.
TIle total energy head <H" upstream of the lowest notch is given by
The total energy head upstream of the high notch (H~ I. relative to the low notch. IS given
by:
,
v:
H,=h.+-~+l
- - 2g
64
and H 2 = H, + aH
In this analysis the energy losses due to friction between sections (A) and (B) are assumed
to be negligible. Applying the BernoullI equation betweerl sections (A) and (B) along a
stream line in fronl of the low notch resuJls m:
(7.1)
,
where Ie, ;~ is the total energy loss along the ..trcam line between sections (A) and (B).
Applying rhe BcmooJli eqaarion berwecn section.. (A) and 03) along a neighbouring
stream line in front of the high notch. resulrs in:
0.2)
,
when: "1 :;...g is the loull energy loss along the ..tream Ime between sections (A) and (B) in
front of rhe high notch.
From equations (7. J) and 0.2) it follows that:
For a specific weir layout one may assume that v: = f( \';) resulting in
)
~H = k
m (..g J
\,'
_I
"l
17.3>
The difference in ~he total energy heads i .:\H I, between the high and low notch. repres~nts
the energy lo!->scs duc to the eddies at the upstream ends of the dividing walk
Comparison between the calculated and measured discharges yield values of AH for each
flow modeled. By means of equation 0.3) k m coefficients for each tcst discharge were
calculated. a.. can be found III Appendix D3. Curves to determine values for k m were
65
fined on ttlis dat~ by me;UlS of linear regression. These data points and the tined curves,
with the formulae to determine km. are shown in Figure 7.7.
Line (I) represerH!, km coefficients which correct for the influence of energy losses at the
entrance to the low notch due to strong three-dimensional flow effects. These conditions
occur when the low notch is shon relative to the next notch length and where the pool
depth approaches the step height. Line (ll descrihes flow conditions which approach the
originally' a.~~umed two-dimensional state as Hi increases. Line (3) represents
conditions when three-dimensional flow effects due to the step and dividing walls have
become negligible. In general with increasing flow depth over the higher notch flow
conditions become more two-dimensional .
:~,
..
.
}.0UIi0 .- t1

, ..
III

'~

IiI<
~ ! ... ' ~'!JII'K1!r-
Ii./ 11'''''1 1~~H'!~J'II.~[JII,/.,"
, / [ . _' ._-". Of v ~ ,/( -;;. I. ~. rP r.- ";/1 -- -."
1=1 " -~J.JMIH;,( 'I)'flnl<>r LOS H;{ ~ BMd ~l po"." cllludord tTy [II
nl ". ~ ft,k" I\{ > =.~
!(JIjIJ
Figure 7.7: Cune... to detenll;lIt' tire coefficient (k m ) to calculate &{ for Crump weirs
with dividilllo: walls. .f101\ ( } l ' U hoth crests.
Discharges <Qed were again calculated for all the tests. using the,",e tined curv(:s In the
calculation of ~H. Thc~ ilH corrections were used to adjust the total energy head In
front of the high notch. Errors in the calculated discharges. reduced conSiderably WJlh the
introduction of this correction factor.
66
Discharge over a compound Crump weir with dividing walls. assuming a horizontal total
energy head for the entire weir. is determined as follows:
Total now
') : ~
Q, :;
(... ) , - -
1 -) ~ IgC ~,I H
!~
Flow over the low notch
. \.3. " ,
Flow over the high notch
With the improved technique the energy h~:ads to detemline the flow over the higher notch
<Qz) is adjusted as below in the final Iteration of the calculation process.
Total flow
Flow over the low notch
ii"l. l' . . . !l t \,: \, i' , (
Q,. :; ;\ ::.3 )j
\.. "Ir.gC ,J'.l H
d.. I
- t + k I -.. . :. . i.
'" \ "l
,-8 J
il
An example to explain thiS techmquc to calculate the total discharge over a compound
Crump weir with di"'iding walls is given in Appendix C3. The results of aU these
calculations arc alSt) given In AppendiX OS and shown in .~ilure 7.8. With this improved
techmque to determine discharge over a compound Crump weir the average error in the
calculated discharges is 0.0 ~ with a 'itandard dcviallon of 2.9 %. This represents a
significant improvement on the statistics of the onglOal calculation method as given in
Appendix 04.
67
::r- - _ _"
/~~___
__
__::'J ;
0
---.---_..-----_.!
11
I
, '0 I

I. t1
..
.
~ '00

,

~.. .: ... ...

.....----

0111

!lie'
'-L
0 ..
'00 '20 '.-c- Ii'! , .., 220 240
Error in calcllltlted discharge r\ QCi'6

/(. ...
oJ' l'.tprl'ssed as a functi()n of Hi
u.'ring iht' improved calculation techlliqut!. flow over both crests.
7.2.4 COMPOUND THIN-PLAn: WEIRS "'ITH .....OW OVER ALL THE

NOTCHES.
In all the tests on the thin~pla,c weirs all tilt: notches modeled were operational. Both the
IMFf and OWAF discharge lrmulae for thin-plate weirs were used in the analysis of this
<tala.
IMFf .~ormula (Ackers. ct ,11.. 1978)
Q = 731J2i(O.627 '.~ O.OI~~ ))H 1

'
This formula is applicable In the followmg range:
hi> 0.0301
I> 0,201
68

DWAJi" Formula (Lc Roux. ct a!. 19901
Q = 1,777 ; C I' (H + 0.(01)

.
1
Values for the coefficient C" for this Cornlula can be determined as follow!;:
H I :4
CI' = 1.000+ 0.11 (. --1) %~ 3,4

H+P
" P,\J(W
C, = 1.1 45 l---J' .1.4 < .~ $ 200
H+P
CI' =0.926 %>200
Allhough it is theoretically possible to use the DW AF equation to rate a sharp-

crested weir with a very shallow pool depth (p). the Froude number (Fr) should
preferably not exceed a value of 0.4 in the approa.::'1 channel.
For the PUJ1Xl~s of this thesis. the constramls applicable to the discharge formulae were
once again determined b.lsed on conditions upstream of the low notch only. The IMFf
and OW AF fOmlulae will be discussed together to allow comparisons to be drawn. Just as
before with the compound Crump weir tests. the lOtal energy head as detennined for the
calculated flow rate over the low notch was assumed to be horizontal across the entire
width of the compound weir. The differences between this constant lOlal energy head
level and the crest levels of the higher notches were used to caiculalc the 110ws over the
high notches of the weirs being tested. Examples of the calculation technique with the
1M..... ,. and DW AF formulae can be found in Appendices C4 and C6 respectively with the
results of the total data sets in Appendices D4 and D5 respectively. Figure 7.9 shows the
error in calculated discharge (Qed as a ratio between the calculated discharge and the
actual discharge (Qm) versus H/{ for both discharge formulae.

'~r- . !. . CnMlntIIU
aOwudl'tt"''''
i ,
! r"\
I
I
""I
; Hlfl J
tt~~
IMrf
o

,.- .0
..s...lI!.. l l"'y'_"':'_...._
. .... D. o
..s.-,- ""-f
~
-
-
,
_
-
,
~
.
-
~ .0. aD. o

Q~ ' . ' # o o
o
I
o
a_ .
on", 1_
&.I-----~----
1,-
----_---__----_-
1'lOO <flllIl
_i
H.
It;t
':I() ....- - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
II)
~~
L ._
II'
DWAF
Itr.\
-.-

,. .
'.>-

- :

-.
..

.

-

I

011' -.
"j l- -J
Ion ;;00
HJI
Figure 7.9: Error in ca/cl4lclled discharge (Q ,>6 J expressed

, / rn
lH function of H /{ .
flow over both crests.

70
Discharges calculated with the IMFT forr:lUla underes~Hnate lhe aClUal discharges for
nearly the complete nnw range tested A, ~\( im:reas,':s Q;6m -+ 1.0 displaying a
similar paltem as the Crump WClr. sec .'igun 7.4. On average the calculated discharge
underestimates the actual flows which were ter,ted by 4,9% with a standard deviation of
5.7%. Strong three--dimensional flow conditions exist at the entrance of the dividing walls
to the low notch. especiaJiy in the region l'P > 0.9.){ > 2.5 and 1< H;( < 1.8. In this
region considerable underestimations in actual flow occur a.~ a result of a non-horizontal

total energy head due to the strongly developed thrcc-d:mcnsional flow conditions.
Discharges calculated with the DW AF formula urJderestimatc the actual floYls

considerably more than calculated with the LMf-1 fonnula over the full range tested.
Unlike the IMFf fonnula. Q;6", does not approach unity. probably due to the different
forms of the fonnulae. On average the calculated discharges underestimate the flows
tested by 7.8 %. with a standard devlatlOn . f 6.1 %. The similarity between the tests on
the thin-plate weirs and tha: on the Crump weirs becomes more obvious if Figure 7.9 is
examined closely. Underestimations III actual discharge are most prominent in the same
region of strongly developed three-4imcnslOnal flow conditions m, described for the IMFf
formula. In one of the tests in the specIfied range the calculated discharge underestimates
the actual I"" . modeled by nearly 24 %.
The undert... _.. nation in flows once again stresses the incorrectness of the a'>sumption of a
horizontal total energy head in front of a compound gauging well With dividing walls.
Using the same technique as described in the case of the Crump weir. corrections for the
strongly developed three-dimensional flow conditions ..It the upstn:am end... of the dJ\ldmg
walls were determined.
For both Ihe IMr. and DWAF formulae values for k", were dctcnnlned lor all the lest
results on the compound thin-plate weirs. These calculated valuc,> for kill and the filled
curves with their formulae to determine km. are '>hown in Figure 7. 0 and tabulated 10
Appendices D4 and D5 respectively. Using the filled curve, to determine values for ~H .
discharges (Q.:k) were again calculated for all thc tcsl'o.
7\
1
f\ :
\ \ \
~
l1::~
I '.. \
\
IMFT
o

~

,\'t '
. ~

.-
.. .
..
--

-I \

, .... til ". " ,Uli ";;:
i 1, ". ".().161Q
ll
2.4,~4. j,. \.0 S Ii;,{ <; I M. ~f;>O,'l(),I?~ :l' U(}
'\i, 1.1 'I'll" ,,,' \.II .. n;/ s 41 ....hll IW,cU"'*" by III

1~1 k ., ()O (.. "'1, ~ 4.1
.- Hili
pwAf

! 1 '~

IJI

.e
\1\1< ... -I.)Y\IO";{ 2.9IIH, jot I,U $ U;( ~ Lb. YP '" 09l),i;1 " :,IlI)
l(lOO(l
PIlL." -<),I~9'lH1t' .11.'IQ9Il,10l LOS H;{ S ~~.:wl4Hd..t.J.c,d...M<l ", ,q
\3Il1. 11"", IOf H;,{ :> '.~
J1I&U'" 7.\0: Clln'es It> determi"e 'he coeffid e,,' (k",' W Cllklll,," &I filr """-pi",, weir<
S
wirll dividing .,.."l1l5.)10"'" over both cresl ,
72
For bolh discharge formulae km value~ delcnnined with line III COITert for the strong
three-dimensional flow conditions at the upstream ends of the dividing walls, These
condilions occur when lhe length of the low nolch is short relative to the length of the
higher notch and where the pool depth approaches the step heighl between the crests. Line
12) corrects the discharges nOI stn"ngly influenced b;-' the three-dimensional flow
cond.itions. In both ca.'ies line 131 in .1gure 7.10 is applicable when the intluence of three-
dimensional flow condItions have become negl.igible. VaJues of k m as determined for the
OWAF formula are larger ~han those correcting for three-dimensional flow conditions
using the IMFf formula.
As the same data was used in the an<!lyses the differences in the k m values can only be
ascribed to the inherent differences between the two fonnulae.
Discharge over a compound thin-plate weir with diViding walls. assuming a horizontal
total energy head for the entire weir. is determmed as follows:
Total flow
Low notch flow IMIT
High nOlch !low
Q" == 01 + Q~ Total flow
Ql = 1.777C p l l (H, +O.OOi)l~ Low notch !low ( DWAF

. !
Q~ == 1,717C 1,lI(H t+O.OOI)u High notch flow J
With the improved technique. the enen;y heads to determine now over the higher notch
(Q1) is adjusted as below. tn the final iteration of the calculation proces,
Q~.=
.. .\ Q f + Q,_ TOlal flow
Low notch flow IMFT
High notch now

I
Q" == Q 1 + Q, Total flow I
Q: =: I.777CP'I(H, +o.ooll" I ,,,iW notch now ~ DWAF
I J .~ \ j'
I
Q' 1 = 1,""77C
I
/ r 1-'
Plll.-t.;. 1 v; 1
0....()() '+';'",1-:;-1
I I.
Hi~h notch flow I
, \ -g) - J
Discharges were again cak~\lated with OOt.l formulae bringing the correction cuefficients
km as fitted in Figure 7.10. into account to correct for the three-dimensional flow
cenditions. Examples to explain the technique to correct for the underestimation in total
energy head io froOl of the high notch are given in Appendices C5 and C7 for the IMFf
ard DWAF formulae respectively. The tOlal data sets. taking the corrections into account,
are also tabulated in Appendices D4 and D5 respectively and shown graphically in Figure
7.11. Awiying these cOlrections to the total energy head in front of the high notch the
error in the caJculated discharge!'> reduces considerably for lxlth formulae. In the case of
the R.1Ff formula the error in the calculated flows was 0,0% on average with a standard
deviation of 4.9%. For the DWAF formul'1. on average. the improved calculated flows
underestimated the actual flows wilh less than 0.1 % and a standard deviation of 4,1 %
indicating that the accuracy of the OW AF fonnula is comparable to that of the IMFT
formula.
74
~.'~
_._. __._---,-----------------,--,--'._--- - - ----------~
el!\s:,.k C,:n,.uatnl",
, ,'" QC"h..K\)-.k (".",-'!It'""''';:".
jill]
IMFT
i;,E<t':

. .. o

.

..'
o o o o C D
., o
1 {O:j

~
01 '0 \~"J

.. -.

q '*.~O

I
~J ~.~'}
(.iiiflO
',J ...0 1
{I'i':1 I :lOC' I,).', .(0") 4~J
,". ,..--------------_._---'---------------,
, iot.

I Hi UWAF

.. ,
! (t~

I tl" --~

.-
j
j
~
e- O ~~
I

,

..

(J ...-;~
!
I
(1w':C-
I
(1 )lOt!
I
I
0':"'
l(liII,
--l
4',
1i,11
Figure 7.11: Error ill calculated JiRlwrge

H, /
t'xpre,ued {/\ a jll/lei/Ofl "I /
/t
using The improved calculaTIO!! Technique. jlo\\' lin', both ('(ests.

75
7.2.5 CONCLUSIONS.
An :l~sumcd hor;7~'~'" lotal energy head across Ihe entire width of a compound gauging
weir wilh diVidIng walh. as per BSf (19811. yields thcorcllCal discharges which
undercslimale the actual JI!tchargcs consistently. Thi~ occurs as a result of the three-
dimensional flow condition; which are present at such structures. Poo.1 depths which are
shallow reia~i\'e to Ihe step height and low notches short relalive to the adjacent notches
exaggerare Ihese flow condilions. Increasing flow depth over the higher notch reduces the
three-dimensional 110w effecls. resulting in improved accuracy.
Energy losses occur at the upstream ends of the di\'iding walls due to the break-away flow
conditions. Water levels are gauged downstream of these losses and the assumption of a
horizontal total energy head upstream of the Well' docs not compensate for these losses
upstream of the remaining nOlches. Compensating for these losses leads to higher lotal
energy heads in front of the rernaining notches. resulting In higher discharges.
This thesis outlines tcchm4ue\ to CUffe(( for the three-dimensional flow conditions by
compensating for the energy k)...se" The energy head 10 fronl of the higher notches is
corrected by adding the relevant km value multiplied with the low notch kinetic energy
head to the assumed horizontal total energy head previously used in the discharge
equations. Formulae to deterrmnc coeffiCients to corrcct for thc energy losses at
compound Crump and thin-plate weirs wuh dividing walls, were delcnnincd. It IS
recommended that these correction" should he applted in the calibration of compound

gauging weirs with dividing walls. if water kvds are or.ly mea"ured In fron! of the lowest
notch,
77
7.3 ANALYSiS OF THE TEST RESULTS WITHOUT DIVIDING

\VALLS AND DERIVATION OF lI\<lPROVED DISCHARGE
FORI\<fULAE.
7.3.1 GENlERAL.
It is general practice in South Africa to gauge flows with compound weus without
dividing waJls and to record water levels at a distance of 4 H nu\ upstream of the crest of
the low notch. Gaugir.g of flows In nvcrs by means of structures without dividing walls
does not conform to the standards set by the British Standard'i f!1stitution (1981). It was
therefore nccess.u) to determine the magnitude of errors which are made if flows are
gauged with such structures and to adjust tbe discharge formulae where necessary.
In a number of tbe tests on the Crump weir. d!s.charges were limited to the lowest crest of
the compound weir. Although these tests "'ere analysed ...eparate!y from those where flow
occurred over all the notches. the results of all these 1..:\1\ on .:ompound Crump weirs are
discussed togcther.
nlC thin-plate weirs were only tested for l'ondltions where flow (X'curred over all the
notches modeled. Only two notches were modeled. regardless Clf the type of structure
tested. Mca.mred ",:ater levels In this seclion of thc analySIS were all adjusted to allow for
the systematil' rcading error in the head measurements during the tcsts.
7.3.2 COMPOUND CRUMP WEIRS WITHOUT DIVIDING WAtLS.
The British Standards Institulion (BSl, 1981) slates that all compound gaugmg 'NeIl'S
withou! dividmg walls should be l'alibralcd III situ or by model analy\cs \10... 1 of the
gauging weirs in SGuth Afncan fiver... have heen l'lmstructcd without divHimg wali.., and
only a few have been cahhr~led In sitU by usmg current melers Tht' gennal \'. ~!l!hralJol
theory of a Crump weir is used to rate compound Crump weir" Without dIViding walb In
order to apply the theory ii was nece.,\ary 10 make thc following assumptlon"
Watcr surface Ievei as gauged up..,tream of the \<)'''-' f1l'tch of the WClr J'"
horil.Ol1tal acf'lSS the WIdth of the flvcr
HOfll,onta l tolal energy head Up\lream of the well' aeros" the wldlh 0\ the nver
78
Total flow cross-sectlon arC~t normal [0 the now direction is lIsed to dctemline
the approach vcl{X'ity up"trcam of the welf
An example to explain the technique lIsed to calculate nows over a compound Crump weir
without dividing walls is givt'o 10 Appendix El The results of the tests with flows
confined to the low notch of the weirs are tabulated in Appendix Ft. whilst the results of
the tests with flows over all the weir crests are given in Appendix F2. The results of all
these calc"ulations arc plotted in Figure 7.12. In this figure the error. expressed a.'i the ralio
berween the calculated discharges (Q,,) and :hc al:tual discharges (Qm). is ploued as a
function of Hi. For values of Hi';' < \.0 flow I" confined to the low notch of the weir.
Row commences over the higher notches of the weir'.; ""hen thl" ratio exceeds a value of
one.
'"~ ...------------ C('M.~a ..,..,;"l(J

( .
.1~U'.J,i!' C'-olI'ldII-J~~
C
D
.' , .,. . ..
0,.,

t',..,.
0
101\
I
iJ
.'C
0
to : '. ....
-.
0 a a
~
0-
l(jll
0
0
D
D
!1
I 0
- - - r

\1"'"
".,L _
Hjl
Figure 7.12: Error ill calculated disdwrge (Q )~'" II

fl.1
It
'
for the complete test serin.
For nows confined to the low notch of the '.veirs the calculated dl;.charge.., ovcre..,tilnate the
now;. modeled on average by 2.7 r;; with a 'olandard deViation of 2.-l r~. a" ..,een on
79
.'lgure 7.12. Considering only tlow~ Ulside constnunts an average overestimation of 2,5
% with a standard deviation of 1.0 q. occu~.
For values of H;{' just greater than one. the calculated discharges overestimate the actual
flows which were tested with more than 5 %. However. the magnitude of this
overestimation in discharge de.crca'iCs as the flow depth over the high crests of the weirs
increa.-.es as can be seen in Figure 7.12. Whetl Hi{ > 1.0 the calculated discharges
overestimate the actual flow,- modeled ,In average by 2.8 % with a standard deviation of
. ~_:'LO~ DIRECTION
.~ j,~
----
.
- .
.
to
,- '.--- .. -
Figure 7.13: Flow lines near l Sfructure wirhow dindillg walls: }1Uh (}I'U hoth crests.
The tendency for the calculated discharges to overesllmate the actual now" can be
explained with the aid of Figure 7.13 In this figure the now conditions up..,tream of a
Crump weir without dividing walls a.rc shown. Although the flow conditIons ,He umform
with parallel flow line~ at the position where the water Inc\<, arc recorded. three-
dimensional flow conditions exist just upstream of the weir ere"t. These three-
dimen;ional flow conditions induce strongly curved now lines at the POint where the high
and low nOlch meet. Energ) los"e" o~cur ncar the weIr crcsl due to these curved now
conditions. To .:ompensatc for these lo,>se,> the water surface up,>tream of the crest rises.
80
These: energy loss(.~. due 10 !hree-dllllcnslOllal ilow conditions. were not brought into
consideration dunng the dCfl\<1tJOI1 of the ongmal two-duncnsionaJ discharge formula
used in the LompilallOll of I'igure 7.12 Thc"e lossc~ cause Ihe discharge formula to
overestimate tAlC actual discharges. As flows lIlcrcasc. the three-dimensional flow
conditions reduce at the WClf crest as rhe flow I incs become more parallel across the
structure. In Figure 7.12 it can he seen for 1-1 I > 2,0 that Q;6m -+ 1.0: confirming the
more unifonn flow condltion~
1:/2
f
t~Hr
. H"
"~igure 7.14: D((illitlofl sketch sho.ing the correctioTl :1H In tire tofal t'flag.\" head.
Since three-dimensIOnal flow condllion... resuh H1 a raised . iller .,urtace and thereby an
nverestllnallOn in total energy head. II IS logli:al to bnng In a correction ( .'lH ) for thiS error
In lhe tOlal calculated energy head IB,). as sho\'.n In Figure 7.14 Compafl..,un hctwt:en
the calculated and mca.'iourcd dIscharge'> yield value" of ~H for ("iKh no\\, llH:a"un:J For
each flow rate resled, the dllnensionle"" ratiO .:lHI. was calculated and ';urve.., to
/11
.
detcrmmc IhIS ratio a..., a t unction 0
I' It.It/ -
wne lilted 10 these data pOlO!'., hy means 01-
Itnear rcgres..,ion. These dala pOlnl... the fitted curves and thl' formulae to determine
"1-1/11,
L\,/ 1
arc "'11Own 1 ~ ('
In F"19ure 7 .:'1. I
["Ilr \'I.ue.., ~ ..'.
oj. 11 ~/ > .c -., "1
~
J
III
I
= n.1) 111 thl.., filltcd
8\
line. confirmmg the reduced mtlUl.'nce (If Ih~ three-dimensIOnal llow conditions at high
stage values
o -~I
o .. ltulllt C'1C1 ..u ....nu '~-- 11
00 o OWil~U ~:."IUlr&lnl,' ..~
._._.. Jil
--I
; ".:'.'. !
0
'>,

..

nnl:tl,!
Q
a c . Ie

Q
..
-
~
0
HUO'.,
0
a.
< S Cl

,,~ M{kl
.." , .\H
.Ii.
'", .ut
.. ,H, "')(11J2
fl
"I/ 'l101(~.r"'I.()!SIl"'/I.'S~_;
-
l '! \I\'ll " 1':1 H"I' 2
(j t....~ "{ ..-, :lU}
Ujl
Bgure 7.15: Clines to define tht' ratio L'il~11i t\prt'.Hed as (J function of Hi, all test
/ .
In Figure 7.15. line (II represents the effect of three-dimensional flow conditions as stage
increases above the low notch. The energy loss at the weir crest (i\H). due !O three-
dimensional now conditions is a function of the velocity at the weir crest. In thiS region
['s,%. tends to be constant and may he explained as follows:
Flow conditions change from :-.uocntlCiil to ... upercntical as now pa.\Sl~'" over the
weir cr('!'It. This implies thaI CritICal flo"'" conditions eXI!'It If] the \IClfllt) of the
crc~l. At a Critical flow section of unit width the total energy head i\ eljllivaknt to
( , ,
1.5 time, the critICal flO'>' depth (h, ) and ~ times the kinetic energy I v><,
\ / .~g
82
v
L\H k ' 2g
-<X----
H
. \':
::\'
- ,"2g
\_) IS nil I!1creaslIlg discharge
over the higher notch. all~

, .IS assumed to be lem for H>t > 2.3 as shown in line (3)
where the flow lines become nearly parallel over the structure.
Values for 6.H were calculated for all the lests, ;1,\ gl\en 10 Figure 7.15. These 6.H
corrections were subtracted from the total energy head In front of the enure weir.
Discharges (QMIl wcre again calculated by usmg the adJu"ted total encrgy heads. Errors in
the calculated discharges were considerably reduced with the introduction of this
co~tion factor
Discharge over a compound Crump weir wtthout divldmg ~#aJ1s. assuming a horizontal
water surface and tOlal energy head for the entire wClr. is cakulated as follows:
Total Om!'
Flnw over the low notch
Flow over the hIgh notch
With the improved techl1lque the total energy head to determme the !low over thc
compound wClr (Qc\HlIS adJu.. . ted as helov. III the finallteraHOn uf Ih.. . c<!kulattnn process.
Total noV.
Flow uver 1111: le\-!,' [lotch

83
' "'I \ I ~
{
_~' .:. 1
Q,~-I--I r -. I (LJ -1)1 ~
\ 3 ) ..j8L".
' " .. ' n , -l-.\t.
"
,\.n example illt,;straling the lcchniq~e 10 i~le a weir by bringing the correction factor. dH.
into account is given in Appendix 1<:2- The results of these calculations are tabulated in
Appendices .~l and F2 respectively for flows only over the low notch and for flows over
all the weir crests. The results of the improved discharge calculation method are also
shown int'ilure 7.16. With this unproved calculation tc-ehnique the calculated discharges
overestimate the actual f1ow~ with less than 0.1 % with ~ standard d~viation of 2.3 % for
flows confined to the low notch of the weir. For flow over aU the crests of a compound
flows with less than 0.1 % with a ~tandard deviat ion of 1.5 %.
)1~ r-:---------------
.l~ CI....'&IMil
o(N(~ C.~1&tftU
_J:
i Ie

a

~.eI
." -.--- .
.. .ft.:.
11 .,

' .. .-
Iii!!
0
0
.\. t -
. -
0 0
~
'
0
C 0

C
0
0
~
"~1 I
",L Ij ....::
Hit
1 ~}
Figui'"e 7.i6: Errur 1ft calculated discharge (QI'6",) expressed as a timetl'lll (lj H j <
ilsing the ;mpw\'ed calculation technique,
84
7.3.3 COMPOUND THIN-PLATE WEIRS WITHOUT DIVIDING WALLS.
As mentioned previou:-.ly now occurred over both crests during all the tests on the thin
plate weirs. Both the IMFr and DW AF discharge fonnulae were used in the anaJysis of
this data, For purposes of comparison the IMFr and DWAF fonnulae will be discussed
simultaneously. The same assumptions used in the rating of compound Crump weirs
without dividing walls are applicable to the rating of thin-plate weirs without. dividing
walls:
Water surface level as gauged upstream of the low notch of the ,;velr IS
horizontal <Kross Ihe Width of th(' riVer.
Hon:wmallOLai cncfgy head upstream 01 the weir across the width of the river.
Total flow cross'iCclion normal 10 the now direction is used to determine the
approach velocity upstream of the weir
The c'lkulated flows. ba.\cd on the ~lho\c a..\sumptions. arc tabulated in Appendit:es fl'3
and .'4 for the IMFf and DWAF formulae resr ,.ively and shown in Figure 7.17 for the
total data set. This figure shows the error 1Il~.le calculaied diSl:hargc (Qn) a.<; a ratio of the
actual discharge <Qm) versus Hj {. Sample calculations to explain the method used to
detenninc discharge over a compound thlO-platc weir wlthoul di\iJmg walls are givcn in
Appendices 1':3 and E5 respectivciy
Discharges calculated with the IMFf fonnula (Q",) overe<,tlfnatc the actual discharges
H '
(Qrn). on average, especially in the early stages of flow o.... er the higher nOll'h As ~{
becomes greater than 2.5 the average error In calculaled dhchar~(' JiiTllril"hcs.
Q';6
'" 111
-t!.O. An average overestImation of I.scl{ with a ,\tandarJ deVIation 01 2Js7c 1-.
found over lhe full range of modcb tested. In the worst case. where nO\~ had Just . . tarled
mn the higher nOlch. an overestnllallon of Ii (7c \~ a.." recorded.

85
I " .....- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - -
hn~.k (".'ft:drliftnii :~-'-- i
-,
o Out ...st Ctllftltnlnt'

o
I.;,f
II
\
\
!
1 :0 ;L~i
L~._~~._J
1M"
0
1m ll. ltD

if
_1ft
. ,
..
..
o

-
O
S iOO a
a-
o. a.
0 D
0

0
O!l'5
Uti ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 ill
,t~ r---------------------------------- I
:h
1
I
i \ r
!l \1
110 !L~
OWAF

,..
.' .....
--- -"".. -... . ..60.!l . '.' -e.
,.

'aI------_-- --J
1(,1[) I '<I ~ !ll) 4 On Oil
Figure 7.17: Error in mlculated disch"rge (Q;6m) expressed as a function of Hi

M6
The overestimalJon in flow can he ascrihcd to tlw existence of three-dimensional flow

conditions just up~tream of the wClr ere,,1 where lh(~ low and high notches meet and is
" I w hen H/1/ 1'..JUSl grealc r !nan onc.

moSl cnllca l
Energy lo~ses duc to this occur
downstream of the point of stage measurement. Upstr<-~am of the weir crest the water
surface risc:"> to ;::ompensate for these losses, Wilh increa..ing stage the higher notch starts
to convey more discharge and flow lines nca.I the weir crest tend to become more parallel
across the structure. reducing the influence of three-dimensional flow conditions.
For the DWAF formula. the calcuiatcd discharges (Q",) underestimate the actual
discharges (Qm). on average. by 0.3Ck with a standard deviation of 2.8% for lhe fuJi data
set For 1.0 < H;{ < 2.0 the caJculalcd discharges overeslimate the actual flows in lhe
same manner as lhe cOOlJX>Und Crump weir Wilt,ou( dividing walls. In this region the
overestimation of flow reduces as H.i -+ 2.0 ' This trend could be ascribed to ihe
reduced influence of threedimcnsional flow effects over the weir crest. For H;( ~ 2.0
the calculated discharges tend to underestimate the actual discharges in general. As flow
lines become more paraJlel the accuracy of the discharge formula should Improve;
however. the OW AF fonnula starts to underestimate flows III this region. This can
probably be ascribed to an error in lhe thjnpla~e discharge formula as used by DWAF.
From Figure 7.17 this underestimation of the actual flow is nearly a COilstant 2,5%.
Since three-dimensional now conditions, at the weir ends. result in a raised water surface
and thereby an overestimalion in total energy head. it is logical to bring in a correc(ion
(<.\H) for this error in the toral calculated energy head (H,). Values for ~H were
determined for all the tests by comparing (he calculated and measured dIscharges. Lines
were fitted to determine the relationship between the ratio ~~1, and H;{ as shO\vn in
Figure 7.18 for bolh the IMFf and DWAF formulae,
For the IMIT discharge formula. line (I). in Figure 7.18. repre~nts the reducing effect of
three-dimenSIOnal flow with increasing discharge over the higher potches. The influence
of the three-dimensional flow conditions on the total energy head is insignificant when
H?{ > 3.5 and Iherefore 6% l =0 as shown in line (2).

87
f-~---'----'~--~
In~<tk {\~'tr.)nUi
a OulnJr C."lI(llrlmu ':. '.'.\

i iI
i ~ ~
II,L...-::.I
\I
o '----
IMn'

.=-""""_r----....-~
D Ii
D I

III ~i. ,. ..<J()(l.a6"i .. 0.0161. ror to s H;1' S ~
!:l~f ... 0,0, (ot H;1' ;> 1.3
l (OJ , (0) ~ IJlO
HJt
III "%.. c{\.,mi H/{ 7, 1m

(Hi!
121~ ... ...{lm.c'\'i.r~.tli'( ;> '.~
DWAF
HI".I
!(Ol
Figure 7.18: Curve's to define the ratio LllI;1I, expre'i.Sed as (l function of H;{ ,
88
A similar pattern of A~, versus H;{ exists for the DW AF formula; however, the fitted
lines are lower and negative values of <:\I~ (KCUr for Hi'; > 1,9. This is probably due
, .
to an inherent error in the DWAF discharge formula resulting in the underestimation of
flows calculated over compound thin-plate weirs without dividing walls. For Hi > 3,5
the factor ~. "" -0,015. representing those conditions where the flow lines across the
weir Cfest are becoming approximately parallel.
Discharge over a compound thin-plate weir without dividing walls, assuming a horizontal
total energy head for the entin: weir. is calculated as follows:
TOIal now I
Low notch flow r IMFf
i
High notch flow J
Q", = Q, + Q1 Total flow 1

0 1 = L777C r i l (H. +O,OOIr~ Low notch flow r DWAF
Q 1 =I,777C"II(H. -t+o,oolf~ High notch flow j
With the improved technique the energy heads to determine flow over the total structure is
adjusted as below, in the final iteration of the calculation process.
Toeal flow 1
I
Low notch now f IMFr
High notch flow I

J
89
Q M1 := Q , + Q:
Q, =1.777C I'I:(H. +O,OOI-,1.H)I'
Total flow l
Low notch flow I DWAF
Q z =J.777C/, (H, -1+O,ool-I1H)" HighnNchflowl
Values for .1H were detennined with the fonnulae as given in Figure 7.18 to correct for
the influence of three-dimensional flow conditions downstream of the point of stage
mea.~urement. Discharges were calculated for all the test., for both discharge fonnulae
bringing the cotTeCtion Mf to the total energy head into account and are tabula!ed in
A~ F3 and F" respectively. Examples of the calculation method to determine
discharge with the improved method are given in Appeod~ FA and E6 respectively and
shown grapbically in Flpne 7'. Applying the corrections to the total energy head the
error in the calculated discharges reduces considerably for both formulae. On average. the
error in the calculated flows for the IMfT fonnula is 0.0% with a standard deviation of
2.3%. For the DW Af formula the error. on average. is O.O%- with a standard deviaiion of
2.0%.
90
a
a
'i. tI
~
: Qo..
1-__":L.~.::;'-_-'-""--"-L.._ _-1:!-_.~.:-.'--
i (G)
o ---__ _---.---.z....---t
__- "tT
0
0;. -. o. CIt D -0
D a- -
a 0
,-
1/'- l - . --I
ll~ ~------.------------------------------------_.,
r-.--
. ~,
\
\.
Ill)
'DW~
lit'

..' '.' ..
.,

.
'
1'~lgure 7.19: Error in caklliated discharge (QJt6m) expressed as a Jimetion of Hi

using the improved cllkulatiOlI technique.
9\
Assuming horizontal \~. . ater levels and total energy heads upstream of the entire width of a
Crump compound gauging welf without dividing walls. yields calculated discharges which
overestimate actual nOl':~. This overestimation is a result of ignoring the energy losses
occurring between the point of stage measurement and the crest of a compound structure,
as a result of three~dimensiona1 flow conditions. By compensating for these losses, the
effective total energy head in ff()ot of the compound weir will be lower than calculated,
resulting in lower discharges.
For compound thin-plate weirs with a.~sumed hQrizontal water levels and total energy
heads upstream of the structure, flows determined with the IMFT formula follow a similar
pattern as for the Crump weir. Com:ctions are applied in it simHar manner as for the
Crump weir. Discharges calculated with the OW AF fonnula overestimate the actual flows
for Hi < 1,9, after which underestimations occur. This difference between the
calculated discharges with the IMFT and DW AF fomlUlae indicates a possible error in the
OWAF fonnula.
In this thesis techniques to correct for (he three-dimensional flow conditions for both
Crump and thin-plate weirs were developed. With these techniques, the total energy head
in front of a compound weir is adjusted to compensate for the three-dimensional flow
conditions that occur near the weir crests. Ratios to correct for these influences were
detennined for both Crump and thin-plate weirs. It is recommended that these improved
discharge calculation techniques should be applied in the calibration of compound gauging
weirs without dividing walls.
93
8. CONCLUSIONS.
8.1 REQUIRED ACCURACY OF A FLOW RECORD.
A flow record at a gauging weir is assembled in th~ following two steps; gathering and
processing of a stage record. and the derivation of discharge from stage. Errors can occur
in either step; however. errors in the derivation of discharge are more controHable due to
the technical nature of the calibration process.
Selected flow records were used to detcnnine how sensitive the influence of various
assumed error margins in these records were on the required size of a reservoir. For this
specifIC application of a flow record it is clear that an improvement in data quality yields at
le~t an equal reduction in required reservoir capacity. This is especially true for
reservoirs designed to yield a large percentage of the MAR. In the design of a reservoir,
under South African conditions. Figures 3,2 to 3.8 may be used to determine an indication
of the impact of a potentia! emJf in a flow record on the required size.
Guidelines for the required accuracy of a flow record can not be set from th;s analysis of a
single application of data. A broad-based examination of all the applications of the data
could lead to the setting of such guidelines.
8.2 CALIBRATION THEORY FOR COMPOUND CRUMP AND

THIN-PLATE GAUGING WEIRS OPERATING UNDER
As most compound gauging weirs in South Africa are rated in terms of measurements
(aken at a single point upstream of the lowest notch. these rests were analysed on the same
basis to ensure that the results could be applied practicaJl y.
8.2.1 COMPOUND WEIRS WITH DIVIDING WALLS.
The standard two-dimensional calibration theory requires the a~~umption of a horizontal

upstream total energy head across the entire width of a compound weir (BSI, 1981).
Model tests reveal a consistent underestimation in discharge indicating an inaccuracy in
94
the assumption. In rcality. three-dimcnslOnal flnw conditions eXist at the upstream ends of
the dividing walls cau",mg energy lmse ... up...tream of the POll1t of s{age measurement in
front of the low notch \\'hen the ...e energy losse" arc hrought Into an:ount in the
calculation of total encrgy hcad In fronl of the higher notches. with the improved technique
described in this !hesi~. the underestimation Hl calculated dL;charge diminishes. With
increasing flow depth over the higher notches the influence of three-dimensional flow
conditions reduces.
Table 8-.1 shows the improvement III the gauging accuracy which is achieved by using the
improved (:alculation technique.
HJt CRUMP TRlN-PLATB CALCULt\TlON

IMFI' DWAF TBCIINIQVE
AVG STD AVG STD AVe sm
< 1.0 , +1.4% 3,4% - . - . STANDARD
> 1.0 -4,3%
, f4.8% -4.9% 5.7% -7,8% t6.1% STANDARD
< 1.0 +L4% 3.4% - - . - IMPROVED
> 1,0 0,0% 1.9% 0.0<1 4.9% -0.1% 4.1% IMPROVED
Table 8.1: AccJ.lrtlcie.~ in mlcll./llled di.'lcharge (wer compound gauging weir.s with
dividing walls usinl( the standard and improved calibration techniques.
8.2.2 COMPOUND "'ElKS WITHOUT DIVIDING WALI..s.
Assuming horizontal upstream water levels. and total energy heads result in an
overestimation of discharge. In the proximity of the crest three-dimensional flow
conditions occur causing energy losses. Measuring stage upstream of these losses leads to
an overestimation in tolal energy head and therefore an overestimation in discharge. By
bringing these losses into account for the calculation of total energy hearl for the entire
structure. thc improvcd technique reduces the overestimation in calculated discharge.
With increasing flow depth over the higher notches the influence of three-dimensional
flow conditions reduces.
Table 8.2 shows the improvement in the gauging accuracy which is achieved by using the
improved calculation technique.
Underestimations in discharge. on average. with the standard OW AF formula are in

contrast to what is theoretically expect,' md shown by the IMFT and Crump discharge
95
formulae. This can only be ascribed to an undefined error in the OW AF formula which
has been corrccted for In the nnproved calculation techniquc.
H.It CRUMP THIN-PLATE CALCUU110N

IMFI' DWAF TECIINIQlJ&
AVe STD Ave STD AVG S'J1)
< 1.0 +2.7% 12.4% - . - . STANDARD
> 1.0 +2,8% 12.2(}- + IY. 2.8% -0.3% 12.8% STANDARD
< 1.0 +t>.I% 2.3% . - - . IMPROVED
> 1.0 0.0% 11.5% 0,0% 2.3% 0.0% 2.0% IMPROVED
Table 8.2: .4cCUTllcit'.5 in calcula/~d dLfChar,f?t' ovt'r compound gauging w~irs without
dividing wallJ using tht' .'itandard llnd improl!~d calibration t~(,hniqu~s.
Contrary to aSI (1981); the accuracy which is obtainable. with the improved calculation
technique. at sU'Uctures without dividing waHs indicate that hydraulic model studies are
unnecessary for the calibration of such structurel..
8.3 THE NECESSITY FOR TH"~ CONSTRUCTION OF DIVIDING

WALLS AT COMPOUND GAUGING WEIRS.
From a South African flow gauging viewpoint the most significant resuh In this thesis is
me accuracy of calibration possible at gauging stations without dividing walls. as shown in
Tables 8.1 and 8.2. In fact, if more than one notch is operational. structures without
dividing walls yield greater accuracy in calculated discharge than structures with dividing
walls, for the standard and improved calculation techniques. ContrMY to the requirements
set by BSI (1981), whereby all compound gauging weirs should be equipped wi!h dividing
walls, the results indicate that no improvement in accuracy results from the use of dividing
walls.
97
9. REC()MMENDATIONS.
Based on the conclusions drawn in Chapter 8. the following recomrJlr.~ndalions are made:
Furthcr comprehensive research ovcr a broad spectrum of the applications of

flow records will hopefully result in guidelines to determine the required
accuracy of a flow record and the gauging of flow from an economic point of
view.
FiCUftS 3.2 to 3.8 can be used a.. indicators of the potential impact of errors in
flow records during the planning phase of a reservoir. for South African
conditions.
The improved discharge calculation technique. as described in Chapter 7.

should be used in the calibration of compound weirs. whilst mea'iurtng stage
only in fronl of a single nOlch.
Although the OW AF fornlUla. for thin-plate weirs. IS not internationally

recognised. its broader range of application and equivalent accuracy. when
compared to the IMFT formula. indicate that its use within the Department
remains justified.
Whilst dividing walls do not provide any calibration advantages for a

compound structure they should be investigated in terms of the additional
benefiL.. that arise from their use. Thi~ could include the resulting higher
approach velocities limiting sedimemation between the waJls and thereby
limiting the potemial for blocked inlet systems.
99
REFERft:NCES
I. Ackers. P. White, WR, Perkms. lA. Hamson. AIM. 1978. Weirs llnd Flumes for Flow
Me"'iurt'm~nt. John Wll~~> & Sons. ChlCester
2. British Standards Institution. 198 I M~thods or Measurement or Liquid Flow in Open

C'hanM'L', BS 3680: Part 4D: Compound GauKir.~ Structures. BSI, London.
3 British Standards I",,,wution. 1986. Measurement 01 Liquid Flow in Open Channels, BS

3680: Part 48: Triallilui*u' Pronk Weii'll. ASI. London.
.t. Department of Water Affal..... 199fl Ust of Hydrolotkal Gauaina Sa.Uoas. Volume 1
Gaulina Stadom iii flowi. . Water. Hydrological Information Publication No 15. OWA.
Directorate of Hydrology. Preroria.
5 Depattmcnt of Waler Affairs and Forestry. 1993. ApnL Moael Bay (Wclwal.... Dam)
Gover1UJleDt Water SdIuae Completion Report. Volume l 012: Records aad o.ta.
Repo:t No K2(X~}2JDEOI. UnpYbhhed.
6. Hydl1luhcs Re5Ufch. 1986. Augusr. Lesotho Ujpland Water Project: Assesment of

Hydrometric Mttboch. Repon No EX 1424. Wallingford. Unpublished.
7. Hurley. F.A.. 1905 Repon on the RKOftlUlissance 01 dw Vaal Rher. Transvaal Irrigation
and Water Supply Department. Government PrlOlin!! and Stationary Office. Pretoria.
8. International Organisation for Standardisation. 1980. Water flow MHSUrement in Open

ChanMk Using Wfln and Venturi Flumes Part 1: Thin-Plate Weii'll, ISO 143811,
Inc...a.
9. Kanthack. F.E.. I n4. The Principles of Irrigation Engineering. Longmans. London
10. Kriel. J.P.. 1963. OClOber. Deuntromingskoeffisiente vir Hoei(yster-Meetdamkruine, Die

Si"iele !ngenieur In Suid-Afrika. Volume 5. No 10. pp 263 - 265.
II Lambie. re. 1978. Measurement of "~Iow Velocity Area Methods. Hydrometry (Ed R.W.
Herschy). John Wiley & Sons. Chicbe... tcr.
12 L .. Roux, F P. Delport. A.. 1990. January. Handleidings vir KlllibrllSieprogramm~.
l)cpartrnc:nl of Water AffaIrs. Directorate ()f Hydrology. Unpublished.

100
13. Linscott, CO. 1924. June A Short History' of Irrigation Development in South Africa,
S.A. Irrigation Magazine. Vol J. No .2
14. Ma.ssey. B.S .. 1975. Mhanic5 or fluids. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York.
15. Menne. T.C. 1960. The Role or Hydrology in Planning the Development of a Country.
Department of Water Aifatrs. Hydrological Research. Technical Report TR 9. Pretoria.
16. MuUe~. A.M.M.. 1977. September. Die Replanning van 'n Optimale
RJYierrioef.eetJCaPatetwerk vir SuidAfrika, Department of Water Affairs. Technical
Report TR 79. Pretoria.
17. Rossouw. L Rooseboom. A. Wesscls. P.. 1995. Laboraaory Catibration orCompouDd

SIIarp Crated .... C....p Wan. Water Research Commision Report No 442/1195.
18. Thorn. RB . 1952. Jounaal 01 J. . v. . Rkbftdt. Volt, t651 1655. Balkema. Cape Town.
19. Van Hecrden. J.1. Van dec Spuy. D. Lc Roux. PJ .. 1986. Manua' for the PlanniDl' Daip
.... 0perati0II 01 RJnr G...... Slatioas. Department of Wi!~er Affairs. Directorate of
Hydrology. Technical Report TR 126. Pretona.
20. Villemont. J.R.. 1947. December. SubmergM Weir Discharp Studies. Engineering News
Record.
21. Wessels. P., 1986. November. Korreksia vir die Effek van Venuiping op
~ k t u r e .FlKUlty of Engineering. University of Pretoria. Pretoria.
Unpublished M Eng Thesis.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A-I
Nameofweam Knlluxhl RIver ~"'" '
Sll'.e of c*hmenl In km 1 ~! 12
[\F .""
MAR In mJ 1()6 16'#5~ r:'~ /
Coefficiaa Gf 'w'=n..-oon CV 0.84 ."
Gross yield Required ~ii c:;...... !~y as a fllCtOr of the MAR. COMicterinIdlell1fect
e~ied t i
perceataae These ad an: e as
==
of nepllve adjUltJnents 10 the nisti"l flow ftICOIfd iii et:---
of tie . . flow nICCII'd.
of the MAR. ~ -10'5 -154 -204 -lC* -)5. -40'5
20 0.<T711 0.0810 0.0926 0.1056 0.1321 0.1.53 0.514
30 0.2114 0.23n 0.~27 0.2147 0.3492 0.311. 0.5410
.w> 0.4226 0.4870 0"'193 O.60SS 0.1620 1.0146 1.1676
50 0.7566 1.0012 1.15-0 1.)010 1.6146 1.7100 2.1119
60 1.4460 1.7~12 1.9069 2.0623 UI32 3.1533
1- 70~---_+~2~.19I5~- 2-'094 2.7964 3.6505
10 2.9607
+ Cntical penod 1lIIrIS.II the begInning of the ra:ord or ends lithe end of the reconJ.
16

=:=a

"'" ~o
~ ADJUiTMt:ST IS G.\Ha:O FLOW

A-:;!
Name of stre.vn Ht"flnnp<> Rlvt"r

Size of c.-chlnent In km 2 ~S 1
MAR in ml 1(J6 14.21
Cocfficie8t of v...-.on c.. 1.16
Gross ytdd RequIred m.en'oir capacity as ~ factor of the MAIl. CCJMicIeriq die eft'ec:t
npressed as a of nepb ve adJuwnenlS to the nlstlq flow record ill the 1tIUID.
percentqe lbese ad ustmenU are ex lIS of Ibe u" flow record.
oflhe MAlt. "-1* -IS" -2CK -25" -lOS -35.. ~
20 0.1915 0.221S 0.2306 O.2....? 0.2730 0.3019 O.3n. 0.3855
0.477S 30 0.5779 0.6420 0.7166 0.7176 0.1559 0.9249 1.0230
1-_ _~40~_ _-t 1.0469 1.1862 1.2321 1.3M9 1.4763 1.6191 ...142 2.~1
~
70
80
+ Cnttcal pmod \ta""tS aI the bqannlftl of the rttOfd or ends althe end of the record.
Rescn'OIf!i of I~ Capa::lIllnc Me not norm~!I~ cnn..lmcted
16 ~
___ Ylrid ~
_Yoet.1.lO'lI:
,..14" __ y .... ~
C __ yrit~
~
oft' --Ylltld~
~. Ylrid 1'0'
-..; -YlddlO'
!!IO .' . .-
~
;.
:J
Q
; 6"
5 kESf.JlVOfRS L.ARGER THA."i THiS C.'PACITY
:i-l--------- =---...;;;;.-------------=_.c:::;:-----
g -NOT NOItMAU. Y CONSTRt 'CT1>
o
-- .-
~ .... ======-=---:.---_.

;
.. ----...--_._----.
;

. .-----:----
~.===========~~==:::;;:::===:====:::===::.:====::;:..
-+-
! !
~
-4i
(I HJ l~ :0 H
40
~ AUJt:ST!\IE~IISGAl'GEU B.O\\"
A3
Name of stream ~l~leI~ RIH'T ...... .... "

"'~:.~' .,~"
..'
Size ofeatchman In
MAR i. m)' lot'
km 2 K4:!
46,79
.. ~ (.
. .
Coeffic_ 0( vM'iabon Cv 133
Groll yield Requlf'ed n:terVOIr ~ity .. a factor of the MAR. COM. . . . . . tflect
eJt~as. of neptive .tjUSt.meMS to the ex.isti.., flow record ia Ihe_.
pen:ataIC 1'beIt: are c of.... " flow record.
of_MAR.
20 0.2036 0.217S 0.2292 0.2431 0.2$76 0.2736 0.31. 0.3599
JO O... ,:W
10313
0.$41"
136St
0.5144
1.5517
W9HmJ1l!:I1all!i!9m!!11m::iJ1DI11
0.6313
17641
0.n3O
19671
0.9346
2.1716
1.1117
2.3770
1.3228
.. '
.
60 lrmIumJI .' . .- .
70 . .
10 .' .i
16 - ._._._ ....
....
"dC~
154 H:t~:= ..... yodill~
~I~ .'--y..w~
~ . .... Ydd'Ol.-
t.i '-Yril~
!!IO '.-_.-_.,-
I. _ ._-----
Ii{) ;:. ;1U'~'S~It~VOl;It~S~lAJt~Gf.~J:' :TH~AN~'THIS~C:'AP:':"<'~'~~TY~..:;;:=::::=::====~;;:::=:::::;:::=--
..
NOT N()ttMAU. Y CONSTJWCnO __~
.
~
-

;
0 .-- ;
0 ,0 -l~
'k ADJU~-ntF.NTf\"li GAUGI:U FLOW

Name or IlrUm
Size of c:_hmenc In km~
MAR in m) Io'
Ohfant, RI\t~r
.'627
122.15
r -"" "-
Codficieac of~.-iMion Cv
Groayield
0.97 .' ,
Required restn'oar cap.clcy as factor of the MAR. c::oMicIeriIIa die tIrec:t

4
ellJX'O'lCd as a or neplavc adjUiunenu to the clustilll flow n:cord in die - .

pen:eMIJe Thae ad .asbrlCnCf. art: ell as of the exillift now record.
OhM
20 0.2.~2 0.2~ 0.264' 0.2961 0.3119 0.3317 0.3644
30 0.4933 0.S464 0.5731 0.6262 0.6527 0.6793 0.7060
0.83~ 0.1111 0.9147 1.0207 1.1011 1.2031 1.4619
~ 1.1766 1.3372 1.4179 1.1270 2.0943 2.4215 2.7117
60 1.7466 :l.1933 2.4601 3.1187 3.4976
70 ~ 3.5665 3."
80
+ Cntical penod starts .. the bqannlnl of the record ur ends .. the end or the: record.
:
.y;
~
.~)
'\0 ADjl'l\"TMl:NT IN GAUGED n.ow

A-5
,",
F
Name of stteIm KklnOhfant\ Rner 'lf,.~
.. i'. ~
Size of ~ in km 2 1576 .'
MAR in ml J(}6 53.38

Coeffic:iem of v..-ialion Cv 0.96
Grouylt'ld Required reservoir capacity as a factor of the MAR. consideriaa the eect
eqweuedas a of ne,ative adJustmerICS 10 the existin, flow record in the -..n.
of_
~
R.
1beIe ad .-e e~ _ of the . . flow record.
20 0.2418 0.26,S.I 0.2100 0.29S' 0.3102 0.3291 0.3531 0.3791

30 0-'112 0.5686 0.5937 0.6191 0.6450 0.6101 0.6954 0.72111
0.1599 0910) 0.9354 0.961" 0.9167 1.0150 1.1201 1.1Q4
50 1.20" 1.2.519 1.3116 ....291 1-"10 1.1191 2.107" 2."'56
60 1.6114 1.1612 2.12.58 2."137 2.7271 3.0936 3.5011
70 2."335 3.0062 3.36SI 3.745 I
16
; .... Yldd~
,_'I''''' ~l"I
tiC ..... Yidd.o1-
t --Vdll~
.
<C"
~.
;.;
0'
- - Ydd e.o-.
"
__ Ydd,"
- "'dd 10'1
.. .
i
;.
Q
; 6 ~
RESf..VOIRS lARGE.. TH"'''' THIS CA,PAOn'
~ NOT NOIUotAU. CONSTJtUCTU)
or ' -
.
i i . ... =~
2
u i=
-
0 .,
i
10 l~ -11)

;
~Z5

.:1;)

-0-
.\:;
e
~l
'k ADR~IME!liT1!Ii GAUGED n.ow

Name nf \.t:feam BwnkhOfsbpnJlt

Size of cJdA:hmenl in km 2 1263
MARinm 3 .lot' 5167
CoI=ffic_ of yM'iMJoD Cv 1.()4
Gross yield Recl'ured reservoir C.apeclty as a factor of the MAR. considcriq the efrect
exprased as a of nephve adJusuneats to the eXlstina flow record in the stram.
pe:rcenlaJe These ad ustmeats we ea sed as n or the exilti flow record.
of the MAR. ()1(, -I~ -!~... -~ -l'~ -~ -3'~ ~
20 0.3U~ 0.4t8~
0.4331 0.4470 0.4613 0.4766 0.4919 0.5098
30
0.7300 0.7661 0.11001 0.1329 0.1659 0.9002 0.93~2 0.9681
1-_ _---".w~__....._1.;,;;.1.;.56;;.;1~....;1-.2;;.;;"..2~ 1.l'1S 1.2912 1.32"3 1.3$1' 1.4565 1.61OS
1-_ _..:~~_ _-+..;.I;,;;;.6~144~~I.,;:;6I~2~i 1.7161 1.518 2.0131 2.1611 2.3231 2.W7
t-_ _-:60~--~~2~.I079:_:_=_+__=_2._=: .. I:_:n~t 2.5716 2.72St 3.0119 3.7109
70 1.974' 3.2992 3.9176
10
+ CritICal period st.aIU at the beglnnln, of the record Of endl AI the end of the record.
/
! __ Yodd"ro.,
-Yldd~
l~ ,.Idd-lln.
E
:oJ
yC'.. :'ll:1.. '
Cl' .. -Y1dd6O'l<
~.
:,,;
DC
"'-Ycld~
-YC'Id~
"'
/
;.
10
0
/
-
e
=
;;:
'b
Rf.5f.:tVOIRS 1.AJt(JEJt THA.... nus CA"."OT'.
~~ NOT NORMAlJ.Y ("ONSTRl'(TI.ll
()
~.
.--: :
:

.,

~

@
-
....

n -!it l~ :0 ~5 . ~n "::.; 40
A-7
Name of strum SI~lpoon RI\C'r ~ ...,'~.:., .. -;

Siu of cak:ivnent in km 2
MAR in m). 1()6 12136
2240
.
.' f r
-
.
Coefticieat of v..u.oon c" 0.76
Required mervoir capw:ity as (llCtor of 1bc MAR, consicIerUII die effect
of nepllve adJUIUnenU 10 the exlStinl fIow!erd in the ......
Thcte lId'uumenu are e as of &he . ftow RICOId.
20 0.0658 0.072-4 0.0751 0.0194 0.0126 0.0924 0.1060 0.1211

30 01:52~ 01819 01976 0.2131 0.1302 0.2464 0.2626 0.2791
O.lO69 0.3397 0.3560 0.3721 0.3185 0.4120 O~ 0.6071
0.4653 04980 05631 0.660S 0.7595 0.17" 1.1016 1.$260
60 0.71'" 0.9114 1.0176 1.2007 1.56.53 1.0015 1.~ 3.4587
70 1.1630 1.6172 2.CMn
10 2.0179 2.9721 3.$122
+ CnticaJ period starU .. me bef!Ilft,ft. of the ~ord or ends .. the end of the record.
16
''''-VCW,'ll)'l.'
:-..v....'lO'll.
... ..... Vldd..,..
E '-Vldd~
....
-ell~...... yldd~
"".
~
:.J
:10.
""
:"'-Yidll104
Yrit
- .... 11IO'I'~,
~ ......
i 7
=~ 6
;----
- RESf.JtVOlRS 1.AJI(j1:J! THAN THIS O.t>Anrr
~.. NOT NORMAU.Y CONSTlWCTH)
uEi :i)
:=-
i
.J'}
il~
i
1tJ
=-i :s
."J
A8
Name of ~tream
Size of catChment in km 2
Dorps R,,"cr
701
r:'.
~"'!lIIit'"'' ~rr"',*
'f~":: 11\'
.' "" ., .
'" ,
MAR in m 3 1(J6 69.52

CoeffICient of vlll'iMion Cv 0.73
.,,:
.. . . .
Orossyiekt Required recsefVoir caplCity lLli factor of the MAR. consideriaa die eect
elLpreued as a of negative adjusunenl$ to the uistin, flow reJCOrd in me stJ'am.
~ lhete ad ustments .e elL as of the cxistin flow record.
ofIhcMAR.
20 0.0328 0.0379 0.0434 0.0491 0.0559 0.0621 0.0693 0.0766
30 0.1000 0.1151 0.1225 0.1300 0.1"75 0.1658 0.1857 0.24SO
0.1965 0.2346 0.2S49 0.3275 0.4147 0-'024 0..5939 0.1811
0.4090 0.5849 0.6728 0.189.5 0.9762 1.1636 1.37SO 1..5955
60 0.8432 1.1125 l.3J;OI 1.S620 1.7818 2.0021 2.2704 3."933
10 1.5552 1.9692 2.1904
80 2.3768 2.8191 3.2514
+ Critical period staN allhe beginnin& of the record or cnds at the end of the record.
Reservoirs of l~ Capa:lItKS are no( normally constructed
i6
, ",dd ]0"1-

-Yw:Id ~
I~; ..... ylrlll~
/ ,
.
.,
E __
:<1' -- y ..IlI H:/'li

Ydll~
~ .. i-- V..III JO'lc

V - y ..1ll IlO'l
!1O'
o
...II:
~ 8
llIl
Cl
t2 " Rf:SEIlVOiRS LAKGElt THAN THIS CAl'~ClTY
S
~ NOT NOlt.MAU. Y CONSTIll'('TU>
llIl

01
======----==:====_._._.
. ._-_. . _,---~~
~ ---------------:::::JI""""------~-.,...~
i i i a- ~~;;iI;;:;
...._-~~-~
: ----......~----... ---.le
riWW,"ht,RiIli3 . . ;
-.
-===-t
o 10 ~ .,; )
A-9
Nameof~
Size of cMChment an km:!
Vaal RI\'er
.~8~05 ,..
P~$"'"
, '.
" .
''''''''". .
MAR an ml 1(Ift 1I,~7,R6
.,
..
CoeffICient of varUltJon CV
Gross yield
0,56
. ,
. ..
Required relft'VOlr capKlty as a factor of the MAR. CODIideriq die etreet
.
eltpressed lIS a of negatIve .tJusunents (0 the uistina now record in the 1CrMm.
percen. . These .t ustmenU lire e~ as of rbc ex" flow record.
oflhe~.
20 0.1083 0,1308 0.1420 0.1533 0.1645 0.1751 0.1170 0.2074
30 0.2749 0,3110 0.3JS<4 0.3598 0.310'2 0.4016 0.4329 0.4S91
0.5123 0.5610 0.5858 0.6121 0,6314 0.66ot7 0.6910 0.7114
0.1651 O.lln 0.3441 0.8704 0.1910 1.0215 11449 1.2977
60 1.0234 1.0776 UOII 1.3246 U533 1.6264 1.7995 2.1602
70 1.3807 1.6276 1.7821 195'2
80 1.9378 2.2140 2.4571 2.8803
... Cntacal period startl at the begInnIng of the record ('It' ends at the end of the record.
ltl -
.'
. . Vrit:lO'lli
.... llrid 1(1"1-
?' I. .... Y>tW ~,.
C {--rcld~
~
-CI~ . -Ycld~
~ ..... V1dlI7O'
:..
IIIC -
, .,." Yodd llO'I- ",,>
~IO
~
a'
~ 6
- RFSf.'VOIkS I.AJtGER TH...... THIS CAP-,on'
~t NOTNORMAU.Y(t1NSTfWCTt:n
rJ 0
: -c-__
,~
-'I-ilJ
Ii
t~
AIO
Nameofweam Vaal Rl\'cr

Size of c.-:hment In km 2 7924
MAR ill ..). 1()6 49545
Coef(acteM O(,,~ C\' 0.76
GtoN~1d Required FeICn'OIr CapIlClt) .... f-=tor of the MAR. ~ die effect
e. . . . . . . . of ~"'Jve ad,U5U1lems to the elultin, flow record in the JareIm.
~ ~ ad ~ Me ex III of the existi flow RlCord.
..I f Ihc ,".It
20 0.2$44 0.2640 0.2687 0273~ 0.:7.3 0.211$ 0.3131 0.38
0.'" OSI1! O.~'I 0.S191 0.6100 0.6410 0.6721 0.7041
O.II~ 08154 0.9064 09317 O.986S 1.0697 I.IS27 1.23S9
I 17).4 12956 13717 1.4617 I..S.... 1.6210 1.7110 U602
60 1.6176 '1539 19370 20200 2.1031 2.3478 2.7039 3.0112
70 2.2.4S9 24.22 250463 213SS 3.2113 3.6021
10 2.1042 ~U"90 3.1332
.. CritICal peoad r.fMU at the beau"un, uf the record or end' at the end of the record.
1.-.
..... 'oHd :0..
...... ylt~\ll'l
..... ~.'14 ...,..
__
--"wld .. '"
'It~ IlO'lI
.... 'ltld ;>;1'1
- , ..101110.1'\
A-II
~
...,~ .. ~..,
Name of foIream lfall.. ~1'Cl . "
.--...;, . ,1
Size 0( Cllchment In km~ :.~ l'~

MAR In m' 1()6 .:'6 ~" -
"
.
Coefficlenl of "1nal1Oft Cv I 4tS
Gross yield Requiredret.t1"'OI' (ap.1Il:uy iL\ a factor of the MAR. COIIIideriIIt Ihe effect
upreued Ai a of neplJvc adJustmenllo 10 the ellmn, flow n:c<lfd In the sare.n.
peKCAUtIe Tbnc ad UJUnenu. are n u of the UISh flow record.
of the MAR fHl -I~ -IS.. -lOti -35~ ~
20 0 303+ O~+ 0.3160 0.3564 0.3731 0.384S
:lO O.S5CH 0 Hili 0.5910 0.7197 0.7672 0.1098
40 09924 09015
1 03s.t 1.2232 1.29I.S 1.6130
..-_ _-:.;.;~;;._._ __+->;..L2j51~ 14916 I SMI 2.3443 2.6722 2.9963
1-_ _--;:;60;-_ _-I~1~.CJ~09.;..1~..o:5t~4~2;.:.1
..~~2 741S 3.7276
1-_ _......;7......
0 3.1519
.......... .U047
80
16
__ YrilJO'l
_ . "wid 1(""
...... \ ...11140'1
-'YoeW!l()'t.
...... "IriIfI~
__ \' ..W"l(I"-
. _ )....t.l1lO'l
(I
:
a===::

.\.<:
~-

::&===

;

--- '"

:_,
--...
c
0 .< ~n i' ':0 '0:,
"'i,l
1\-12
Name of stream Sand RI\Cr

Size of catdunent in km:' 3665
MAR in m J lOb 111,67
CoeffJ<:ieM of var.ation C", ! II
Grouyield RetlUlfcd feSCTVOIr capacity as a flCtor of the MAR. consideri., the effect
clpra.1Cd as a ('( M,atllfe lidjustmt'ntl' to the clucin, now record in the Sbam.
pen.-entqe lbete ad ulUMnts are elt as of the cxistia now record.
of the MAR.
20 O.23S3 0.2<4)4 ().2475 0.2515 0.2SS7 0.2$96 0.2636 0.2724
0.1937 O..wu 0."291 0.4497 0.4727 9.'142 0""19 0.6121
40 0.6303 0.1144 0.7581 0.816S 0.9093 1.0021 UJ947 1.1171
50 1.0207 1.20S9 1.298S 1.391S 1.4&43 1.664" "15'2 2.0457
60 LS956 1.7101 1.~94 2.1500 2.3409 2.6037 3.3601
70 2.2$44 2.63S4 :.1261 3.2031
80 :U210 3.#347
_ ' I ' ..jjj1(,Yll-

--'-wid \n
\~ ,"wid n
...
E ..... "wld~
~l' --Yd,'flo(~

< __ " ..Ill 1'0'1
"". - y "'Id lIO'1c
SIO',"
'"
I II
~ 5
~
.6
;; RESUtVOIRS L"RGER ntAN THIS CA.!'.4.UTT
~ NOT NOlL"'''!..!. T' CONSlltUC1U)
~: :::::::::===- -

.. .... . .e
-
0
;
2'1,1
~
2<-
&
'rJ
;
:..., '-
.t<J
A-13
F
:'-'.>~ .'
Name of SU'C*1l Vel River ~~." . .
Size of c-.:hment in km 2 .1750 ,f.\ .. ..'
;-
MAR in m1 1()6
Coefflc_ of v ~ C,
152JH
1.00 - . .,
Grou y~1d Required l'eSCfVOIr cap.lCily as factor of the MAR. consideriq die etr.ct
u~ a& of neptlYe adjustments 10 the C1Uf,tUi, f10w record in the 1UUm.
pacen~ Tbese IJd ustments Wl: ex u of the ex.Uti flow reconI.
of the MAR. 0110 -1()1l, -15' -2O'lft -25' -~ ~ -3'"
20 O.l60S 0.2710 0.2763 0.1818 0.2171 0.2922 0.2976 0.3113
)() 0.4438 0.4670 0.5506 0.6J.t6 0.7110 0.1022 0.3169 0.9725
.eo
0.9S78 1.12.."-4 L2109 U968 1.3S20 "~79 1..5535 1.6391
so 1.6209 1.7920 uns 19634 UNI6 2.1346 2.2202 2.3058
1-_ _-o;,;60;.....~_.....2;;.;..,;;,;217~,;;,.'-+ 2.516 2.S442 2.6300 2.71 S2 2.9131 3.3659 3.1174
70 2.9S42
80 3.6201
+ Crnical pmod iUIIU III the be,tR"m, of the record or end, III the end of the record.
16 .'
__ " ...Il!L....
-Yllid :!!~
I~' -- "It~ "O"J

-"orilI
t.
F
.... <,M
~I' --"0d4~
< . __ "ltid JO'l-
U _ '....1 110"-
!IO'
o
>
~
a
'" 8
=
Q
:5
b ,
RJ.SERVOIRS LARGLI( TIl"'''' nilS CAf'....Cln
R NOT NORMAL!. Y n ISSTlWCTHI
; 4;- .
.. ...
II

====
!""!
t:= -
.

+e
:.
. ; !..
.
_ >----------------:.===--0----.

..
: __.. . . - - - - -- - - - - ----+-
------.:
....
A-i4
Name of strt'am Renn.. ter River

Size ofcalchmenlln lm 1 21~7
MAR in m 3 lot> 7953
Coeffteient of vanabon C\' 0.90
Gross yield RequlJn.I re'ICo'oir Capacll), as a factor of the MAR. considcrin, the etrect
expressed as a Hf negative adJu.\t.men~\ to the existIng now record in the strtM'n.
percentaae These ad usunents, are ex sed u reent of the exi5tin flow record.
of the MAR O'l -10'\ -IS"" -2~ -2:i~ -~ -3" ~
20 0,1797 0.2898 0.2251 0,2400 O.~53 0.2706 0.2858 0.3012
]() 0.4213 OAS 15 0.4668 04811 0.4970 0.5246 0.5621 0.5998
40 0.6630 0,7245 0.7622 0.7990 0.8370 0.9814 I.1S84 1.3279
50 0.9995 1.\516 1.3206 1.4911 1.6604 1.1301 2.0001 2.1696
60 1.6536 1.9932 2.1622 2.3327 2.5021 2.72"
1-_ _..,..;.70~_ _--+..;;,2_."_95_2.........2..J1.48 3.0038 3,632+
80 3.3369
+ Critical penod 5tMlS .. the beginning of the m:ord or end, .. the end of the record.
III .
__ Y..-ld~"
!~
...... "It III "C'"
_'ltill"'''~
~ _ - Y dol ~'"
""
:'11 . ...... YJtlolllll'li
.... Vdol Jtl'l>
~
-Yltld 11,1'\
'"' .
!I()
.... .
....
~
Ill:
i:l:.: ~ .
Ill:
C
~,.,
::;
. R~.StR\iOIRS L"R(,~J< ntA-' nus l ...pA,nn
~ ....oT !'W()IlMAll , CONSTltL'Cnn
1Il:~----=_-------------""'"J;.----------.,..""----
-' +---
--
==t:;:;;
;lJ

4==
i'

a
~H
..-
~ ==1

...

A-IS
~ ..... i~ .. ,,,. --
Name of slre.am Wllgc nvcr ~ f ~
Su:e of Catt.'"hmcnl In !rm:' I S67 3
MAR in mJ 1(J6 678.80 . ,. ~ ~
Coefficient of van.ion Cv (l76 ...

Gross y~1d Required r~servOir c~lly as a factor of the MAR. consideria. the efFect
e.puled D of Mlatt"'e adJlBtmenu 10 !he ~.Istinl flow record in the 1II'eMl.
perc~JILIIe These ad IlsPnenU are ~. as of the exillin now record.
ufl.he MAR. ~ -t.~ -IS" -:zoo. -2.5' -~ -3S' ~
t- ~20;..._ _.__.;0.J()4S 0.1119 0.11.59 0.129~ 0,14330.1.571 0.1709 0.1847
30 0.2494 02770 0.2907 0.3191 0.3476 0.3161 0.4046 0.4331
40 0,4634 0,n04 0.5489 0..5774 0.6QS9 0.6344 0.6629 0.819.5
~O .....0,-.7~2_18--i_0_,7'_88_.......0__.ftJ7 l~...;O...;.8,-3... ..s.2.6,,!"7~......1.-.7~77~8~
.57~..;I_.0~2"~3--t..,;1~.27~.s.s--...,;1_
60 0.9801 L2N4 1.4804 17316 1.9826 2.2331 2.41.50 3.637+
. ., ,r ' .
----1!~)
80
+:J.;.;.68~,H~..2~..:.;18;.;7~6-+..::2.;.:.4~38~7~~2
2.6436 3.1<4.59 3.3970 4 ...... ".~~~.
.' ' ,4. ".
- ..,
~.
.
," . '&
'J i . .J>~
~
+ CWIC<l1 period stM.i at the beginning of the record or ~nds ..t the end of the record.
A-16
Name of stream
Size of calChment In km"
MAR ift m 3 J()6
Coefrteienl of v-uoon
Grou yield
c..
I Aebenbc:rllvlel
742
34.)0
0.79
R~ulred rescn'OIr capacity

~."
. .. .

.
as a factor of the MAR. OOftSideri.. 1he effect
... ' "".":

e~presloCd &Ii of ncpow adJustmena to th< e",ilti"l flow record in the 1UeIm.
pm:entqe 1bese ad' scmenu are u as oflhe existin flow record.
oflhe MAR.
20 O.IOSS 01134 0.12U 0.1348 0.1482 0.1616 0.17SI 0.1118
30 0,2S59 0.2124 0.3006 0,3304 0.3'78 0.3846 0.4129 0..-..06
0.4764 0.'318 0.'589 0,5887 0.6161 0.6429 0.6712 0.8874
0.73048 0.7902 0.8173 <'-8623 1.1081 I.3S33 1.~991 1.8457
60 0.9931 1.3299 1.S760 1.8206 2.0664 2.3116 2.5S74 3.381+
70 1.7982 2.2882 2.5343 27789
2.1$64 3.20465 3."926 .5,9+
Cnucal period sIans at the beglllning of the rord or ends at the ~nd of the record.
- - 'dl 20"\
- - Yorld It)'\
__ ".\!.4(""
__ y",\! Y)OI.
- y",ld!lO'*
..... ) leOS ".'"
- - y",iIl.""

A17
N.me of stre.tm Vaal RIver

Size of caechmenl In km~ 107911
MAR in m.l Ie" 44,20
Coeffw.:aent of varial()(l Cv 1.08
Gross yield RequlR:d m.ervOlr capacity .....\ factor of the MAR. consicIeriaa the efI'ec:t
C:.l~"~1 of fte,allve IdJuslmenl.'i to the cltlsting flow record in the lItram.
percc:n....e These ad usunents ..-e c:lt as of tbe eaiain flow record.
oflhe MAR
20 0.2610 0.2667 0.2694 0.2723 0.2750 0.2n5 0.2810 0.3054
30 0... 93 0.4S1" 0.4909 0.S2~~' 0's$61 0.S901 0.6247 0.6591
.to 0.7423 0.8OlJ1 0....... 0.8190 0.9136 1.0607 1.2297 1.3947
so
1.0986 1.207 1.4102 un2 1.7449 1.9107 2.0797 2.2~
60 1.7595 2.0937 2.2602 2.4272 2.59ll1 2.711 2.934' 3.1463
1-_ _--.-10~---~2.....6095~......_:2~.94~,;;.37__1lo.oo!3.1102 3.2n I 3,S525
80 :um 3.7936
+ Cnllcal penod WlrU at the be.innlng of lbe record or ends .at the end of the record.
if!
A-IS
~,f!._.'" I,~~ ~
Name of stream OranJc Rs\"u .. f
Size of ~hment In km 2 24550

MAR in m) 1()6 2879.93
Coefficient of variatioft Cv 035 '1
Orou yield Required reservoir capacity as a fKlor of the MAR.. consideriaIdMt efIIct
exprepcd If, a of nephve adJU5Cments to the existina flow rr-'Cord in the 1tnWIl.
~ These ad ustmelti are ex as c;( the cllistin flow record.
ofthc AR. 0. -1()'1, -U" -2Q1l, -25~ -:301' -35" ~
1- __-----It-o-.06--77~~0;.;..07~-IO~~0;;.;.:.0726
20 0.0742 0.0758 0.0774 0.0790 0.0106
30 0.1177 0.1209 0.1226 0.1242 0.125~ 0.1285 0.1489 0.1701
40 0.1677 0.1143 0.20S6 0.2268 0.24!AO 0.2693 0.2905 0,3Ua
50 0.2335 0.3260 0.3472 0368S 0.3t97 0.4109 0.4702 0.6152
60 0.4152 0.4676 0.4389 0.5101 0.6906 0.9'91 1.3013 1.7499
10 0.5668 0.7004 0.9110 1.2330 L5752 2.0415 3.940+-
80 0.9208 1.5069 1.1491 2.3333
.. CritICAl period starts at the bclinnlnl of the f'C('ord Of ends at the: end of the recont
RCSCl'\'QI~ of thc:"it capaclltlCS Me nol normally constrocled
It<
.'\-19
Name of sue.tm
SIze of catchment Ih km 2
MAR in m 3 lot'
Caled<m RJ\'er
15245
1159.38
r'-"" .-
',"''1
,.",<
c.oeffK:ieru of variation C... 0.62

Gross yield RequIred teiefVOIr c~ity as a factor of the MAR. COIIIideria eft'ect
ex~sed lIS. of ne,ahve adjllUments 10 me elistin, flow n:c;ord in the stram.
pm:e n1ale These ad ustments Me ex as of the ellistln flow record.
of the MAR.
20 0.1041 0.1016 0.1090 0.1 liS 0.1232 0.1350 0.1472 0.1603
0.2143 0.2404 0.2534 0.2665 0.2794 0.2925 0.3199 0.3703
40 0.)721 0.3987 0.4433 0.4931 0.S441 O.S945 0.6682 0.'S53
O.6i12 0.1119 0.7699 0.8570 0.9440 1.0311 1.2396 L5512
60 0.9588 U319 1.2199 1.3858 1.6744 1.9162 2.2979 2.6949
70 1.4018 1.7977 2,1093 24211 1I.imIm9' .
2.2327 2.1560 3.1676 3.S93 1 .
L ' '. .
' ",' . ..
_ '. "'J(
...,.
+ CritlC.1 period SW1.S at dle begtnnlng of the record ~ ends at the end of the record.
If>
.....,..yltiol~
..... y..w '\0'\

i=1~' -- Y'dj_l"!l-
_ ..... y"'Id ....'"
~IJ
~
. - - Yoriol (lO'l
__ \ .dd 7(1'1
'-' -YoddllO'll-
!!w.
o
~
~ M
~
~
.6'
;;
~
RESEkVOIRS L ..RGER irIAN THIS
SOT NORM.o\IJ.\ CONSl"1U"Tl.I)
c .. p .. un
~
/
./
/
.<
QB; 4
2
.
--------.-----------:::o,......:-=---------~:>"'"""=-------
-- :
.-
--~---------- -------~
------ ~.
--------~-
~--...--~
-----
'liZ
" i i Ij-I
"
~
Name of strewn OranJc RI\cr ~~~"~'Ct4.i
Size ofCalChment an km~ 7014'1 . "1!-'
MAR in mJ l()6 3~U931 '"
CoeffK:ient of variMwn Cv
Qrop yield
0.35 .,
- '"
Required resenmir capacity lIS a factor of the MAR. considerid, tho elfecf
. {../
npre:...cd u a of negAtive .djuwncnts to lhe ulslinl now record in the sucam.

percentile '"",Ae lid ustmenU art ex U lCen of the CltiSlin flow R'.Cord.
of the MAR, ~ -I~ -IS" -201f. -15.. -JeK -lSlJIo -4()1l.
1-_ _--::;.20;;..-.._ _-+..;;.o.;.;,1.,;;.0.;..14~..;0;.;..;..1036 0.1052 0.1069 0.1019 0.1116 0.1144 0.1171
30 0.1702 0.17S7 0 .. 841 0.1983 0.2124 0.2266 0.2408 0.2549
40 0.2833 0,3116 0.3251 0.3399 0.3~1 0,3683 0.3824 0.3966
60 0.S666 0.S949 0.6091 0.62H 0.6811 0.8S9S 1.1.509 1.4S"7

10 0.7082 0.7473 0.8419 1.0896 1.3934 UR71 3.967+
80 0.9011 1.3321 1.63S8 1.9396
If>
..... 'odd 2()'I.
-Yek! :1(""
l~ -Ye!dl'!l
~ -YI<lol'l,(~
... .
~l'
<0(
t.I
. -Yelilftl'\.
. . , .. ldliJ'li
_ Yodd 111:)'\
..
~IO'
'WI
~
.
aM'
/
/
Q
~ b
;S IlI:SIcR..,()fRS l.AikiUl lU"!oi nus (;\I'''t In
o SOT NOIlM"l l " ( DNSnr:t '( ,I D
;~-------------------,""",~--------~--~
~ ///
,,1=3_ _~.Ci~==ii~ ;: i i --i/:=;;;- ~

o
Name of W'eAm Ohfants J{1\'t"r "'-~'~,-" .~,

~;'~ ~ ~
.
Size of alIChmeallR km 2 .:!m3 ..
MAR in ml 1()6
Coeffitaeut of v....-ioo ev
407,09
(),49
,P
.
Requu"ed reservOIr CtlpKIC)' as a flCtOf of the MAR. CCM1dIrirIt die . . .
0( neph"e lIdJUltrnenu 10 lhc elultlnz flow record an rhe _ .
The1Ie lid -e e u of the .allCia flow retUd.
20 0,074~ 0,076) 0,0778 0.0810 0,0142 0.0175 0.0916 0.0961

0,1351 0.1441 0.1a6 0,1531 0.1576 0.1621 0.1113 0.2077
0.2101 0,2242 0.2$06 0 rno 0.1419 0.4146 0.5290 0.6601
0.1463 04821 O.S63 I 06941 O.an2 0.9562 &.1497 1.5631
60 0,7211 0.9904 I 1214 1 3140 1.6119 2.0021 2.3163 2....37
70 1.2166 1.1126 2 126~ 2 4<106 DImI
80 21501 2.1192 ll993 :\ 791~ i
, '. .. ~ ,
.. Cnucal pcnod Sl.-u at the be'tnnan~ of ttw m:ord Ill' elKk .. the end of the record
16 ..
.7--"-
.~""_'~ __~~"'C

Name of stream Koekcdnu RI'.cr

Sl/.e of c.udlmcnt In km~ -t98
MAR in 01\ lot' 27.H9
CoefficlC:nt of vanatlOn Cv O..D
Gross yield ReqUired r5Cr'Wlr capoIC,tv a... a factor of the MAR. considerinl the effect
cJtpres'Cd ..~ a of negative adi" ..tme,'l' to the eJ\isting flow record in the stteam.
percentage 1bc:se ad ustmenl!i are ex CSSCl' as percent.. cs of the cJtistin flow record.
__M_A_R_'_~t-_(~
1o-__o_ft_hc ..._,-+_-.10%.,............ -~5~ -:O%T--25'l -~ -35.. ~
1-_ _~20;;;-_ _ ,-+~O~.<xx)o~::_:. 0.0001 o.w5U 0.0093 0.0154 0.0204 0.0269 0,0319
30 0.0371 0.0482 0.0546 0.0593 0.0654 0.0728 0.0817 0.0910
40 0.08780.1018 <lIlIS 0.1207 0.12930.1390 0.14830.2022
1-_ _--=.;..50;;;-_ _-+~O~.I~S::-:12:_+...:0;;.:.I:.;;.69_::_:5~ 0.1784 0.1874 0.2510 0.3195 0.3870 0.6894
60 0.2178 0.3031 0.3691 04370 0,,5939 1.6S14 2.2897
70 0.4201 0.5555 0.8889 1.3876 2.0276 3.488+
80 0.7973 1.7724 2.412R .l0542 .U388
+ CritICal perIOd starts al the begtnnlO8 of the r~"ord or end~ at the t:nd of the n:'~ord.
RC'..crvolf'\ of lhe~ capaclllll:\ are nol normally .:on"lruClcd
'" .
\ll
--
=t== .....
/\23
Name of stre4lTJ Mtlordl>.uJ! Rl\cr ~"-:'~~-"

. ~.. ". ~
Sill: of I:alchmen! m km~ ~I:'i
-
II
. .
, . "
MAR 10 m 3 I('f'
Coeffkienl of vanillion C\!
.'{252
071 , ~~. ~ .
:;~. .
Grou yield Required rescn'Olr capacity as a factor of tJlj~ MAR. considerina the etre.:t
expressed lU a of negative adjustments Iv the eXlsung tlow record in the stre.vn.
percentqe 1'bese ad ustlnefliS are c:\ s:>cd al.S !'Cen of the existin flow rttord.
ofIheMAR. 0%, -1O'it -15~ -2()<1, -25'" -~ -35'" -4()'J,
20 0.(>871 0.0905 0.()914 00940 0.1146 0.1294 0.1438
30 0.1812 0.2167 0.2405 0.1660 0.3167 0.3423 0.3767
40 0.3889 0.4409 0.4655 05019 0.610.5 0.6857 0.8400
1-. _ _---'50-'- -+-0_.6~2...
80--i_0.7356 417907 08812 1.2869 L6492 2.0385
60 0.9824 usn 14953 11'278 2.S9IXl 2.982.5 3.3718
10 1.7057 2,3868 2.7739 3.1611 3.9323
&0 2.9510 3.7201 "~Ion
+ Critical period starts iiI the ht-gmnmg of tl'.t" reconl or end" al the end of the record.
__ Y,dd ~~l
-+- Y",~ 10'4

14
...... y"'J,j 40,..
t....
:I~ . -y,d<l(il'<
..... Y.... i -'cn
...
~
i ---------.I.
-.=
j'.' ~i I
.,
"
A2~
Name of stream (jn~}l Brak River -

Sil.e of C<!Jchmenl an km 2 UI
MAR In mJ Iff' 3830
Coefficienr of variation Cv 0.53
Gross yield ReqUIred reservoir cap~lly as a factor of the MAR. considerin, the effect
expressed:1,\ a of negati\'e adjustments to the em.til,lg flow ro:ord in the Sb'l:&m.
percentage These lkfustments are ex es~ r. reen of the ex:stin flow record.
of the MAR
20 0.0582 0.0637 0.0668 OJ)69C) 0.0728 0.07S7 0.07&5 0.0817
30 0.1165 0.1220 0.12SI 0.1183 0.1311 0.1340 0.1407 0.1587
40 0.1748 01803 0.1921 0.2121 ('1.2498 0.2934 0.3417 0.4227
50 0.2646 0.3448 0.3884 0.4524 ()'s292 0.6914 0.9400 1.3739
60 0.4844 0.6361 0.7819 1.0234 1.3877 1.8214 2.2599 2.8828
70 0.8738 1.4027 1.8364 2.2728 2.7088 3.3620
80 LSSI2 2.7212, 3.1586 3.8440
+ Crit,,:al period start!> at the begmnmg ~f the record or end:; at ~ end oi the record.
___ , ..Id 2l~l
- - Y....Id V".
i:_ &4 ..
-- ,.. 1.1 ~.n
--Yd.l ....n
U
:'l~ ,""!d~
<l!: ,"'iJ '0'.
:.,; -YIC'ld!\(i'~
.
.
01U'
:II:
a:
':I:
~
:::
;!! .
~ Rt.,rR\'OIR5 L~I/("R THt\r-; nilS l \l'"nn
0' ,,"OT NORMe\ll) l'O~"Tl'<nTlll
; 4 ~-----------------~..,.;--- ,....:;..- _

"s:=:.
il ill
A-25
Name of stream Buffalo Rl'cr

Siu of clItchment In Ion: 91 J
MAR in m3 lot' 44.57
Coefficient of varilll'on Cv 1.32
Gross yield Required reservOir capIlCity as II factor of 1M MAR. considerinJ the eftect
e~pressed as ;& of negauve adJu$~nt'i to the existing flow record in the stream.
percentag.e These ad ustmt:n's are ex essed as rccn of the existin record. now
of the MAR. O'l -10tl -I.S~ -2~ -2.5... _.~ -3.511 -4011',
20 0.3574 0.3915 0.4C78 0 .265 0.4431 0.4599 0.5155 0.5921
30 0.7342 0.8887 09682 1.048.5 1.1277 1.2937 1..741 1.651.5
1- 4.;.,;0:;.."._ _.-.. 1..5042
50
60
1.8452 2.0234
~ Co, ~,;-. :.:

2.2033
mDlIJ.lmmD""
1:\l;.: ~~ i .
2.3817
n .. . .
2.69S1 3.0220 3.3487
'! .
.
' ,r r.,
.... ~
70 V ; ~:.:-. ..)'\.. " /'Io!'
>b
11 \ ...
80 i:::-~. At.... . ,~11.~: . .. iiI.:: ,-:... ;.. . '" - ~ .., _,~

... Cntic.! penod slMts at the beglnnmg of lhe record or ends ill lhe end of the record.
16
...... V...l2(l'l-
__ Yldd '0".
I __ V",1d ~l"i
E
W
...... y",1t! 'iO'i
:; I; '. - - Vl<id (J[!'l'
< ...... V"'lol ~;~*
'-' -YdIMI'1l
~!l).
~~ N---
;,J
----------
~ .-._------_....-----
ac
~b
:;:
S'
~ . ~.
IU;SLRVOIRS lAi{(;Ii{ TH"'''' THiS '-\l'AClT)
.",<H NORMALl ) CONSTlll'CTrn
....
._-"
~-
_--....------'.
- - _..............---_.----....
t
------
.....
,.......-----
----- ---~
---~
_.----~
----_._-..----...------------
------------_.~--- _.-----+--._------""'"----
-----.......---"~~----.
~
Name of stream Bllffclo Rner

Slle of catchment In 14m 2 1176
MAR an m" 1l)6 l729
Coefficient of vanallon c~ 147
Gross yield Rcqmred re!>Cnoir Capaclt}' ~ a faclGr of the MAR. considering the effect
expreucd as a of negatIve adJuMmcnts to the eXisting flow r:ord in the sl.ream.
percentage These ad uslJncnts are ex cssed as .en es of the existin flow record.
of the MAR.
20 0.3289 0.3775 0.3965 0.4206 0.4425 0.4709 0.6009
30 0.69 )6 1.0649 1.2233 L38~9 I.SS07 1.71 SS 1.87S7
40 1.8528 2.3398 2.4983 2.6608 2.82.~2.990S 3.1507
. -_ _--:;5.,;;.0 .....3.1278 3.6148 3.7732 3.9358
60
70
80
Cntical pcnod start~ at the beginning of!he record or end., at the end of the record.
'" . .... y,,~.'l~.~

--'\',dd \'(l'~
--- --..6_-----*-
: ...-----_. ._-<1
...------0.--
- - - - -...-------
i)
..
.
_ _-&----- -IJ
'J ". ..lJi

A27
Name of Slre<liln ~ahoon RI\er

Size of catchment In km 2 47.'
MAR In m~ HI' n.B
Coefficient of vanatlOn Cv 1.32
Gross yield Required resef\'CIT capacily as a factor of the MAR. considering the effect
expressed av a of negatlH' adjustments to the eXIsting floVo! record in the stream.
;xrcc:nuge These ad ustmenL'i iUe ex esscd as rcen es of the exislin flow ~ord.
of lbe MAR. O'l. -10% -15% --20% -25% -~ -35% -4O'J,
20 0.4629 0.4629 0.4629 0.4636 0.4708 0.4958 0.5215 0.5634
30 0.7692 O.l.W46 0.8860 0.9290 0.9702 1.0417 1.2199 1.4172
4(} 1.2944 LS004 1.6925 1.8905 2.0881 2.2876 2.4865 2.6838
. -_ _-.;..50_. ~2"",:.36~34=--..-2.160S 2.9591 3.1571 3.35-47 3.7041
t- ,""':
60 --t-i:3.6300
70
80
+ CrilIca! period stiUt~ at the beginning of the l'ttord or ends at the end of the record.
/'
..... y"'J.j:',I'S
.... y"'jpJ\Wl
o .
,1 !;J
-
j"

."
..
"
"-28
Name of Slredl1l \1gt"ni RI\'"

of catchment
SII"c In kill': 9~S
. MAR in m l 1()6 15"':'i1l

CoeffiCient of vanloUon C\ 060
Gross yidd Required reserVOIr capacity a.s a faclor of the MAR. considering the effect
e:\prcssed as a of negative adJustmenb to the e:ltIsling flow record in the stream.
percenlage Hles.e ad uslments are e\ eSY:d a:o. fCenta c:s of lhe c:xislin flow record.
oflhe MAR 0% -10% <> 15% -20% -25% -30'(, -35% -40%
20 0.1246 01373 014)4 0.1497 0.1569 0.1641 0.1717 0.1803
30 0.2536 0.2706 0.2790 0.2876 0.2963 0.3047 0.3134 0.3244
4(} 0.3950 0.4122 0.4207 04321 0.5155 0.5991 0.6828 0.7660
I-----,.,----it-..;...;.;;....-+..;...;....;.;;..;;.-.+-"..;...;;;....-+-...;;...;;;.;;...-f-=.;..;;..;;;....~..;..;;...;..;._+..;;..;;.;.;;.;;~__t__:;..;.;..;..;.;~
50 0.5404 0.7011 0.7906 ()8738 (l9572 1.0459 1.2587 1.4921
I -_ _--:~_" 0.9820 1.1487 12313 14180 1.6508 1.8836 2.1170 2.3831
70 1.4287 1.8094 2.(~24 2.2755 2.5091 2.7798
80 2.2009 2.6677 2.90.)7 :U77.$ /1
+ Cnuc.al penod starts at the bcgmmng of the rc.:nrd or ends at the cnd of the record.
10 .
-+-\a:-ld 1(H
....... )',<14 +:'I'i
/
- - , ",l.l '-(Y',
AN
~~~~~~~,:,~:m: 1" M'~~:'"

Gross yield . RC'liJIred resen'OIr capacuy as a fa,:tor of the MAR. considering the effect
c.~prt's<;('d ;L~ a of negahvc adjustments to the eltisung flow record in the stream.
pc-rccntllge n\('~ adustmenlS. are ex s~1 a.~ Kenta es of the existi" flow record.
of the MAR. {)'l, -I~ -IS~ -2l/% -25"" -JOel, -35~ -40%
20 0.1424 01579 0,1661 0.1740 0.1817 0.1897 0.1976 0.2054
30 0.2924 0.3079 0.3161 0.3273 0.3579 0.4225 0.4870 0.5534
40 0.4774 ft6058 0.6711 0.7374 0.8044 0.8730 0.941.6 l.OtOS
50 0.9218 1.0565 11256 11942 1.2621 1.3)13 l1.4027 1.4746
60 13782 U 149 1.5839 1.6547 17261 L!W~2 -2.0115 2.828+
10 1.8365 1.9776 2.0497 2 1748 2.4014 3.298+
80 :.!.30J6 2.5400 2.797. .3769+
+ ('nneal pc.-nod start<; at thl: ~glnnm8 of the record or ench at the end of the record.
Ill
.... y ..ld 20'i
__ Ydol ~,..
~14 , =~.:~:::
....
/
.....Yoeill!J(l'l
~12
..... "",Itd 'Xl'l
~
"'"
:II:
- Y d l ll(l'l
,5
:II:
10 ~
a: 8
;
~ 1
Q
~ ~
~b'
.-~
/'
5 REStRVOIRS L ...kGl'.J( THAl'o THIS ( ..." .. t n) /
;.: NOT NORMAl.! Y CONS,Rl{il:lJ ~ ,.-/
:.: ~ ---------------------,,,...-<..:;.,::.-._-------...,._.-~:.-----
.": .
----_..:;;:>"
- - - - - - - - - - - - ._-----
----======.:===~~~=
---...
- .
---~
---------+-----+-------------------~------
.... .-.=
-------- --------
---- I ii . ---. -==l=--~
.......--------.
" jO
Name of stream Mgcm RI\Cf

, Sll.e of catchment In km 2 4mc ,
.1'
'
.
MAR in m~ ICY/! 155A7
~ " .
ffi..lc...i...
.....C...O..C.. en . .t_,)_f_\_a,~.::!i<";~LS::: . . . .". (I 7~ ".~! .~ d"~ ~
Gro:.s )"H:id R,,+j'fCd rC'oCf\'OIf l~pacll) a" a factor of the MAR considering the effect
exprcsliCd as a of negatl\'e adjustments 10 the eXisting now record in the struJn.
percenlage Thc'oC ad ustmcnl\ arc e~ c:<.scd ib rcenta es of theexistin flow record.
of the MAR. ~ - HJ% 15,\ 2Q<l -25% -3C% -35% -40%
20 0.0337 O.04OJ 0.0437 0.0473 0.0514 0.M60 0.0603 0.0646
30 0.0882 00968 0.1013 01136 0.1299 0.14'13 0.1652 0.2089
40 (Un.. 0.2084 ODD 0.2784 0.3299 0.4J~19 0.5497 0.7448
50 0.3482 0.4727 05669 01353 09307 1.127:2 1.3459 1.6080
60 0.7275 U 112 uno UlO4 uno 2.0341 2.3228 2.8785
.._--_...._-_........- ...
70
80
1.4997 1,9365
2.3630..:.-2.8881
2.19g0
.3.2012
24ti()4
:3 8372
2.7620
, ....
3.3580
+ Cntlcal [)Cw.Jd start:'. at lhe beginning of the record nr cnd" .11 the end of the record.
C'c Al>JISf\U:Vr l ' (.Al (.U) t 1.0\\

A.~I
Name of ~trl~am T'>ngall River

. SIze: of catchment In km 1 23f>
MAR In 01' I ('I' 4UO
CoeffiCient of vanauon Cv 0.69
Gross yield R..-qum:d reserVOir Glpacity as ;) factor of the MAR. considering the effect
exprc:sloed lL\ a or negative adjustments to the exisung flow record in the stream.
pen;entagc Tnt's,," .::~~u"tm:n!~.~.s!: essed ~,,~r~~~ta c:s of the ellistin flow record.
of the MAR. 0', 1O'l 1 15't. ..20'\ -25% 30% ..35% -40%
20 0.1\71 0.1299 0.i4.51 0.1604 0.1679 0.1769
30 0.2479 0.2652 0.2942 0.3.543 0.4250 0.4962
40 0.4114 0.5186 0.6624 0.8080 0.8831 1.1165
50 D.IL?! 0.9710 1.1480 1.6473 2.1190 2.8626
60 1.2873 16747 2.2471 I 3.7350
70 2.2050 3.ll45
80 3985~
+ CntlCal penod J>t4l1t:s at the beginning of the r'ora or ends at the end of the record.
ReSCnlllf> of the!loC capaclltlCS are nol normal!;.- ,'oflstrueted
It. .
-\",>.111:"*
___ \' dJ ")'1
__ )'rld .-.:rl-
..... Yrld "lrl
........ '1t'lr,j~Y"
__ YldJ m'l
-y,dill!(l'l
t,
A-32
Name of stream Mfllol! River

Sil..c of calchment 10 km 2 377
MAR in m"' HJl' 66.16
Coefficient of ,,'anatmn Cv 0,57
Gross yield Required reservoir capacity as a factor of the MAR. considerin8 the effect
expressed as a ,11" negative adjustmc:n1s to the existing flow record in the stream.
percentage These oW uSImc:nts are ex 'esscd as rcen es of the existin flow record.
(lfthe MAR, 0% -10% -15% -20% -25% -30% -35~ --4(}CJ&
20 0,0395 0.0468 0.0508 0.0552 0.0608 0.0670 0.0731 0.0841
30 01065 0.1256 0.1408 0.1558 <2:1732 0.1912 0.2098 0.2392
n,2'-p'i;
.,_,.4'_ ".,,+,._-.._ ...
07fll! O:!R'i'i 0'l,19" fi1(,,,q 041R7 0.5199 0,6216
50 0.3995 0.4926 05739 0,6746 O,88JZ. 1.0882
60 0.7289 0.9326 1.0367 1.I40i 1.3824 2.1032
70 1.1920 1.3992 1.50~4 1.6984 2.4534
80 1.6581 2.0169 2.2787 2.80n 'f;
Critical period starts el the beglOnlng of the record or ends at the end of the record.
II:>
___ 'te.td :0'\
......... \" ~~ ,\(,... ~
..... 'rt.,j~.I'1
-+- '!COl '>!H
-+-- '"lit.;.! t-iN
....... ... cJtJ 7iJ~.
- - 'rid li<
--
;
:5
b ~
RLSII(VOlij, 1M",; II '1 H...... 1l11\ ,"P-\,TI1
:l' ,elT Sf.IRM ..U \ ( ""\lk l Cl I'll
4
:x: .j ... ----------------------::r'----------:;.,A-----
II
A-D
~ ..
N~ofslream
Siz.e of catchmcnl In km l
Tugcla River
2452
IF .... "i,.'
,
.:,
MAR In m 3 lOb 86998

CoeffICient of variatIon Cv 0.44 ~t , - - ' -'"' ~..... "'.~
v
Grouyield Required reservoir c.apactty as a factor of the MAR. considering the effect
e ltpresscd as a of negative adjustments to the existing flow record in the stream.
percenc.aae Thew: ad' ustmcnts Me ex as n of the existin flow record.
of the MAR.
20 0.0651 0.0'108 00733 0.0761 0.0797 0.0833 0.0869 O.092S
30 0.1285 0.1-388 0.1561 01734 0.1901 0.2079 0.22S3 0.2425
40
"~'-~"-'-"'--.'-
50
60
70
80
+ Cntic,a' perwd ..laut~ al !he beglnAing of the record nr ends at the end of the n~.:ord.
Rest"o'OIrs >f theM" capactlll{'!> arc not non.lall~ ,:(lnstructed
...... Y"'kl~
..... y"'~ .1t1"\
Name of ltre.m Tugelii River

Size of ,_chment in km~ IW/
MAR in m J .. 1()6 516.99
Coeff..:ient o( "M"iaboft Cv 0.44
Grouyicld Requited resnvoir '..,.city as a (aclor of the: MAR. consideriftS the effect
e.~u. of neB_lye adjU$tments 10 the e.istina flow record in the scream.
pm:e~ lbesc ad 5lment5 lie u . v . of the exisd flow record.
ollhe AR.
20 0.007 0.0708 0.0711 0.0762 0.0791 0.0833 0.0869 0.0925
30 0.1285 0.13" 0.1 S61 OJ 734 0.1907 0.2079 0.2252 0.2425
0.~2 02818 0.3061 0.3234 0.30W7 0.3579 0.3957 0.4473
0.4042 0.43" 0."S61 0.S07' O.S~I 0.6108 0.673" o.ntn
60 0.5677 0.6709 0.1226 0.7742 0.86" 0.9971 1....341 2.0156
70 0.8344 0.9605 L~23 1.3069 1.7589 2.3514 3.5753
80 1.1487 1.6163 2.0843 2.6873 3.7204
-t Critical peood SlafU altbe bc:,mnlnJ of the recOfd or ends at tbc cnd of the record.
Reser-'oll"!> of theM" capIlCtlttCS are not l'ionnlllly constructed

A35
Na.rne of ~(re.un
Sil..e of clIIIChmenr In lcm 2
MAR In m.l. 106
CoefflCaeM of nrulUon Cv
Mocli River
1546
::!74.97
0..54,
r
,!'t.' ,
: ~
R"'"
-
.' ,"
..
\0
. '.
.
~
Gross yaeld Required reservoIr capacity a.~ a factor of the M,-\R. consKieri.,1he etJct
cllpc-essed as Ii 01 ne,ative adJusunents to the e.illtin, flow record in the ttteam.
percenC&Jt' tbese acfuwnenu are el as of the e.illin now f1lCtlfd.
cfthe MAR. G'Io -I~ -15'10 -2Of, -25~ -~ -3S15 ...co.
20 0.0331 0.0~16
O.OUI 0.0454 0.0499 O.OS54 0.0649 0.0830
30 O.J24~
O.OIUJ7 0,1426 0.1606 0.1718 0.1961 0.2149 0.2330
40 0.2313
0.27.' 0.2926 0.3106 0.32'7 0.3468 0.3649 0.4095
so 0.3183
O.424S 0....26 0.4606 0.5118 0.'631 0.6755 0.9169
1-_ _-:60~---+;0~.5~31~3_+__:_:0.~61:_:4_:_t 0.6661
70 0.76&5 0.9165 1.2289
0.7287
1.~12
0.9357 1.1100 I....... 2.3078
80 1.24n 1.1963 2J)1fl',S :,\,0768
+ CritICal period s!ar15 at the ~ginning of tilt' nxord ()I' ends at the end of the record.
A-36
NMle of stream Ngagane Rm:r ~ ~ r-T' ~ 11:1.!:

Size of ClllChment in km 2
MAR in m3 lot'
IBO
11086
.'~, 1"'''':' c;'!
Coefficient of varialion Cv 0.65 . : . . . .
Grouyield Required reservoir capacity as a factor of the MAR. COMidcrin. the effect
Cllpressed as a of l1eiah\-'<t adjustments to lhe existin, flow record in the stream.
pen:en~e lbes-: ad usunenu are ell as of the cxistin flow record.
of the MAR.
20 0.2219 0.2409 0.1563 0.2717 0.2871 0.3024 0.3179 0.3328
30 0.4686 0.4992 0.5146 0.5301 0.S4S4 O.S607 0.5762 0.5911
0.7270 0.7S7~ 0.7730 0.7884 0.8037 0.1191 0.8346 0.9339
0.9&53 1.0159 1.0313 1.06204 1.1677 1.2130 1.3790 1.48041
60 1.2436 1..w10 1..5069 1.6t23 1.7177 1.1245 1.9339 2.8914
10 L7.402 1.9510 2.0S69 2,J,6S3
10 2.2901 2-'054 2.6268 3.8638
+ Critical period. ~s at the beginning of the rrcord Of ends at the end of the record.
Reservoirs of these capaclitacs ate no normally ",mstructed
III 7
/
A37
N _ or stn:am Slang R"('f

Size cf cahmenl In km:! fll)..;
MAR in J()6 m'. R9B
Coefficient of variation Cv 0.65
Grou yield RequIred feSCI'\'Olf C~II)' ..., a (aclQr of the MAR. consideria, the etrect
expreiliCld as of neplive adJU$tments to the uJltln. flow record in the stram.
~e 'The1e ad .-e e~ as of die ellisU flow record.
of die ~ -l~ -I~~ -2&5 -2$" -301l -35" -~
20 0.2613 0.2101 0.2791 0.2940 O.J077 0.32J5 0.3357 0.3495
JO 0.49M 0..5241 05311 0."23 O.~ 0.'937 0.6693 0.7474
40 0.1548 0.1419 0.9176 0.9961 1.0160 1.15S4 1.2350 Ul41
50 1.2460 L~ 1...... 1 L56l4 1.6426 1.7220 1.1017 1.1801
60 1.1127 19712 2.~ 2.1301 2.2093 2.2116 2.19n
1- 70~--__~2",,!O.3-19~3_+~2"-3;..;,79~ 2.6173 2.6961 3.64"
80 2.94~ 3. UN'
+ Cnlk,,1 period SUIts .. the be,lnnin, of the rttOl'd or ends al the end of lhe record.
16
"'-YIrN~
--Ydd~
14 ~ :_ YIdd )'I,
E ::.... '(ldd~
.
~
.12 .." ' - - YIdd tlO'lt..
~
t.i
. ...-Ydd'l'O'll'
5 10 7
:-
~.
Y!tid llO'l
ig 6 ~
~ . ItESfJt.VOIRS LARGF.R TH.~"l THIS CAPACITY
=
i!C' NOT NORM./I.u. Y CONSTJtlJCll'.D
~---------,...--------~~-------~,....:::;...
..
4

0'

::::
(I
J
10
i
I~

20

:<
," :
"
:
,uJ
~ A()JU~'TMElI&IIS GAU(;ED n.ow

.'\38
. ,..-..
~
---
Name of slrum Tugda River "
Sue of ca!chmenlln km 2 :!R920 '
MAR anm 3 1()6 2848.58

CoeffICient of y.urioft C" 0.32
Gros!l yield Required reservOir capletty &-Ii. a f.clor of the MAR. COMideriq the effect
expressed as a of nepllvC' adjustments (0 the C'usbn. now record in the 1tIUm.
percentage These ad"l.stmeRU Me ex essed as en of the exilli flow record.
of the MAR.
0.OS91 0.060t9 0.0678 0.0707 0.073~ 0.0764 0.0793 0.0822
30 0.1175 0.1232 0.1261 O.l2'\JO 0.1319 0.1498 0.1713 0.1927
40 0.1758 0.2141 0.23S5 0.2569 0.2714 0.3016 0.3396 0.3930
0.3212 0.36S1 0.3888 0."378 0.4912 O-'44S O.S919 O.Mll
60 0.4827 O.S894 0.6428 0.6962 0.1495 0.8029 O.~ 1.41<41
70 "0.1410 0.1477 0.9011 0.9S4~ mriIII~ ".
10 0.9993 1.1061 I.IS94 1.8864 P""?f~.'.~.~
.... ,>,-

.... +."'"
+ Critical penod sW'tS at the besinning of !.he record or ends at the end of the record.
Re~f\loirs of lhe~ cap.actiues ....e nne normally comtrucled
..... YdS~
I~'
-"w:'Id~
__ Yltid~
~ ~~
... . . - "..Id
.
~I' _ y..'-lfl()'t.
-< ..........
Id"1'(l'Ol.
;j - h,ld 1lO'}'
"
~IO
...
~ g
llC
::l
~t!
S RfSfJtVOIRS I.ARGtcR ni.>\...... THIS c.w... nn
S' :-lOT NOltM....l.LY CO!'<'STRU::TED
ClC .. --------------------'"'-------~~---
A-39
Name of !ilfeam Sondags River

SIlJ: of c.rchrnenl In lm] 658
MAR in m J I(f' 92.51
Coefficient of varialon CV 0.67
Grouyield Required ~oir c~ily as a fac:or of the MAR. COMideri.,
rhe efrect
cllpn:s.lCd as a of llelative adjustments to the elli5l.in. flow record in Ihe scream.
percentile Tbese Ill! ustments are ex as or
Ihe existi flow record.
of"rhe
20 0.3S39 0.3703 0.3779 0.3867 0.394:1 0..w28 0.4113 0.4189
30 0.6122 0.6286 0.6362 0.64'7 0.6541 0.6648 0.6741 0.6140
40 0.8135 0.8929 0.9020 0.9124, 0.9125 J.03~ 1.0971 1.1701
U401 1.2630 f.3240 1.386~ ....631 l."~ 1.6466 1.7373
60 1.6140 1.7567 1.1473 1.9388 2JJ297 2.1216 2.2131 3.1151
70 1.1403 2.3233 2.4139
2.7070 2.8900 3.1748
+ CntlCa.l penod SW1S at the beglnnin, of d!!: Ittord or ends at the end of the Ittord.
ReservOirs of these C41lp.tCtIlles are nol norm,ally construc~ed
..... l.-ld 2()'S.

... y ...W.lO'\
i-' I ~ .... 'l' Irid 4(1'1
C -YitJd~
.
U
-<I' L"'Y.df~
~ . ..... 'l'JrJd 1'O'l
U
SW,
_.. _
.-Ytdd.,.. .
i .~
;l>
,
/
=6:;; , Jlf_~JlVOts l.AllG~:rt THAN THlS CAP\OTY
~ . NOT~.yro...SlltU<'TED
."---------------.,.......:::;~------~~..,.;;::;....-----
b=
1 ;::
~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~i:~~~~~~~~=-----~~.
o ... --.. "-.iii i i --=i
o .~ 10 1<)
'k ADJt.'SfMENT IN GAVGI-:D FI.OW

A-40
'-~"
Name of siream Boe\mam RI\'cf ,; ..... '.. {,.:~"J;i,.-d'~
"'" '" .... ,,- 4-
Sil.c (If C'arthmen! in kOl l 744 'cI~ ,
MAR in m3 I()b 21LSO . ,..,."

.I . .
_.,.... ',''Ii .. ." ~
Coefficient of VNUlUon CV 0.44
Gross yield ReqUited reservoir capacity as a factor of the MAR. considerin. the effect
e ~preS$cd as it of riClaftve adJust~nts to the existing flow n!Cord in the stream.
pen;en..,e T'hese ad' ustments are u sed as of the exist!n flow n!Cord.
of the MAR,
20 0.0582 0.0641 OJJ69 0.0698 0,0128 0.0757 0.0786 0.0816
30 0.1165 01224 0.1256 0.1300 0.13- 0.1%2 0.1661 0.1860
4() 0.1792 n.2OS2 0.2281 0.2481 0.2686 0,2907 0.3128 O.36n
50 0.3100 O.3n3 0.3743 0,4042 0."597 0.5153 0.5707 0.6260
60 0.4580 0.S'17 0.6071 0-6625 0,1180 0.7736 0.9944 1.8821
70 .0.6990 0.8100 0.8654 O.92SO
80 0.9514 1.1298 1.4302 2.5096
+ Crluc,al penod sW1S ~ the be8lftnlng of I~ record ('It ends at t~ end of the record.
RC'JiCrvolr\ of Ihc~ CapilCIJIICS are not nomtally COf\<>tructed
16
-Y.,Id~
__ y.tid .1Q'll.
. I~
i"' __ ,'dd ....~
C __ Ydl'l(~
.
.
....
~11 .. ,--YlL'tdtlO'l
~ _Y",ld ill"
U _ Y.eld IlO'l
. ...
5 10 ..
;;.
a~ .
Q
~ ().
;; PI.'$ERVOIJ(S UIRGUI nus Tli."'' c....P...ClTY

~ NOT NORMAU. Y CONsnll'CTU)
:l~--~----------------....,.-'-------""'''''''---
(l .< 'I)
A-41
Name of stream
Size of catchment," km 2
MAR in m J .. 1()6
Mkule River
2571
113.51
.,.-
~v~
<?' '.
. ~- .
.. ;.,:
,.
Coe(fM:~ of v.o.lon C,' 0.75
~syield Required re5efVoir capacuy as a factor of the MAR. consicIerina the eft'ect
cllprt\sed as a of nel~live adjUSlmenl$ to the uislin, flow record in the scram.
percentase These lid us:menu are ell as of' the exi' flow record.
of die MAR.
20 0.1494 0.1645 0.1719 0.1796 0.1171 0.1945 0.2121 0.2095
:\0 0.2994 0.3145 0.3219 0.3296 0.3371 0.3445 0.35210.360S
40 0,4494 0.4645 0."719 0.4809 0.4904 0.5066 0.6441 0.8259
0.6010 0.6200 0.6722 0.1S09 1.0317 1.2156 1.3997 1.5842
60 0.1783 1.2318 "4222 1.6063 1.7900 1.9714 2.1720 2.....15
70 1.6288 J.9971 2.1805 2.3722 2.5663 2....70
80 2.3871 2.7672 2.%10 3.2SSO
... Critical perIod scarts .. the be,IMt"1 of the record or eMs lit the end of the m:ord.
Resen'OIn of these C~htlt''' 1IR no4 normaHy COfl~lructt:d
16 -
A-42
Name of strt'.aID Phongolo RIWf

Size of \.':alchment In km 2 7831
MAR in mJ Iei' HX>69Q
Coeffw;ient ohar'.bon Cv 0.49
Grou yield Required fe~rvtllr capacity as a factor of the MAR. considerina the effect
upressed as a of negallve I!djustments to the cltiSling flow record in the streant.
percenlqc These k'l' uSU\'K;<s are ex ssed as It of the cltillin fl~ record.
oflbeMAR. ~ -I()l1 -1.5.. -2O'A. -25" -301i -3Sf. -'~
20 00,U8 0.0416 O.OSJI 0.0676 0.0821 0.0966 0.1112 0.1157
30 0.1595 01885 0.2031 O.lIS! 0.2347 0.2.559 0.2930 0.3301
4() 0.3129 0.3659 0.4030 0.4401 0.4n2 0.5142 0.5513 06449
O.5S01 0.f,143 0.6614 0.7044 0.8061 0.9081 1.0129 t.t288
60 O.SOU 0.967" 10692 1.1736 1.2783 1.409S 1.6375 2.3307
10 1.2304 1.4390 1.5S32 1.6907
80 . 1.7044 1.9718 :UOS4 3.1076
... Cntlcal penod starts at W beginning of thl: nxord or ends at the end of the record.
RCSCP.'OIf"i nf these Capal:tIUCS arc n... t normally constructed
It.
__ "wid ~I'l
___ Y lit'" \[1'\

--y",\<!~..~
...... ,,"'lJ<O(!"\
- - y'",k!Ill.!"\
...- y'",.., >['1'\
- '{ ",Id l\O'1-

A-4~
Name of stn:am Komau RIver

Sile of catchment in km 2 549Q
MAR in m) lot' 5B.56
Coefficient of varilUon Cv 0.67
Grouyield Required ~~oir capa:lty a~ a factor of the MAR. considerift. the effect
upresJed as of negallYe adJILOIitments to the clusling now m:ord in the scream.
peKenta,e These ad ustmenlS are e" sed as en of the eXlstin ~ RlCOfd.
ofrhe MAR.
20 0.1t41 0.1).4.4 0.1..... :s OIS46 0.16otS 0.1749 O.IS~ 0.1964
30 0.272~ O.2904S 0.3060 0.3174 0.3288 0.3.02 0.3516 0.3783
0.4384 0.4612 0.4734 OSO 0.5353 0.5715 0.6878 0.8042
0.6305 0.69:.!4 0.7725 0 8889 I.OOS 1 1.1233 1.2611 I.S973
60 0.9136 1.2862 1.3240 1.32 1.7194 2.0482 2.3170 3.328+
10 1.5249 1.8418 2.1704 2.4992 2.8217 3.882+
80 2.2927 2.9501 3.2787
+ Critical penod st.M1s at the bellMlRg of the record or cnd\ ilt the end of the r~ont
Rescr\'oJr.1i of these cap,acuues are not normally nm.,troclW
16 -: f'-._~_ ,~_. -~
ii --V..14
Vdd2M
\(.~
14 Ydd4<....
5--\'
'0 __
.
. doll/,)'''
l' ,. __ Y<clJ~""
~ :.... )' ....ol iW
;,; ::_""'.Iol1lO'l-
. _--
... ..... ,
010 t
>
i a:
=
~
5
6
R~':Sr:It\'OtRS L4JtGEIl. rnAl' nns CAP.o\OT'r
~ NOT NORMAUY CONSTlW{'l:D
:2 .. +--------------.:::o,.....:;~------~r'_-------
o '{J -l()
~ ADJI:ST\tENT IN (;AVGED FLOW

A-44
. Name of stream Kom311 Rael
Si~ of catchment In km 2 1~()9
MAR in m3 1()6 67.12

C.oefficient of VuUII10fl Cv C19
GrOll yie'd Required re'iCfVOIr capacIty Ii!; a factor of the MAR. considerin, the effed
eJl.pre$5Cdas a of negallve adJU!\tl1YnlS 10 the existing flow record in the scream.
percentqe 1llet<e lIdumnents are ell. sed as en of the existin flow record.
of the MAR.
20 0.1806 0.1939 0.2025 0.2174 0.2250 0.2329 0.2422
30 O.34S8 0.3630 0.3869 0.4319 0.4543 0.4776 0.5005
0,S76Z 0.6213 0.6452 0.6902 0.7127 0.1359 0.9004
0.83<45 0.8797 0.9035 I 1252 1.2974 1.47.57 1.7143
60 1.0921 1.3S04 LS236 1.1864 2.IM5 2.6OlJ8 3.0397
70 1.7482 2.IOSO 2.3374 3.1157 3.5468
80 2.5161 3.1938 3.6235
... Critical penod starts at the ~glnnlng of the record or ends at the end of the record.
Resen'OIr'S of these capactllles are not norm"U) Con1>lfucled
It.
-i; ..
i i=S. i.,
. II' : ' en
~ ADJt'ST"I-:ST IS GAUGH) FLO\\
A-45
Name of sireani Komall RI'.cr

Size of catchment an km 2 1569
MAR in m3 J{)6 246.3 I
CoeffICient of variation Cv 0.47
Gro~.'l yield Requlfe<t rt''ICf\'OIf capacIty a.\ a factor of the MAR, constderiftJ 1M effect
expressed as of negative lldJustments to the existing flow record in the ~.
pen:enlqe These ad' ustmenl.S are ex ucd as en of the existin flow record.
of the MAR. 04J: -I(K, -IS1(- -2~ -2S'" -3()1, -35.,. -401r,
20 0.1068 O.llll 0.1133 O.H.54 0.11760.11980.12190.1241
30 0.1818 0.1861 0.2010 O.222S 0.2..... 0.2665 0.2836 O.3H16
40 0.3260 0.3101 0.3921 O.41~2 0.4361 0.5831 0.7726 0.9629
SO O.SI71 O.61S2 O.l~240 1.0132 1.2032 1.4327 1.7245 2.lltl
60 1.0643 1.4-443 1.66S 1 1.9377 2.3008 2.6818 3.0744 3.4611
1-~_~70~ _ _.....~J...;.8969~.;;.;'~ 2.4916 2.8783 3.2MB 3.6S01
80 3.0683 3.80415
... Cntical period stu1S at the bcgtnntnp: of the ~ofd or ends lit th(' end of Ihe record
R~oirs of lilaC cap.lCltties ate not normall~ constructed
16
1~ 40
B-t
APPENDIX: B 1
Crump weir with dividing wall ...

Department of Water Affans and Fore"try Tc,{"
.
T_ '1
C.)
't
(aa)
P
(.)
t
(m)
h
(aa) Ji.)
!WMODI-Is 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.0345 0.020
IWMODI-ls 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.0636 0.050
!WMODI-Is 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.0858 0.080
twMODl-ls 1597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1070 0.120
!WMODI-ls 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1190 0.150
IWMODJ-Is 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1265 0.177
WMODI-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.0352 0.020
WMOD12s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.0635 0.05(J
WMODl2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.0853 0.08(]
WMODl-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.1076 0.120
W~ODI-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.lt77 0.150
. "-
WMODI-2.li 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.1268 d.l7?
WMODI-3s
WMODI-3s
1.597
1.597
2.416
2.416
0.085
0.085
0.097
0.097
0.0360
v.0616
.. -
0.020
O.05<J
.-
~MODI3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.0829 O.O8()
WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1014 0.12()
!WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1127 0.150
WMOOI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1214 0.177
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.0433 0.020
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.0748 0.050
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.0998 0.080
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1172 0.120
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1283 0.150
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1365 0.177
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 OJJ433 0.020
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 O.()98 0.0742 0.050
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.0995 0.080
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1172 0.120
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1272 0.150
\\'\r00225 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1345' 0.177
-
W.\t002.,ls 1.230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.0423 0.020
twMOD2-ls 1.230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.0718 0.050
twMOD2-ls 1.230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.0946 0.080
R-2
ifest '1
-r
I::. - p t h Q.
IN...... (m) (m) !m} (m; (m) (m3/s)
[WMOD2-1s 1230 :792 0261': O.09R 01100 O.12G
1230 ~).268
WMOD2-1s .. 2792 0.098 01206 0.150
WMOD2-1~ i :nO .- 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.1269 0.177
MtMOD3\s 0999 3005 0.268 0.098 0.0473 O.02<J
!WMOD3-Js 0.999 :HX)5 0.268 0.098 0.0850 0.05<J
!WMOD3ls 0.999 3.005 0.268 0.098 0.1071 o.ose
IWMOD3-1s 0.999 >-. .'.()05 0.268 0.098 0.1227 0.120
!WMOD3-1l\ 0.91f9 3.005 0.268 0.098 0.1330 0.150
!WMOD3-ls 0.999 3J'05 0.268 0.098 0.1413 0.177
IWMOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.0486 0.020
!WMOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.0850 0.050
WMOD32s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.1074 0.080
WMOD32s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.1229 0.120
WMOO3-2s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.1333 0.150
!WMOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.1416 0.177
~MOD33s 0.999 3.005 0,103 0.098 0.0454 0.02()
IWMOO3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.0800 0.050
YMOD3-3s, 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.0988 o.~
WMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.1136 0.12C
IWMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.1222 O.ISC
!WMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.1304 0.177
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0228 0.005
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0352 O.OlO
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0452 0.015
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0542 O.02e
IWMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0962 O.OS(]
WMOD4--2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 O.tl34 O.ose
IWMOD4-2s 0.804' 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1284 0.12(J
!WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1384 0.15C
!WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1456 0.177
tw"MOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.()98 0.0338 O.OI(J
IWMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.0523 0.020
!WMOD4-3s 0.804 3100 0.103 0.098 0.09151 O.05(J
!WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.2OC'1.. 0.103 0.098 0.1058 0.080
IWMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.1187 0.120
!WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.1272 0.150
IWMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.1332 0.171
rwMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.0245 0.005
IWMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.0401 O.OIG
iWMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.0520 0.015
B-.~
t'.
'.
(m)
11
(m)
P
(m)
t
(m) (m)
h
b~l)
~MOD5-2s . 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 OJl627 0.020
IWMOD5-2s 0.672 '\.33~ 0.183 0.099 0.1029 0.050
!WMOD52s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1183 0.080
WMODS2s 0.672 l ..B:! 0.183 0.099 0.1334 0.120
WMOD52s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1425 0.150
WMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1504 0.177
WMODS-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099
- 0.0251 0.005
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0388 0.010
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0496 0.015
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.'B2 0.093 0.099 0.0596 0.020
WMOD53s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0965 0.05<l
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1097 0.080
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1237 0.120
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1325 O.ISO
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099. 0.13&5 0.174
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.0418 0.011
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.i21 0.071 0.0616 0.020
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.v71 0.0868 0.050
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.0999 0.080
WMOD6-3s .."
0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1144 0.120
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1240 O.ISO
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1309 0.175
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0379 O.OHl
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0594 0.020
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0835 0.050
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.2 it 0.071 0.0965 0.080
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 O.IWO 0.120
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 O. ] 191 O. ]50
WMOD62s 0.670 3.332 0.2i] 0.07] O. ]253 0.175
H--l
APPENDIX: B2
Crump Welf without dlVldlll~ \\ ail-.

Department of Watef Affalfs and Forc,>ty Tc,-t-.
if.
.. . '.
w.)
I"
(m)
P
(III)
t
CID)
b
(III) (~)
WMODI-ls 1.597 2.416 0.169 0.097 0.0359 0.02
WMODI-Is 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.0644 0.05
WMODI-ls 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.0877 0.(}8j
WMODI-ls 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1111 0.12(J
WMOD1-1s 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1222 0.15(J
~MOD1-1s 1.597 2.416 0.269 0.097 0.1309 0.177
WMODl-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 "
0.0356 0.02()
WMODI-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.0643 0.05(J
IwMODI-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.0877 0.08()
iWMODI-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.1110 0.120
WMODl-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.1225 0.15<J,
~MODl-2s 1.597 2.416 0.176 0.097 0.1311 0.177
WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.397 0.0348 0.02e
WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.0642 0.054
IWMOD13s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.0873 O.ose
[WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1091 0.120
WMOD13s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1207 0.150
!WMODI-3s 1.597 2.416 0.085 0.097 0.1290 0.177
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.0435
--
0.020
WMOD23s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.0761 0.050
WMOD23s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1032 0.080
WMOD2-3s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1216 0.120
WMOD23s L230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1314 0.150
WMOD23s 1.230 2.792 0.089 0.098 0.1388 0.177
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.0438 0.820
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.0767 0.050
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1044 0.080
WMOD22s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1232 0.120
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0,098 0.1330 0.150
WMOD2-2s 1.230 2.792 0.173 0.098 0.1409 0.177
IWMOD2-ls 1.230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.0433 0.020
IWMOD2-1s 1230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.0764 0.050
~MOD2-1s 1.230 2.792 0.268 0.098 0.1037 0.080
Test II i~ P h
.. . fm) (m) (m)
t
(m) (m) ()j.)
--
WMOD2-ls
WMOD2-1s
1.230
1.230
2.792
2792
0268
0.268
0.098
0.098
0.1222
o 1337
----,
0.120
0.15G
WMOD21s 1.230 2792 0.268 0.098 0.1405 0.177
twMOD3-ls 0.999 .HX)5 0.268 0.098 1
-
0.0471
- 0.020
~'---'- -
twMOD3-ls 0.999 3J)()5 0.268 0.098' 0.0886 0.050
WMODJls 0.999 3.005 0.268 OJ>98 0.1132 0.080
WMOD3-ls 0.999 3.005 0.268 0.098 0.1297 O.g~
WMODJ-Is 0.999 3.005 0.268 0.098 0.1400 0.15<l
WMOD3-1s 0.999 3.005 0.268 0.098 0.1490 0.177
WMOD3-1s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.0478 0.020
WMOD3-1s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.0882 0.050
~MOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 0.185 0.098 0.1131 0.080
WMOD3-2s 0.999 3.()05 0.18~~, 0.098 0.1295 0.12e
WMOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 O.tH 0.098 0.1400 O.I5()
WMOD3-2s 0.999 3.005 O.IX 0.098 0.1486 0.177
IWMOD3-3s
IWMOD3-3s
0.999
0.999
3.005
3.005 -
a.ll),
0.10:,
0.098
0.098
0.0470
0.0881
0.020
O.O5()
twMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 1 0.098 0.1124 0.080
IWMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.1286 0.120
!WMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0103 0.098 0.1386 0.150
IWMOD3-3s 0.999 3.005 0.103 0.098 0.1475 0.177
WMOD4-2s 0.804
-
3.200 0.183 0.0981 0.0219 0.005
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098' 0.0354 0.010
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0452 0.015
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.0554 0.020
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.09~H 0.1018 0.050
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1196 0.080
WMOI).~-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1356 0.120
WMOD42s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.098 0.1454 0.150
WMOD4-2s 0.804 3.200 0.183 0.<Y:i8 0.1530 0.177
WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098
-. 0.0350 0.010
WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.0551 0.020
WMOD4..3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.1023 0.050
WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0.098 0.1205 0.080
WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0098 0.1354 0.120
WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.200 0.103 0098 0.1454 0.150
!WMOD4-3s 0.804 3.2GO 0.103 or)98 0.1506 0.172
IWMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0099 0.0247 0.005
IwMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 OJ>99 0.0409 0.010
IWMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.0520 0.015
B-6
rr- I" P t h
(~)
"
(01) (m) (m) (m) (01)
~MOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.0633 0.02e
twMOD5-2s 0672 3.332 0.183 0.099 O. \086 0.050
WMOD5-2s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1246 0.080
WMOD52s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1397 0.120
WMOD52s 0.672 3.332 0.183 0.099 0.1503 0.150
WMOD52s 0.672 .1332 0.183 0.099 0.1567 0.177
~MOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0249 0.005
WMODS)s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0396 0.010
NMOD53s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0519 0.015
I'"MODS-3s 0.612 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.0628 0.020
iWMODS-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1084 O.O~
WMOD53s 0.6'72 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1241 0.08l
WMODS-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1396 0.12
WMOD5-3s 0.672 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1497 0.1~
WMOD53s 0.612 3.332 0.093 0.099 0.1559 0.174
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.0388 0.010
WM006-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.0622 0.020
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.0898 O.OS<J
WMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1037 0.08()
WM006-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1180 0.120
WMOD6-3!i 0.670 3.332 0.121 0.071 0.1279 0.150
NMOD6-3s 0.670 3.332 0.121 0,071 0.1340 0.177
IVMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0397 0.010
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0615 0.020
~OD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.0896 0.050
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.011 0.1036 0.080
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.1184 0.120
WMOD6-2s 0.670 3.332 0.21 I 0.071 0.1285 0.150
iwMOD6-2!. 0.670 3.332 0.211 0.071 0.1350 0.175
B-7
APPENDIX: 83
Crump weir with dt\IJmg wall"

l'mvcr"tty of Stcllcnno...ch Tc"l'-
Tat 11, P
............ ~)
II t b Q- Q..
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m'lIl cJ/a)
1.197 1.780 0.171 0.101 0.0755 0.0490 0.0497 0.0494
...,
"'::1
.....
,- I. !97 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.0959 0.0719 0.0728 (,\.G?~
C3 1.197 1.180 0.171 0.107 0.1232 0.1200 0.1220 O.12\Q
C4 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.1353 0.1510 0.1520 0.151.$
C5 1.197 1.780 o.nl 0.107 0.1536 0.2000 0.2040 0.20;;0
"'6
,-. 1.197 1.780 0.111 0.107 0.1834 0.3000 0.3010 0.3005
C7 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.2080 0.3990 0.3950, O.~
(:8 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.1523 0.1500 0.1510 0.1505
~ 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.1708 0.2000 0.2020 0.2010
(:10 0.735 L142 0.171 0.106 0.2001 0.3000 0.3010 0.3005
ClI 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.2266 0.4000 0.3930 0.3965
'.
tl2 0.419 2.498 0.171 0.107 0.1770 0.1990 0.2020 0.2005
tl3 0.479 2.498 0.171 0.107 0.2049 0.3010 0.2980 0.2995
(:14 0.479 2,498 0.171 0.107 0.2305 0.4000 0.3960 0.398()
tl5 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1206' 0.0702 0.0713 0.0708
t16 0.479 2.498 0089 0.107 0.1339 0.1010 0.J030 0.1020
~17 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1685 0.2000 0.2030 0.2015
tl8 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1949 0.3000 0.2980 0.2990
tJ9 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.2212 0.4000 0.3980 0.3990
C20 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1145 0.0802 0.0811 0.0807
!e21 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1313 0.1200 0.1220 0.1210
t22 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1575 0.2000 0.2020 0.2010
t23 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1836 0.3000 0.2980 0.2990
C24 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.2073 0.4010 0.3970 0.3990
~25 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1258 0.1500 0.1520 O.ISI()
C26 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1449 0.2000 0.20ID 0.2005
t27 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1148 0.3000 0.3000 0.3000
(:28 J.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1989 0.4010 0.3970 0.399<1
'.~
B-R
APPENDIX: 84
Crump welf without dl\ldm~ \\ ;111 ...

University of StcIJcnh(),~'h Tc ... l '
T_
(~)
11 P t b Q- Q..-
!!.. .... "
(m) (m> (m) (m) (m) (.ria) Cm3/a)
C'i 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.0782 0.0490 0.0501 0.0495
C2 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.0985 0.0719 0.0717 0.0718
C3 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.1305 0.1210 0.1214 0.1212
C4 1.197 l.78O O.nl 0.107 0.1431 0.1500 0.1501 0.1501
C5 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.1629 0.2000 0.2029 0.2015
C6 1.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.1944 0.3000 O.2~71 0.2986
t? l.197 1.780 0.171 0.107 0.2208 0.3990 0.3916 0.3953
('8 0.735 2.242 0.. 171 0.106 0.1618 O.tSOO 0.1507 0.1504
r9
~. 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.1810 0.2010 0.2016 0.2013
K:1O 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.2127 0.3010 0.2985 0.2998 .
tll 0.735 2.242 0.171 0.106 0.2394 0.3990 0.3974 0.3982
lel2 0.479 2.498 0.171 0.107 0.1918 0.2000 0.2024 0.2012
lel3 0.479 2.498 0.171 0.107 0.2210 0.2990 0.2981 0.298ti
CI4 0.479 2.498 0.171 0.107 0.2496 0.3970 0.3956 0.3963
CIS 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1362 0.0698 0.0712 0.0705
CI6 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1514 0.1010 0.1028 0.1019
en 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.1894 0.2000 0.2035 0.2018
1e18 0.479
'.
2,498 0.089 0.107 0.2192 0.3000 0.2972 . 0.2986
r:19 0.479 2.498 0.089 0.107 0.2451 0.3980 0.3970 0.3975
1c20 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1304 0.0807 0.0818 0.0813
t21 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.1488 0.1200 0.1214 0.1207
le22 0.735 2.242 0.089 0,107 0.1783 0.2000 0.2027 0.2014
t23 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.2089 0.3000 0.2975 0.2988
1c24 0.735 2.242 0.089 0.107 0.2350 0.3990 0.3979 0.3985
t25 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1420 0.1500 0.1522 0.1511
t26 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1594 0.2000 0.201.6 0.2008
K::27 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.1897 0.3000 0.2975 0.2988
(:28 1.197 1.780 0.089 0.107 0.2165 0.3990 0.3974 0.3982
B-9
APPENDIX: 85
Thlllplate weir wHh dl \ . Jmg ......llI...

t'nl\'crsity of Slcllcnho..,ch TC:-b
,
Test
N~
'.
(81)
!
'1
(m)
P
em)
t
(m)
Ii
(m)
.Q-
(01)/1)
Q..-
(183/1) ();.)
sal 1.177 1.759 0.()40 0.050 0.0600 0.050 0.051 0.0505
S02 1.177 1.759 U.04U 0.050 0.1110 0.200 0.202 0.2010
503 1.177 1.759 0.040 0.050 0.1350 0.303 0.304 0.3035
S04 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.0700 0.050 0.058 0.054<l
505 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.1260 0.200 0.200 0.2000
506 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.1740 0.400 0.392 0.396<l
S10 1.177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1330 0.201 0.206 0.2035
$11 1.177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1650 0.300 0.297 0.2985
SI2 ).177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1930 0.401 0.393 0.397()
513 1.174 1.761 0.193 0.100 0.1180 0.102 0.104 0.1030
514 1.174 1.761 0.19: 0.100 0.1600 0.202 0.207 0.2045
S15 1.174 1.761 0.193 0.100 0.2190 0.399 0.395 0.3970
~16
~.
1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.1610 0.196 0.199 0.1975
517 1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.1960 0.301 0.301 0.3010
~18 1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.2220 0.400 0.397 0.3985
~19 0.735 2.196 0.050 0.050 0.0690 0.051 0.052 0.0515
1S20 0.735 2.196 0.050 0.050 0.1210 0.201 0.203 0.2020
1s21 0.735 2.196 0.050 0.050 0.1420 0.300 0.299 0.2995
1s22H 0.739 2.196' 0.100 0.050 0.0730 OJ>49 0.050 0.0495
1S23H 0.739 2.196 0.100 0.050 0.1320 0.201 0.201 0.2010
1S24H 0.739 2.l96 0.100 0.050 0.1820 0.400 0.394 0.3970
1525 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.1240 0.100 0.100 0.1000
1526 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.1620 0.200 0.202 0.2010
1527 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.2090 0.399 0.402 0.4005
1528 0.735 2.203 0.100 0.199 0.1960 0.200 0.201 0.2005
1529 0.735 2.203 0.100 0.199 0.2250 0.301 0.301 0.3010
S30 0.735 2.203 0.100 0.199 0.2500 0399 0.397 0.3980
~31 0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.1030 0.099 0.102 0.1005
1532 0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.1430 0.200 0.204 0.2020
~33 0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.2010 0.399 0.397 0.3980
1534 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.1310 0.099 0.099 0.099(J
S35 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.1730 0.199 0.200 0.1995
536 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.2240 0.398 0.393 0.3955
S37 0.740 2.196 0.206 0.201 0.2210 0.197 0.199 0.1980
B-IO
T_ Il l-z. I P 't h Q- Q.. .Q.

(m) (m) I (m) (m) (m) (m's) (mJll) (an)
538 0.740 2.196' 0.206 0.201 0.2520 0.297 0.299 0.298(J
539 0.740 2.196 0.206 0201 0.2750 0.400 0.396 0.3980
S40 0.740 2.196 0.305 0.101 0.1750 0.200 0.201 0.2005
541 0.740 2.196 0.305 0.101 0.2090 0.299 0.301 0.3000
$42 0.7-10 2.196 0.305 0.101 0.1370 0.101 0.103 0.1020
$46 0.496 2.440 OJ)49 0.049 0.0930 0.101 0.102 0.1015
~47 0.496 2.440 0.049 0.049 0.1270 0.200 0.202 0.20Hl
548 0.496 2.440 0.048 0.049 0.1500 0.301 0.300 0.3005
S49 0.495 2.438 0.101 0.050 0.0780 0.050 0.050 0.0500
)50 0.495 2.438 0.101 0.050 0.1370 0.201 0.205 0.2030
.51 0.495 2.438 0.101 0.050 0.1810 0.399 0.398 0.3985
)52 0.493 2.443 0.100 0.100 0.1340 0.100 O.lOl 0.1005
SS3 0.493 2.443 0.100 0.100 0.1670 0.200 0.201 0.2005
SS4 0.493 2.443 0.100 0.100 0.2150 0.401 0.396 0.3985
S55 0.495 2.442 0.099 0.200 0.2190 0.200 0.201 0.2005
S56 0.495 2.442 0.099 0.200 0.2510 0.300 0.301 0.3005
$57 0.495 2.442 0.099 0.200 0.2770 0.398 0.398 0.3980
558 0.495 2.440 0.200 0.049 0.1070 O.lm O.WI 0.1010
~59 0.495 2.440 0.200 0.049 0.1450 0.201 0.202 0.20t5
$60 0.495 2.440 0.200 0.049 (l2020 0.398 0.3% 0.3910
561 0.495 2.442 0.201 0.100 0.1140 0.050 0.050 0.0500
~62 0.495 2.442 0.201 0.100 0.1800 0.200 0.202 0.2010
563 0.495 2.442 0.201 0.100 0.2330 0.399 0.399 0.3990
,
)s4 0.495 2.446 0.199 0.202 0.2380 0.200 0.20! 0.2005
$64F 0.495 2.446 0.199 0.202 0.2390 0.199 0.203 0.2010
~65 0.495 2.446 0,199 0.202 0.2630 0.300 0.298 0.2990
~66 0.495 2.446 0.199 0.202 t O. 'l920. 0.399 0.400 0.3995
R-II
APPENDIX: B6
Thin-plate wClr without dIviding \\alh

University of Stellenbo<'ch TC"b
(~) (~)
TeIt. 11 11 P t b CJ..
(m) (m) (m) em) (m) (mJ/I)
501 1.177 1.759 0.040 0.050 0.0680 0.050 0.052 0.0510
502 1.177 1.759 0.040 0.050 0.1240 0.200 0.198 0.1990
S03 1.177 1.759 0.040 0.050 0.1510 0.298 0.299 0.2985
504 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.0690 0.049 0.050 0.0495
505 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.1310 0.200 0.203 0.2015
~06 1.177 1.759 0.091 0.050 0.1860 0.394 0.388 0.3910
810 1.177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1360 0.201 0.200 0.2005
S11 1.177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1670 0.299 0.300 0.2995"
512 1.177 1.759 0.193 0.050 0.1960 0.402 0.392 0.3970
513 1.174 1.761 0.193 0.100 0.1210, lnn 0.102 0.1010
514 1.174 1.761 0.193 0.100 0.1640 0.200 0.203 0.2015
S15 1.174 1.761 0.193 0.100 0.2220 0.399 0.392 0.3955
Sl6 1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.1670 0.200 0.204 0.2020
517 1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.2000 0.302 0.304 0.3030
SIS 1.174 1.761 0.290 0.103 0.2290 0.400 0.399 0.3995
519 0.740 2.192 0.050 0.050 0.0780 0.051 0.052 0.0515
520 0.740 2.192 0.050 0.050 0.1370 0.201 0.201 0.2010
521 0.740 2.192 0.050 0.050 0.1630 0.297 0.298 0.2975
S22H 0.739 2.196 0.101 0.050 0.0770 0.050 0.051 0.0505
S23H 0.739 2.196 0.101 0.050 0.1410 0.200 0.201 ..0,200,
S24H 0.739 2.196 0.101 0.050 u 1950 0.400 0.399 0.3995
S25 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.1390 0.100 0.103 - 0.1015
526 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.1 '790 0.200 0.203 0.2015
527 0.738 2.198 0.100 0.100 0.2350 0.399 0.398 0.3985
~28 0.736 2.197 0.099 0199
.. 0.2460 0.202 0.204 0.203fJ
S29 0736 2.197 0.099 0.19(~L 0.2790 0.301 0.300 0.3005
--
530
i--.
0.736 2.197 0.099 O. 199! 0.3080 0.400 0.399 0.3995
531
I------~
0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.1050 0.098 0.100 0.099<
~32 0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.1460 0.200 0.200' 02600
533 0.736 2.202 0.205 0.051 0.2050 0.399 0.399 0.3990
1534 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.1400 0.101 0.104 0.1025
535 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.1810 0199 0.201 0.2000
536 0.740 2.196 0.205 0.100 0.2400 0.399 0.396 0.3975
537 0.740 2.196 0.206 0.201 0.2450 0.197 0.200 0.1985
B-I~
T_ Il 11 P t b Q- Q_tir Q.
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m.)/s) (m3/s)
!!S_'~ (m)
... 19l1
07...0 ~-_::,,--
(m)
n.~(16
(m)
0201 02820 0 ..301 (UOO OJ005
--_..-_..._..- 1-----,-- .... ~.
S3lJ 196 02(~() 201 (UI2e) 0.398 0.397 0.3975

-- --O.7W 2.196
S40 0.7"'0 .. _-_.- ()~(lf1 0 lO I 018...0 0.201 0.205 02035
_.'-'-- ...
. . . ._ _ _ _ _eo. . . . . . . . . . eo.- _ . " , , _ . ~ '~-,"",'
-
-_.-.-
S41
S42
0740 1%
0.740
-
.2 19h
O.J()()
O.30tl
0101 02170 0.302 (UlX)
0101 o lJ<>O 0.099 (um
0.3010
0.0990
1--
S46 0.4% ~4.n (lO48 OON 0.1060 0.101 0.102 0.1015
'47 04% :'AB (U)4K (lO49 0.1430 0.201 0.203 0.2020
~8
--- 0.496 2AB 0.048 0.049 0.1690 0..301 0.300 0.3005
:49 0.495 2.438 0.101 0.050 0.0820 0.047 0.049 0.0480
$50 0.495 2438 0.101 0050 0.1460 0.202 0.204 0.20J()
"
$51 .- 0.495 2.438 0.101 0.050 0.2020 0.398 0.395 0.3965
$52 0.495 2.437 0101 OWl 0.1470 0.101 0.102 0.1015
~53 0.495 2.437 0.101 0.101 0.1890 O.lOI 0.203 0.202(
$54 0.495 2437 0.101 0.101 024(10 0.399 0.397 0.3980
[555 0.494 2.446 0.099 0.201 0.2650 0.200 0.202 0.2010
S56 0.494 2.446 O.()99 0.201 O.3()(~) 0.300 0.302 0.3010
557 0.494 2.466 0.099 0.201 0.3280 0.400 0.4001 0.4000
SSG 0.494 2.438 0,200 0 . 049 01100 0.101 0.1021 0.1015
5S9
;60
--~
.
0.494 2.438 0.200 OJJ49 (l1500 0.200 0.202 0.2010
0.494 2.438 (UOO 0.049 0.2090 0.399 0.399 0.3990
;61 0.494 2.438 O.2(x) O.HX) 0.1200 0.050 0.050 O.OSOO
)62 0..494 2.438 0.200 0 100 0.1910 0.202 0.203 0.2025
S63 0.494 2.438 0.200 0.100 0.2510 0.399 0.400 0.3995
S64 0495 2.434 0.199 0201 0.2670 0.199 0.201 0.2000
S65 0.495 2.434 0.1 ')C;~ 0.201 0.3040 0.300 0.301 0.3005
566 0.495 2.434 () 199 0.201 0.3330 0.399 0.400 0.3995
APPENDIXC
APPENDIX: CI
Crump weir with dll'kllna walls tat WMODIls: now confined to low DOtch. Total
data .tel in Appendix 01.
II = 1,597 m 12 =2.408 m p= 0,269 m t = 0.097 m
h. = 0,0633 m
Q = 2)1.~ ( -3 "8.."..
C IH and C~ = 1,163(' _ 0,0003
r'
;
1' \,;.1'
\ h /
Low crest
FInt Iteration
Assume approach velocity in fronl of low nOlch. v I, = 0 m/s initially.
~ H. = h. =0,0633 m
' 0,0003 )1 ~
:. C dl = 1.163 ( 1- == 1.1547
. 0,0633
'") ,{~
and. Q. == ~ J ( Ii x 1.1547 x 1.597 x 0,0633 1

~ == O,0501rn \ / ~
._ ==
9_\
-- __ Q1 =
- - -0,0501
- - - - = 0,0944 m1s
I AI II x(P+h,) 1.597(0,269+0,0633)
C-2
v: (0.0944 ,:
:. H. :: h. + -- :: O.06D + - - .---:: O.0638m
2g 2g
Second Iteration
Repeat with H, = 0.0638m
21~
Q. =.( -) x Ji x 1.1547 x 1.597 x 0.0638 1
~ :; OJlS06m \ I ..
\3
Vi:
0,0506 ::
009<

11
,;I.J"l/ ..
J.597 x (0.269 + 0.0633)
H -_ 006

11 ]
.l. T
. (0.0953): -
006"8
.J 01
2g
If the second ileration gh'es a differenr H, continue unlll H. and QI remain constanr from one
iteration to the next. In this case two iterations were sufficient. For the case where flow is
confined to the low notch O. =Q" .
.'. H, =0.0638m
and. Qo. :: O.OS06m \ is

C-3
APPENDIX: C2
Crump weir with dividing wall~ - t~t WMOD3)S: now over both crests. Total data Jet
in Appmdlx D3.
'2 =3.005 m P =0.103 m t = 0.098 m
Qf/fI =0.120 m'/s h. =0.1133 m

1"he aeaeral formula.
I..ow crest
, ,,
and C dl ::: 1.163 1 - 0.0003 !,
h. )
Flnt ItenUoa
Assume approach velocity in front of low notch. v,. =0 m1s initially.
~ H. =: h. =0.1133 m
0.0003" ~
:. C J1 = 1.l63( 1- ) = 1.1584
0,1133
., , 1 ,
and, QI = .~) jg x 1.1584 x 0.999 x 0.1133 1'

(
::: 0.0752 m'/s
v, ::: ~ =' QI ::: - - -0.0752 _- 0348_') m1s

. -.
AI l,x(P+h,) 0.999<0.103+0.1133)
C-4
\'; , ",' (O.~4821:

,', H :; h + "'-- '= 0./ Lu + -"'---'.' = 0.119.5m
2g 2g
Second Iteration
Repeal wilh H. = O. J 195m
I ~
t,:)
( ')
QI = x Ii. x 1.1584 x 0.999 x 0.1195" == 0.081501 1J ~

",3,
VI::
0,0815 =0..377 lOll!.
0.999 x (0.103 + 0.1133)
H. ~ 0.1133 + <0,3771 ): :: 0.120501

2g
ThIrd and further lteradons
Continue until H. and Q, remain con"'lanl from one I!cralion to the next. After the final
intcralion :
H, = 0.120801
High crest
Assuming a horizontal energy Ime aero"" Ihe widlh of Ihe weir implie~ :
. ( 2 \ r:
:, Q: == -)' "g x U 63 I -
\,3
I "
0.0003"\ J: ( H. -
h: }
l \1 ~
t)
I ,
c-s
funhennore. the assumption was made' dlat the water level in front of the high notch;
h1 ow HI: - t
2 I.~
:. Q z :::: (-)
(
vi x 1.163 \j 1- u..
" t"
0.0003 )U
. x 3.005 x (0,1208 - 0.098)1.
,
= 0.0201m l Is
3 08 - 0.098
=0.0829 + 0,0201 =0.103m.l/s

C-6
APPENDIX: C3
Crump weir with dividinc walls - test WMOD3-3s: flow over both crests, improved
calculation tedmique. Total data set in Appendix D3.
Ql =O,0829mJ/s as determined in Appendix: C2
H I. t
While for test WMOO3-3: - ' = 1.233: -=. =3.008 and- = 0.951
t II P
~ k ... = -1,6465~ + 3,1560

t
=0,0829+ (,3-
2)1.~ (. O,<XXj) ,I'
:. Q,,; "gl,163 .1- "')
0,1 ..08 - 0,098
J
)( 3.005(0.1208 -1.098 + (1.1264)( O,007S)f'
Q<~ = 0.0829 + O,032J :::: 0.1 15m ' Is

C-7
APPENDIX: C4
Thin-plate weir with divid11ll w.lIs tat 820: flow over both crests IMFr disc"'qey
ronnu". Total ct.ta Jet in Appmdlx 04.
" =0.735 m i: =2.196 rn P =0.050 m t = 0.050 m
QIll ::; 0.202 m'/s h, = 0.1207 m
l11e aeaeral fonnua..
J28(.
Q = -2 2g 0.627 + 0.018-
H\j/H/;
"
3 PJ
Flnt lteratioa
Assume approach velocity in front of the low notch. "I. =0 mls initially.
=> H, = h, =0.1207 m
2 0 1'07 \
~( 06'7
I'
... Q1= -v..:.gl . - + 0 .01 8' - . I,x 07""> 7 )..
. _,5x(0.120
f
/, =OJl61 0 m Is
3 \ 0.050 )
"1
.. = QI
= Q1 = --- 0.0610
---- _ " m1~
- 0,486_
AI/I X <P + h,) 0.735<0.050 + 0.1207)
... H , -
- h ,+ .:~ --0. 1'07
_ + (0,4862)) = 0.1 .3'7
_ m
2g 2g
C-8
Stcond Iteration
Repeat with H~ = O.1327m
:2
Q! =-v2g J--(
0.627+0.018 0.1327 .) xO.735 X
v
{O.l327)il ; Is
=O,0708m"
3 . 0.050 }
v = QL = Q, = 0,0708 :.: 05643 m/s

I A I, x(P+h.> O,73~0.050+0,l207) .
H. = 0,1207 + (O,5643)~ = 0.1 369m

2g
ThlnI aDd furtber iterations
Continue until H. and QI remain constant from one iteration to the next. After the final
iteration:
H. = 0.1398m
and. Ql = O,0769m J /s
Assuming a horizonlal energy line in from of the weir implies:
2 r=;=(o
')7 (0.1398-0.050)'Ix2.196x (0.1398-0,050)
:.Q, =-".:.g ,6_ +0.018i
y~ =0.1122m ~ Is
. 3" \ 0,050 + 0.050 )
C-9
DetermlDation of Qu
QI:.:Q, +Q2
: 0.0769 + 0.1122 : 0.189m:l/s

APPENDIX: C5
Thin-plate weir with dividing walls test 520: now over both crests, improved
calculation technique udnglMFT dL'IlCharge formula. Total data set in AppenciJx 1>4.
QI :: O,0769m:4/s as detennincd in Appendix (~4
I
v~ J)~~
~zl H. -t+k"'l~
! ( (
p +( I \ .. g-
,,
1"
While for test S20: ~. = 2.797

t
=* k m = -o,1670~ + 0,7014
t
k", = -0,1670 0,1398 + 0,7014:: 0,2345

0,050
(.l
,'. Q . = 0.0769+ '!:..J2-(O.627 + 0.01 0.1398 -0.050 + (0.2345)( 0.0191) 11
<L 3 g. " 0.050 + 0,050 )j
I,
)( 2.196)( (0.1398 - 0.050+ (0.2345)( O.0191)Y::
QcL = 0,0769 + 0.1209 :: OJ 98m J Is

C-Il
APPENDIX: C6
'fhIn-plaae weir with dividill& wall.. - test S20: now on~r both cresl, DWAF' discharge
formula. Total dablsd in Appendix OS.
II =0,735 m 11 = 2.196 m P = 0.050 m t =0,050 m
h. =0.1207 m
The amenI formula,
v
Q = 1,777 I C p (H +O,OOW:
with.
if %53,4
P \O,fH
C" = 1,145 ( -H+Pl

--I If 3,4 < I~ 5200
C, =0.926 If I}): > 200
Determlnation of H. and Qn.
Low crest
First Iteration
Assume.lpproal'h velocity in from of low notch. VI. =0 m/s initially,

==~ He -= h, =0.1207 m
C-12
and, ~:: ~),/ ~O~ :::: 2... 14 <: 3,4

F 0.050
: ~ .. \ I :~
(H
----- I ;;,: I. 07 157
!
::~ C :: 1.000 + O.ll! - - '- ' =:
0.1207
1.000 + 0.1 l - - -
P1
l H +P 0.1207 + 0.05 )
.'_ QI :::: I. 777,< 0.735 x U)7ltp; (0.1207 + 0.(01) , ;::: (,,0594 mJis
v, :: _0_1 == 01 :: . ~._(_).(_)59~ :::: 0,4736 m/s

. A 11x(P+h,) 0,735<0.050+('.1207)
... H. -_ h, + v~
") -_ () .J "07
_ + (0,47361:
., -- -- O. L)'"~ 1III
-8 -8
Second Iteration
Repeal with H.:: 0.1321m
el"l :: 1.000 + 0.1 / 0.132 I - 1.073<)

to.l321 + 0.05
and. Q1 :: 1.777 x 0.735 x 1,0739 x {OJ3:! J + 0,00 I)' ~ :::: 0,008 1m \ I..,
0,0681
\':::: - . :; 0.5429m ! ...
I 0.735 x (0.050 + OJ 2(7)
Third and further iterat!ons
Continue until H, and QI ren din constant from one ItcratlOn to the next Afler the findl
iteration.
H,::O.1378m
and, QI :: 0,072601 l/ S
C-13
Assuming a horiwnl~j ~n,ri), line In fron. of lhe weir impJj~~ .
'i"
Q~ = 1.7771: C,.: (H. -I +0.(01)'
and, H. - t :: 0.1378 - 0,050 = 0.878 < 3,4

P+t 0.050 + 0,050
H - t " :~ . 0 1'18 - 0 05 )1 24
::::) C I " :: 1.000 + 0.1 1 ( ,I =: i .000 + 0,1 I .' - . = 1,0428
- H - 1+ P + ( ) 0.1378 + 0.05
:. Q. :: 1.777 x 2.196 x 1.0428 x W,I378 - 0.050 + 0.001 Ji 1 == O,1076m \ Is
=0,0726 + 0,1076 =0.18001'is

C-14
APPEI'DIX: C7
Thin-plate weir with d',,"iding "'ails - test S20: now over both cre~ts. improved
calculation technique employing DWAF discharge ronnula, Total data set in Appendix
DS.
Determination of Qct.
QI = O.0726m'/s as detennined in Appendix C6
While for lest 520: ~ =. 2.756

I
H "
::::::) k m =. -0,1599-' + 0.9998
t
0.1378
km =. -0.1599 x +0.9998 =0,5591
0.050
( H,-I+k", v
! 2g
and. C I'~ = 1.000 + 0,1 I I - ( \'
,
~ \
iI H l
-I+k m "
1.,
!+P+I
1
\. \. -g )
..... 0 i O.l378-0.05+0.559IxO,OI71 " "
1000
. . .11 I . ! = 1,0458
\ 0,1378 - 0.05 + 0.5591 x 0.0 171 + 0.05 + U,{JS }
Q,~ :::: 0,0726 + 1,777 x 2.196 x 1.0458(0.1378 - 0.050 + 0.001 + (0,5591 x 0.0171 )): <
= 0.0726+0,1259 = 0.198m 3/s

0-1
APPENDIX: DI
Crump weir with dlvidmg wall~. fl(lW confined 10 low notch. h > O.06m. Calculated values
using the Crump calibration formula and then corrected for systematic reading error
x = O.OO29m in lhe stage measurements
PHYSICAl. Ml:ASt:llED (.:AI.Cll.A n:o \' AI,.rES allUlE<..1ED C.UCUI.ATEl)

rA~ VALl~ VALU~~
"J,~~';J=" ,~:.z ..:. ;..OO~I ." ij.;; ~ .. c;-

WMODIII 1597 24'>1 0.269 (lIN 00636 O~ 006-41 0661 I02(i 0(63) 00631 0051 0657 1013
WMOl'I.h '-597 HOI 0269 0097 OOl~I 0ot!(10fA161 0081 1I1N~ 1007 OOl~5 OOIM nOW ('1!92 1002
W,..OUI" 1 591 140101760097 0063' I\':'~u O0t>44 tHl~1 U6(>.l I O~ 00632 00641 OOSI 0661 IO:!1
WMO[)I.2s 1597 HOIl 01760091 (jOiB OOll(l (JOlIn C,>81 (tll99 101 .. 00150 00169 0081 01196 1009
WMODI3. 159' 2 ~ Q OIlS 009/ 00616 () flY) 0 (l().4() () r'.~ I I) MO 1011 00613 (I OM? OO~ 10M' 1011
wMoml, 1~97 24(11 OOIS 0091 oot~ 00lIO 00876 '..lCI8~ Q'i(H 1021 00126 00173 0081 0900 1016
IWMOD2. II 1 230 2 77) 0 l6Il 0091 00'''11 0 OYl (; O'~~ 0 O~O 0 -n I I 006 0 :JUS 0 m51 () OSO 0168 I 000
I'NM002.2J, I no -: 77) 0173 0091 001"2 0 O~ 0 CI'ifit, () (~) 0 7~: I 001 00739 (] 0753 ODS<> 0 7!..(\ I 002
WMO\)2.~ 1.23027130019 0091 Oims (}O~ 007~ ')O~) 07M 0996 00115 oo,.,? 0.049 0162 0.990
WMOOJl, 0m ) ()()~ (] 2b8 0 ~ (' ~~ 0 (]'\( (j (lll((} 0 O~J 0 11711 (] 9901 (] ()I.C7 (] 0857 0049 0875 0 989
WMOD:\2. 0999 300S 0 I .~ (]09lI ()0I~1 ooe,,; 008611 00'>0 oSB~ 1001 00141 0\Jlll65 0050 0882 1002
WMODl'" (] 999 H.)~ (] 103 0091 0 0100 O~ 0 O!l~ 01;.&1 {} lISI (] 'M9 00797 001131 0047 0 tl48 09.t4
WMOI)4l. 0 lI().4 '\ ~OJ () 10) 0 09ll 0 ()I,\l,> {} O~ {j("J%2 IH... 7 () qal (] 'M6 00912 00958 (] 041 0918 0941
WMOOS2. O~72 1 .H2 0183 0(199 OObn no:< !lO"'S UO!1 OM] 10S1,1 0062-4 00632 (]021 0639 ",-em
"'M005). 0671 'H2 O()q\ O!m 00'>% 002f {)06!c, 0020 0(,::;: 1010 00W3 00613 0020 ')619 ! (Xl.\
WM006z,. 0 ()70 t H1 11; II () 071 OOtJI6 f) 0;' 0 nt;2 (; ()20 0 sn I 02.. 0 0tl13 l) 0619 0020 OIl72 1017
o fi2(} (I 1151 () 'il!(J
orl 1197 I ISO (I !II ()!O? 007~c; (:(1-'11 uono OUc;O u720 I 021 007~~ 00767 oo~ n 717 1015
I 19? I ISO 0171 Olu o (J'i59 i ,p Ol"l% 007' (J\I~~ 1011 O()956 O(i'J!n 0013 0'119 I (XJ6
.-\ VG I." .-\VG 1.001

'11) 0.015 "'11) 0.025
\t.,x 1.0~' ~1-\X 1.052
\U"i o.~ \fl~ 0.941
n 19 n 19
D-2
APPENDIX: D2
Crump weir with dividing wall-.: flow~ confined 10 the low nOleh. complete dala set.
.. ... .at.
PHYSICAL PARMt:TERS MEASUREr> CALClJLATE() VALUES CORRECTED CALCULATED VALUES
ft- ,. 12 P I
VAl.UES
0- R ~ BIt QJQ. II. aJl cwra

(-) (-) (-> .<-l fJIlla) (II) <-'II) ( <-I'
WMODI-Is 1597 ~ 408 0.269 OJ19" O,C)345 002C 00346 0.0201 0.357 l.mS2 0.0342 0.0343 0.0198 0.354 0.9924
WMODI1s I.W? :'40!i 0269 0.097 0.0636 OOSI 0(1641 00510 0661 1.0198 0.0633 0.0638 0.0506 0.657 1.0127
WMODI-ls 15~7 : -lOX 0.269 0097 00858 oms( 00868 0./>806 0.895 1.0075 0.0855 00865 0.0802 0.892 1.0022
WMODt2s 1.597 2 -lOS 0176 009? 003S2 o(12( nOV,4 O.mOM 0365 1J)408 0.0349 0.Q351 0.0206 0.362 1.0277
WMODI2s 1597 :' 408 0176 0.091 00635 nOS{ 0()644 00514 0.664 1.0282 0.0632 0.0641 0.0510 0.661 1.0209
WMODI2s 1 <;'1)7 :' 408 0176 0.097 OOj(5J noS( 00872 OO~11 0899 1.014 0.0850 0.0869 0.0807 0.896 t .009C
WMOD!)s 1 .,97 : -lOli OOl'i5 009. 00360 (J021 00367 ('0219 OHM 1.097~ 0.0351 0.0364 0.0217 0.375 1.083~
.'
WMOD1.h I )97 :' 40~: OOSS 0.\197 00616 nos( 0.0640 (J0509 0.660 1.0181 0.0613 0,(>637 0.0505 0.657 1.01 ()(i
iWMODI.h 1 'iY7 :' ~O;\ (l ()!'\~ 0097 0.0829 0(1{ 00876 0.0817 0903 1.021., 0.0826 0.0873 0.0812 0.900 1.0155
~MO[)z..h I 230 :' 77\ (J 089 0098 0.042.\ O.O2( 00432 0.0217 0.441 I.OS4t 0.0420 0.0429 0.0214 0.438 1.0724
IwMOD2)s I :\0 :; Tn OOS9 0.098 OU718 o OSf. 0.0750 0.{)498 0.766 0.9962 0.0715 0.0747 0.0495 0.762 O.989S
iWMOD22... 1 2\0 ~ 77., (\ 173 0.098 O.OH3 () O:!( 00436 0.0220 0.445 1.1005 0.0430 0,(>434 0.0218 0.442 1.089'
iWMOD12s 1 .no 2 .77 ~ (I 1'1'.\ 0.098 O.07.!2 o05{ 00756 O.O5()4 0.771 1.0078 0.0739 0.0753 0.0501 0.768 1.0017
!WMOD21s I 2~0 277) 0268 009~ 00433 om( O.()435 0.0219 0.444 1.0936 0.04301 0.0432 0.0216 0.441 1.0825
WMOD2-b I 2.~O :; 77.\ 0268 0098 00748 005(J 00755 0.0503 0.771 1.0063 0.0745 0.0752 0.0500 0.768 1.0004
WMOlBls ll~ l{I05 () 268 0098 00473 002(J 0.0475 0.0201 0.485 1.016() 0.0470 0.0412 0.0201 0.482 1.0065
WMODI ... 099'1 3005 02M 0098 00850 005C 00860 0.0497 0.M78 0.9941 0.0847 0.0857 0.0494 0.875 0.9889
WMOD32... om 1.005 cuss 009!:l o ()486 002( 00490 00213 0.500 1.0651 0.0483 0.0487 0.0211 0.497 1.0554
WMO{)32... lllJ9'J 3005 () Iii5 OJl911 00850 005( 0.0868 0.0504 0.885 I.m? 0.0&47 0.0865 0.0501 0.882 1.002
IWMOD33s 0999 3005 0103 OJ)98 00454 0020 00463 00195 0.472 0.9764 0.0451 00460 0.0193 0.469 0.966
IwMOD33s () l)()<) ~.O05 o !O3 0098 00800 OOS( 00834 00475 0.851 09494 0.0797 0.0831 {J.04?2 0.848 0.944
D-3
PHYSICAL PAR~1ETERS '1E,\SURU> CALClJl.ATED VALUES CORRECTED CALCULATED VALVES

VALUES
... a. ....
"c ~
Q. 8 0- M QJQ. QJQ.
rr- . "
(-)
IJ
(-)
P
<-) (-.)
II
~ (1ft) (II) Wit) (II) ..'- -
0.804 .uOO o liB 009@ (10228 O{W)S 0,1)229 OJK)54 0,233 1,(l199 0.0225 Il0226 0.0053 0.230 1.059C
~ OD4-2s
~OD42s OllO4 ~_2(X) 0,110 009~ (HB~2' 001l 0.0.354 0,0105 (U61 1,()474 IJ.(}]49 0.0351 0.0103 0.358 1.034
009~ 0()452 0,()449 O()453
_
(J804 3200 0,183 OOIS ()(~lSfl OOI~U O.4M 1,OBI 0.0152 0.462 1.0131
IWMOD42s
IWMOD42s 08!)4 J2<X) 018.' 0098 on5$~ no:!! n O~t!l () O~(n
---,....''t._.- n'i'ill, 101'4
1---,.,,'
OO:'\W 00145
.-.... _~--_.
0,0201
. 0,556 1,0051
IWM\D~h o K(~I \ 200 (\]0\ 0,098 Ii\; nOll \"\)112 ,.0100 l1.\4'-1 O,995t 0.0335 0.0339 O.lXJ98 0.346 0.982~
WMO[)43s 0804 .UOO 0103 0098 n.os.n (lOl( 0,0556 001% 0546 0.9794 O.{)520 0.0532 0.0194 0,543 0.9709
WMOD43s 0,804 .uoo o liB (lO98 00915 OOS( O,Il962 0041.' 0981 0.9461 0.{)912 0.0958 0.0471 0.978 0.941.
WMOD52s 0,672 .1332 0,183 0.099 0.0245 0005 o 024t; o(KJ50 0.248 1,0073 0.0242 0,0243 0.0049 0.245 0.9892
WMOD5!s 0.672 3.B2 0.110 0099 00401 001( 00404 00107 0.408 1.068 0.0398 0.0401 0.0106 0.405 1.0564
0672 3.H2 0.183 0.099 0.0520 ()ol~ 00525 n.0159 0.530 1.0591 0.0517 0.0522 0.0158 0.527 1.0508
_.-_
WMOD5-1s
WMOD51s
...
WMOD5-3s
0.672
0.672
U'~
.n.n
0.183
O.O9~
0.099
(1.099
0.0627
Om51
002C
O(x)S
OIX~]5
00253
0.0211
Om.B
0,642
o 2~6
1.059-
1.0548
0.0624
0.0248
0.0632
0.0250
0.0210
0.0052
0.639
0.253
1.0519
1.0361
WMOD5-3s 0.672 l.B2 0.093 1.1.099 00188 001( 00W5 oolin 0.399 1.0337 0.0385 0.0392 0.0102 0.396 1.021
\'iMOD5~h 0672 l.Hl 0.09:3 (H199 0.0496 () 015 0.0509 0.0152 0.514 1.0101 0.0493 0.0506 0.0150 0.511 1.000
WMOD5-3s 0072 1'12 o (jq~ 0099 005% (j.il2( 0,(1616 00202 0.6:!2 UH04 0.0593 0.0613 0.0201 0.619 1.002
iWMOD63s 0670 \ H2 0121 0.071 00379 0.01< 00,'10 00099 054(\ 0.9854 0.0376 0.0380 0.0097 0.536 0.973S
Iw'MO[)6)s o o7() \\'2 fll21 0071 00594 002( 00608 00197 0.856 0.987 0.0591 0.060S 0.0196 0.851 0.979S
WMO[)6-2s 0670 1n2 0.211 OOlI 00418 0011 O().' 20 0.0113 0.592 1.0294 0.0415 0.0417 0.0112 0.588 1.018~
WMOD62s
Cl
-- _.
() 070
I lIn
\ '\2
I 7~O
0211
0171
0071
0107
00616
00755
1)()2(
o ()J,9
0,0622
0.0770
OOlOS
O,OS04
0.877
0720
1.0239
1.0206
0.0613
0.0752
0.0619
0.0767
0.02.03
0.0501
0.872
0.717
1.0165
1.0145
...,
:0-.
I I'rl I no 0171 0107 00959 007~ 00986 00731 0.922 1.0104 0.0956 0.0983 0.0728 0.919 1.0056
iAVf. 1.0131 iAVG 1.0143
~"'TD 0.0361 ~ 0.0344
MAX u_~ MAX 1.0892
'MIN 0.9461 MIN 0.9413
N '*2 IN 42
!"o{~f. () (J~.;} I '-, t,.,- I

~~ I~'l~; 1j"'" , --f'-
~ TI " '~(jil.\\\'
----.~---<

't"tJj II r1<-1"1
_ '- t.
:'J..
,
" 1 ."
'-):1. Ii"" I !:::-" ,',:,,,
.'1", I
..-
I \ t 1 [,
_
""",
'~_~
-'"
' It' i ! t ,
__. ~": ' I
I "--~ ~(!~ll!t"J,! ')1 "" i ... '
---.
""'J,I:
-T----
' ~,It.-. ;IJell\'t.. .
fll~h(l \..jJI1r .... '-:It(11 ... \1 '.-,

- '<-
'-
, , I- ,,.I , 'J;
-, i,"i! -\ ''''', ',~I. \'r,l I,1 - \,,/ " ~ l~,.-...
---i---+-- ~\ltJ~\'l\
----
i;:~:fI'[~!!I:~~,""I'J.;:" ",- ;;~"-~~. , -~~

"'=f$":'
P""" ,.", I, ,,,. :~
d' '.",: I,i\II,>' '''' ",,,,
~ '- I ~~ ~ ~
.. )t, I L I , ... I II( ) 1 I X t \ 1,
I""
i _, ,.
','- ...
'.,
- Ii'
.",,,.,
f I - .. '
.. :' ""', . -
.,=+: -
\~I ,~,-laI)lj ~~~ ~,\. ~,~t ),'~1., ~.,,:.t.~ 'fl"'" ~~

__ , t '
h 1(1 I"" ')0
."
,. !"-, l '~::::- _
.... '/,; \:"'1_ I" ,-,
I --
;-1",,\, ~'11(',\'\
to, ~-( J( I ~ '" \\
t"", ..... i' !"' 1( I ~" ,~
'\~h i, !,i-I,r, It liM;' IIr.'t-::.. 1 , t [! ~\~. r, . .-___

1:!)Ii f,t- It "'f~: Ill~'~f"
+---f---t---+--t---r---------1r------t-----
xl,~' I 1~1 Ii If,J{)()I; [1:-:-11 U.-a t) It'!o;'6(j ~6~ \\\ : i i '~"J~ ! i_<: [ Ii l~.J: I '-Pili )! '). 1'-.:!-J. ,.""1 ~: II ,"/'h/1 ',~ ~()(ll\"
161 ~, I 1~(lI}T(/HJ(~li InJ~!j f.../(iO ~,.f,O ~~! If";" II IZIIj 1 ! ! .J .!! !,I,.. . L i j R~ iii. ~ "~~. I ~.h.' \ "" .... 1
).111 t~l" ( ",)111,"
'K)/) (,
I (6 (I SlLO [) b()(~J (J ['I> () 'Jell i I'll, n lie; I .,0 Ij 1</1oi'i1' .')<>1 (1 ,,"Ii" l~'\ ''''!I'' ~"', 'I\~-(_.-)-,+---+_----_t
6kliO HIO StlJO(l(WJtO to,!) IH,O <)()tl SQ!fl S~\I' r-':I',_,IOt... : : lid! SN"L:,_~:..::..._;+_ _+___
'1101 ;:SIO t!-(,W1fl !l;:tO (I.ZO 1(6" "l> I 'Jt!ij 1"',,1(' ,'iZ;'-,' ",In t,:: 1''1 1 SI-,i)"I'::~:
j<)R60 ~II fJ hlOO(J S,LtO {J~C, .:.t6(; p"Z I tIl t; n:"Ii U,jll ,,;,"': nt'').::: !'il: h"'~l!~ ~,\lj;\ ,~ -'i, " : ill I " , "
n~:
-----
" :qr H\ "
,;: :lI' >I, "
{ ,,~ ... ,; ;WH' '"'
(f01 !t<::lolhIOOolt'lto II'iZlllllfll I'll;: II~i" 1!;;l"."'i!ul');i,;lt,Z~I'N,"I~,,,"'h, "!\., ,; '-001' '"'
,!n! II\ln()l(rl"-'{lltlS()~ i't .. 'ZZlHH\"
lll<60 hLIO Ii 1000 ItM () h:u {j I<;u,',' 1:';~ I h.: 1,1",,: ''':'11 I ,. I.. : ',I~":; I'.l',\ "I"'/-.Ii"""'; "h.,; I",; 11'1 ;(/111\"
th60 ",,1 l'~' r,.,~;,,''';\
,,, , --1 \"" '1,<llll"'''
<::860 , I' I:t" 'I :((01''\\
IiI!
I: ,':1" '';1
l\H60 j'" II 'R"i'it~"" 1.. <,,~, ..~:(J()i\"1

190 I '-',: ',,\ i I:'.; !,;",: 1;1 I, .. !" ,"'''I~"tT[,.,)~'!T~~ 1001'"
tTOl IgIOI<::tOOOI'h-toj(LloIO::i\,r j,,;r I;,:;,!" ,4t;:ll"lu,II,lw"I!ltIIL"""i,l<u i-',t:I.I;I"IODI\."
1----+---+'-'----l~--1f---1t--_+,_I,.I_'_ "'f,",'-,'-'-',-'-i!"'"I , ~,1,', 1I! tl lid';) "1'''''' i! j"!}\" ; Ii,,,, ':'l" IClI\"
,I),
i(
\1 t""lt:ll{ I, lu,(';' 1-1.1 1..01' ;:: >1\" ! ii 1~I>' 'i~ inc
9<::01 jt!llol61000!btO ISl<t ill;:IO 1 It,.- !:,I' i',I:,'''t,ll' """i'''''' Iii 1-,"'''I'.I''I~ot;:I-/-')I"; .. /(11'"
kJ~".,t')111_ ;(~IO LI(JO(J 116tll lOt I ,;::01 It 1 1 ,,;::: I 'Dt'- .f', \ ':.10(l1~
I9ii6O t L I 0 <: 100 () 6et 0 ) til U t,z II I , !,t;: i,t., 11\ \\ It
)101 i'~11)!jrwl S,l'(' ''''" '1''~+:':::"_''J:..'.~_' ..,

[Lt,
-- - 'I I\--- I" .,.,
i
'f [(JIll"'!',
r--
1:060 ()II06()(10U<}(llb_iil... ~". i'.. " li"l, "I.",; ". ,t' (j"P.\.
(WI!)
'-0
(WI)
Bt'
1UI
~
-.:>
~ .... 1-0
:i;1(')I~If.H.J
--> (.-)
"II
(1If)
~ -n '1Jf1 I liI1
~
J
I (-, I (-,
. II
(1a)
'I
'ON
.L.QJ.
:fll()I!\IH.):il !\';OUV'LI.)I\ ..-~ II\'\

!\lOll V'l;l,nV,) <l3MHldl\1' (fMVU.... V.lS 1r.-f1'l.1'\'-~ih 'il1:UihK\.1 1\ II .. \lId
'l'.11 ~ \fl"q J."'l\\' '",<lll -'lil' ,\ 5UIPI\Q) l{l'" JI."1" dlll!1J.)
r(1 :XI(JN:lddV
t-(J
"lIr,1(' \I ",\R.\nURs \IL\" lUll , I ......Il .. R (l IMPROVEI> ('AtCVLAnON

\ >,U L' \1 t 'II " rH':-'; HTIISIQl!E
TEST ,. IJ r tip IJIII

fU'IISIQlt:
NO, (a) (a) <a) fa)
WMOD~" O~~~ 'i1~ 00<11 Oi..... I 06~ 49~~ {) 120 01"14 ) Il\~ (} 10i \4'1 O!lll~ (Jl\9~ !I'l1~ O()OQ~ l' 12~ 1041
W"10!l~ \, o(,ry~ \ H~ or.!'n (lil'i<i 1 (It>( 4"~~ () l<n (I 1'22 -:1-:4-:\-:,,+-(7)-:i-:\-::~+--:1-4-:<-:4+-'-I-S-:9-:!lt-r""-l\l-:)-:,~+-(-:)-:7-:(,-:\+-("')-(.-,I-:S'-:'~(j-I<:-.""II--I-("')2-:11-f
!wMOD~h 01\': \ \.\2 o(~n (l(/'.I'I I Ol'l~ 4"~8 n 1-4 n I'll" 1<10, ",<'" ! ~:!'I ()ll"~ 06i\ 01'144 lIOOlll 0 17~ I (j()('
WMOD6:, 0,,701 \<2 n~11 0(1;1 0 n ... ~q71 OO\;\ {titl\M fCli<;"i" '.: :'1 ",--,:(.01 \(.1 '!II~1I il'I'I~
\\OMOI)!,:, ill,iO In.' 0:111" till! l'i" "'l~" ':"/';( i:Hi), .:;'~ 414 ,,9'1 Il~07 l)l'l() OOt.lll om!1J
W:>-1(1)(,:, 0670 lH~ 0211 no-, 0\'1<> 497 0120 Oil4l )1171 (ll!~ 11,<'0 09112 01;2 0111 'IO()()9 0120
W\101)6,2, (1670 11'~ 02!1 (leI OHo -I'n\ 01'.1) 121, ')12'4 i'14S -'1-1 O>l!l/l 02-12 02~1l 01.)()9 OI~O
0'191
O'l-lt
WMOD6-."h 06 j () ) '.'\2 n 1:1 OCt'l 0 ~g! .;Yj'''' OO~i) f11"~1~ i HJ:;~ !,q~C\ ! ~:~ i1"J~~ 0"-77 0 l~J7 00017 007l\- OY74
WMOD6,'. 0670 1l\~ 01:1 oml (l~!!7 ",'n,' 01:0 t'l(l"n'ill'<, \1 1 i',:'" ,...n i,~!,: 0120 OOOIS niP i)<}7<'
o 'IS'
U 'N6
\ !!l' () ~H U 2M () 2-lli I) 0024 (j '00
o "!!' 0 2!!O 0) I ~ 1 0 002 ~ I) \'1' O'N1
Ij 'JX: () ::~ () lr,4 I) 1)I)l!! 0 I~: 1011
I 02'1
11 047~ :41.JS 0 17] tlln~ Otl2~ -.; 21~ IJ~W il~()..\.6 i~tWI O':~-.i ~ot;;.? i j 4-4:-! O~J-3 II (tHo ()('02~ q:Qi), n'lbl';
'1-1 OJ7y ~"\J:lS 01 7 1 UII)"? U6~6 ~2j) O,\4~ tJ"::_\02J2-\9~ o~~ : \\1 \r%~ U2biJ t)l)6~ UIJOI.2 I}\X~ ()'n~
'It> 0479 24qM UOg'll oHJ1 ~i.)h ~~1\ O!u2 iil~lt(JI~2 U;;;'i] \,.,1'\ U~{;"7 u~--t~ li 1 f(t4 !i~.!ll~ iljrY., !11 1 2
0419 14tJS OOl'\l1 0107 2u~ 4:;~1'\ O~O: ul~~2 !IS)t;~ iJl\.~: "tjl jj'jc;l iJ~lS :-~u nl~)~:O; !!~o.. ~ !(Ijl
\\F 1000
I-~TlI OOH
------
\1 \ \ ltlli1
'\11'" O'IJI.
~-- -----
11 XII
D-o
APPENDIX: D'"
Sharp crc"tcd Welf Wllh dl\ldmg \\ alb. now over hoth crests l\:lFf formula,
"IEAst'REI) STASIlARf> IMPROVED CAI.Cl!l.ATION

\ 4.U'ES ('AU'\'L\TION n:CHNIQlfE
nxnslon:
" " P t tIP 1/11
.. (JII) .. .UiN
S1II p' 7~') O\}4(i 00"0 2W I~" Oil<-I orwn lor;~) 0044 I \()O Olio; I!ln 0484 00026 0045 089'>
"'"so: 17? j<.Q O(~O 00<'0 2'\0 14'14 0':1l1 Ullfli )1.\1801'12 2(d" 0'1<.7 027~ 021>1000550201 0'198
SIi' 177 1 .. '1 0 (~O 0 n~o ; 1<,0 I "94 \P(~ 0 1',4"' ,po, (I. P 1 -lin 1 (l,n ,0 I <,~ () L'2 00047 0 J22 1 Q6(
S04 177 7<,9 IHIYI Oo~o 0<'49 1494 00<,,, ,'HlI','n 10724 on<'4 I .loll! 10)7 ,019<' 0460 00012 ()05~ 1024
SO<' 177 I'~Q O(Ni ot,,;/) ('''.N 14<14 o:()) Ol1Q )jH'j "!'II 2717 nO/lit> oJliN 0:48000250201 1(X)4
SOn 17'1 I 7~9 0 OQl (10<,0 f) q? ! 4"4 (j 1% ,,;717 11'+4 1 "'k2 1 SKI> 0 'X,.. 0 347 0052 0 nOl i 0 '84 () 970
Sill p ' 1'7~9 OJ?} 00..002<,914.... ll2!W I'll':' )1"1'1 1"8 2'4' 0'1710907 0243 OOljll 01'19' 097<;1
~l! l~- "'(1 t'tl(J1; nf~':;A\ 02<"11 ... 1)'& P}tl'" {\1ft.J~)!"';{l nli:. t.l.1il 11-.16 !,!~{j~ O!l; nOft(:NtoiO::t-10;1
',I,""':' ,ll~ "~I !", "',:, ;. -L;;;:;rl(iI~'Jr;~ir~!;~:::;=_;~'~t~
Sil 17417"1 0193 OI(XIO~~li I Vii: I)HB CiI177()!2tu f!p.cii ''::Ii) 10Cl! (Ie",,)! 0499 00017 0104 1013
Sl4 174 1'''1 (11''11 lJ llX) O~ll\ 1"''Xi 0205 I) 1"'11, 1'*< o20X ! t.t.<. I !J:~ ,ij'f>8 04;" (J[101Q 0211 1034
SI' 174 I ~,,! OlQI (l i\.) O"\l\ 1 <,(( (j \9'7 ,j ~I!n \:,2(, ,,':I:l c ,2" lo,j 0 <"#', OlD 0(.)41 04;'0 1057
SIt> 174 11>\ n .:"~o n Ill' 0 '<.',,(( G Flli 11.(,7 'If,.r 'll'iX i <'1'1 lonl ,{) 061 I) 4\4 00011 () 200 101 '
SJ7 1741'(>1 029')'lliH (\"~ ~O( otOl "['iF 1:,1:1 O,(~ i'k>: IO(1'J 0211l on" 000;'4 [i,OS 1022
SIS 11" I 'hi 02'-":1 n!(n 0 'H <,(~ () w ":':I~\ 2'D': ,Hf;~ 22" ow, 0 I'!l II nll 0002g 0400 I (}in
S I'I 'J ') H .: l'lf> 0 (1<0 I) (l<(i I \)')0 2 'iKS {j 0"_ (; \It,ll;l 07,:: Ii '~4 1 4l',~ "1\"7 i '00 0 b;'ll () ()'l3<, [i 04ll U'I24
5:0 on, I~' OO<;OOOVi I ,x., 29l\~ (,:02 n:':"')IN~ r'I~'i 27... 7 !J'B: O'.t~ 0214 O()(>-t5 ol9l1 OY!$
S':I 0 ~1" 2 1% 00'\(1 OO.~() I (jon ;: ')s~ (I.'OJ (\ 1~1- ') 11>'" " 2 N ! \'#4 O'llf 0 '1<J 0 I J< 00038 0 287 09~ll
S21H nJW 1% (lIOO\lIlC,OO'o-tI(j 2'17'00..,,007:' Hnq '")4' I\[)(, '1'!16 I ,''X 0""000012 (J()47 1)!,l41
s.:'" ()1W I%O!(J()PU''>(}O<,()[';'i(20101 (I" )141' 01'1\ ':Jl.H O'/<;i; O~I!'l u2211000B 01950 ... 72
51:11 0"9 )~\OIC~.i()O"0\l<;002'l7'OW7'IXn);:0;'0 il'''' 4\141 i)9~b 01410027 DlJO(,., O'lll 09<,9
S2<, (i',S Iilll Oil.] (JIlt; 11K>:} 29'S OHol .JIB/QU2e, 0'19: 1 ':~ 0"21 OJ/)() Ili'll: 0'.}072 0101 1007
-S::;:;-' 0 7 ,)\ I'iS 0 tuo 011(' I co:, 1975 Oc.H n Ibl7 0 177c, 01'"" 1"<' ','175 0180 f}-li15 (1)1)64 0207 I lUI
",., \I flW 19M 0 \IX} 0 !O) I (j()[) e "'Ii () 4PI Ii 2mi') ) 1.\6 '\ 0'71', e Ib' <I 'J4( Q 11,'1 0 \07 I) 00115 0 '% l) 'i'I(]
S:1I (i"" .:eq. Oil)') (,I'{'I I 'Hi.! 29';7 U':OI 01,,<;7 Jel')!; 'l11,1 1$4 <llI,n 11'N 1')'11002610190 0'1.1'
S~l.f o"'!\~ ~ ;0'\ U 11)0 OlW J ~IO :!"-"f! () ~n~ {12:1.i7 Jl~7~ 02--lX ::OJ, u~..:~ i)lJ0.4 Oijtd oo:~o U!9 t , ()Y79
s~n 07l~ :10,~ 0100 U1W I~l :1,1'97 O'''-i)i IJ~~'/7 J~91i Ol~7 14b1 01'iil !)61:"S Of,'i,. no.;":'! 1')4f)1 1008-
S11 U7\(l ~ ~o~ t):;n~ (in:'l 0."::49 :'ltJ~ U lUI (} lP2; 'j H)..;tJ 0041i. ~o<,~ Oll7~ 0'191 !j ;'\]0; qf;C-)X u(r-N (,4XQ
0-7
~U:ASI 'RE[) STI.SlJARJ; IMPROVim CALCUUnON

\'Al.n:S C\U':':'I.ATJOS TECHNIQUE
TECHNIOUf:
~7 0496 24<tO 000&9 O00t9 1000 491ll 02010126 01487 0204 303~ Ion '{),05J 019500043 0,213 1.061
S411 0496 2440 000 0049 UnJ 491903010149 01141 0.114 3756 1044 .{)146 0.014 00025 0.320 1.06l5
549 0495 Z438 0101 oo~ 0495 492~ OOSO 0077 00101 0046 1614 091Cl J09J 0-43200013 0.041 0.9~
S~) 0495 H)t 0101 0050 0495 492 0203 0136701475 0194 295(J 09511 0379 0.209 0.0022 0199 0.9ICl
S51 ()495 201 0.101 OO~:l 0495 492 0399 OllilO7p2006 03~ .1011 O-M 0719 0032 00006 0.360 0.903
5S:! 0493 2 ....3 0100 0100 I (XX) 49SS 0101 0 In7 ~ 1.... 1 0 ()9.4 1 .... 1 093 0416 0611 00071 0.105 L04.l
553 0493 2443 0.100 0 100 10m 4955 0201 0 1667 ~ 1135 01116 1 1l3.S 0921 0419 lD95 00066 0200 0.996
S5.1 0493 2 ....3 0100 0100 I (XY\ 4955 0399 0 214' ~ 2.... ' 0 no ! 4-S1 092Cl 0 3~ 02904 0,0016 0394 0918
556 0495 2 ....2 0.099 0200 2020 .un 0 Xli a.2S07 ~ 2930 0217 I 4M 0956 0.1-41 0651 00275 0349 1.16.l
55? 04952442 0Qll9 0.200 2020 "931 03911l2?6, ~3302 0406 1651 l(Jlll .{)051l 0426 nons 0465 1.169
~~-+~~+:--:'::":+:-=-::+:-~~:':':!I-::-:":"':"'~:---r---:+~-:+'-:-::-::-1-"- -,_._. r--,-.-
55!! 049~ 2440 O:!OO.O{).l9n~4'\ 4929 OWl Oli"': n: " j 01.:., 0102 LOll
'i'9 ()~~~ 24-40 O~OO .'c>W ~.I'\ 4~~~ (;'101 01"'; :j~im 0201 HIS'< u<,;oo,tt, HU66 019100010 0.203 100
S60 049S 1440 0200 () CM,. I) 24S ~ 9~ 0 W7 0 WI ~12n. 0 J911 .I l4] 1 ()O~ -0026 .!) 024 0000 0397 IOOC
561 04~S l'i2 0201 OJ(~ 0491 ~91 OOSO OlD ~)lIM 0047 11M 09J(i 120ll OS01 OOO!S 000 096
562 0495 :':1<42 0201 0100 04911 49) 0201 (/179 0 IIltl 0196 I 881 097<) 0175 0 )111 00033 010'3 IOIC
56.' 0495220201 OWO 0498 49). Ol9'9 OH1, ~14;9 Onll 2419 1194 OSI5 02117 OOOot4 OJ90 097fi
049516019901011015019410201 O:B7,~15311 ()1~5 11~ 01111 0967 0905001460'99 0991
0495 260199 0101, 1.OI~ 4941 0101 o 13t1. 0154" 0118 J 161 on.. oas? 0898 00146 OZ02 1.00tJ
SM 0495 260199 (12tH ; lil~149-C1 0299 0262 nli2tl 0248 101()(} 0129 1214 onl 0014' 0278 092'J
S66 O~95 1446 0199 02tU lfl\5 .&lUl O~ O~l 03170 ti.49 I~ DIn.. 0119 0524 nOD2 0381 0.95
,4 VE 1.951 IA VE I ....
nn .-51 ISTn ....
MAX u.... MAX U"
MIN .. MiN' .t:ifl
n 61 D ~1
DX
APPENDIX: D5
Sharp crested weir wIth dl\ldmg waJls; now ovcr horh crcsh. D\VAF fomluJa.
PHYSIC.'. PUlMFTI'K." Mf.ASI'RUl STAN()AKll IMPROVED CALCU1.AnON

VAU'f-'ii C.lt.U:l'I.A nON n:CHNIQIJt:
TECH~IOUF.
IIj I 7W (\ (.... 1 (j O~{) 049 I 49-4 (1'% (\ I1 t j ) 1911\ (j t!,>" '8~ I) 9t2 () 716 0 UO 0 OllH (\ J8S 0913
510 I"n 17S90I'nOO:-O(!2~9149-4{}~)4OIU7)lnii Ol'i~ 2740 o't~ ,424 O~2 0002 0198 0973
Sil
SI2
SI.l 174 1 7!'>1 01'1, \) 1f.1 (I ~l!l ! \(( "lOt 0 liT'" lYN (\ 102 120"1 ()992 (\ l~ O~06 oom 0104 I (JOll
514 174 171>1 0191 OlOnn~lll !'\.(l( (\20~ Ol~'n 111...,1 ,;Zi)4 IN" )(0 IH1l7 0734 O()O~ H210 10'8
Sl~ 174Ij6101'n(\ltln(\11111'\.(.:ON'o~I~'j':1.20
O-Uj\ 2120 lrll,\()':.490629 OOOS 04181052
51!'> n4 I "61 0:'90 0 It" (I t'\~ I so: Ii 1'I1i "l(,(n j !t>4'\ 0194 I '\9~ 09li4 07U2 0744 0 IX)) !) l'Jll 1000
5P I 174 I 761 O~) 0 llH 01'\'\ I \(X 0 \(ll 0 19'\7 ) ,:;Olli 0 ':Qll I 9'\9 09fl'l () 3S4 0687 0004 0304 I 010
SIt! 0974 0727 01:>4.3 OIXl:" 0"196 0997
Sl9 o II~!! I tl7 () 'JO'j () OO~ !{) 04'1 () 'l~28
S20
S~I OB'\ : I*' on~l nn~o IOUl 2'ntl OX.-J 0141' ) l"'~l ():~~ ; 102
.~+---t--o:--+--,..--,t--::-:-:,+-,-:-:--+-C-.,..,..."-+---+-::-:-:-:-f
52"H 07.W:I%Olt.. !".,~,;n~oo:qi'_O':OI 01'1')1414 OI~K 2~2~ ()'f\.t ,,72. Oql\ Of)()<j'i!'f8 0984
51HI Ii 7'9 .: l~, 0100 0 n~o n ~no 2 'f~2 () w' 0 PIP; 20(lf> \I tM 4 !)l2 "'i2~ (>t,20 Il 441) 0 mM I'; .88 0 'J78
SZ" o}"'f!I ::14H.OJiJOOlnO It()i)2':'1~0401 u~o~ ... 12\1~ iJ\t)(J :ll~ Ut\Y~ Ut)lI4 Of'.l~{) ljilU:: i4: o (j4.X)
S~M ojl~~~(nOlOOO!~i!~.l1W~021H u!{,ti7J21 1 - Ul~-t ll~i'; O;(X) IMlh I~(~ !)!H2j lS4i)Q-1~~
t::-::---it-::-:-:+:--:-7-:+--:.-ir--:--+:- -+::-:--:ir-::-:+--::-:~t-:_:_:,__t-:_:_:+_-:_:1-.__,,_,:_:f- +_-_1>---_::_... __::-+_-__f
S2'." 0-1':;: ~~,.~ 011.1 i) i'N !lj'i,JO ~t,I4.n 0 1,01 1i2~~:I:"'H~ 0 '"\' .::-, ~; ... "1 i .;2C; I Il.j~ l.IjJl" :',~i-J !J9f-,OJ
4 ',;;; Ii I5U 1 I I! ~ ~ ,j 'J"" <; '" i -; c.
i ~ '\ i ~J - I ;. i :lII1]
'14 Iii]! 1
sn '1"1'1 l; j'::,li 'J -1--111 ;I:"f, I ti~()
1)..,..i\\:I~~()~J~Il';illl'n\'-.1!'\.~ _'w}~nlt'-N ll!\ll-:' ,il;~': l;f~': ,~, ;l'~"2 ~q: ,-',,\<::. 'Il-:~~:"'J'" i'j'"
t---+-:--+--+--+-_+-_+-~-_+---I--+-_+-.-~-_I_-_+--.-r___--L-c__t__:_c_i
S;" O~,l\j:; 1 I"HI jj~flC, lIlLI', ll.1~S 2 )hK 02i,.; \i 1'"7,~-' . .ll~{lf) :,1 jlJ'" ~I,.I ;1~J:;i !J~,)f) {j"'l~ (jlJ(!" i :'1', I ',i,'~
.----Ir------I
il-T.~l' 'l'~~ q '::Llf\ Cj ~-"Ul q"~'-'fl "-.l-t'I~ (I :<.,lX 1; ~"'I~ ~! 16 ! ! 1-1 "Ii]';
II ~.11i ~ J'JI, II ~(It) I) ;(11 il !J"',.., ~ ~"t'J;~~ -,_"c::,'..,~.=.-t-'c::~~-"-~-.'~,-,-\-\,~.f---+,..-,,-+--,-,-,<-1,.......!-.-'-,"+-,-,-'I-"--!+-I-,-\)-1.-,+--,-"-,~\I-'J-~--l-I ..

0-9
.. .' .
?lU:ASI 'kF.n
...
pttl'SteAL PAkMtCITk"i
SUNDARD . 'M"OVFCA.
, .....
\AU.:... . C\UTIATION TECHNIQUE
.....
TECHNIOlJE
~~j
\ " " ..:...6.

t. fir .... Q.
" '
"Go
.... _i., f1&t ~ .f:!e !.. .... .. , >,. .
1541 o
0740 2196 J(j~ 0101 () ,l~1 29611 o:~ 02011 02153 0293 2 I J2 097~ 05~lJ 0.659 00lM 0,301 L~
50&2 07.&0 21% Q~ 0101 OHI 29611 ;) 102 0136, ~ l:W1 0101 1377 0991 0326 0780 0,002 0,103 1.01
~ 04% 2...0 0049 0049 1(0) 4 91~ 0102 00927 ~ Hl30 00119 2102 0879 0.726 0,664 0007 0.100 0,99(1
S47 04% 2.uo 0049 00019 1(0) 4 91~ 0201 01267 ~ 14~9 0192 29111 09S7 0208 0524 0010 0,21S 106'l
~tl 04% 2..-0 00411 0049 1021 4 91~ 0301 0149 P 1759 o Jl!O J590 0931 0313 0440 0012 0309 I,O~
~9 0495 2 A,311 0101 o O'I() 00195 A 925 OOSQ oon p 0lI07 0046 16101 092<4 l00t7 07012 0002 0,049 0976
S~ OA95 2A31 0101 o ()!,Q OA95 4 92~ o :a.H o D6 D 10171 0191 29.&2 o'U(] O.SoIO 0529 0006 02GJ 09911
551 OA95 143M 0101 o OS/) OA~ 0192 0399 o IllOl I) 1992 O~8 l QI.oI 0111. 0971 o AoIO 0001 0370 0928
SJ2 0 ..93 2 ...3 0100 0100 I <n:l "9~. 0101 OIB P 10131 ocm 1"37 092(J 0553 0972 0010 <lIm 1,064
~n 0.93 2"') 0100 0100 1000 "9S~ 0201 0166 l) 1125 0111 1125 0901 0621 07QI 0011 0203 101.
S~ 00193 2"'3 0100 0100 1000 4~. om 0.21" 020112 o JS) 2412 o Ill; 063. 06/4 0016 0.391 0,99
fS55 0495 2"'1 0099 0200 2020 "9B 0202 02111 o 2A6-I 0161 1232 010, 0.A2 12..~9 0035 0220 10924
~...., 0,<4~ 2442 0099 0200 2020 4931 0)01 O!~ nzt10 0263 105 01701 0499 0915 0035 03)9 I !27fo
~'1"1 0495 2 ...1 0099 0200 2020 4933 0)91 0276 03201 0363 160-& 09/2 0325 074.3 003) 0 ...5 1.1/
is'll 00195 2 AoIO 0200 OQool9 020 01929 o IOJ 0106 01091 0099 ....,..,_.......,
~
09113 0"28 OM-l 0002 0/02 1011
1S59 00195 24.10 0200 000t9 OZ0l5 .. 929 0202 01447 01491 0197 .~ OS5 (1978 0417 0511 0003 0203 100
560 00195 2440 0200 00019 o 2A5 01929 om 0201 021:2- () .\89 ".ns 09111 02.5' (J oU/) 0005 0403 101~
1561 0495 2"'! 0201 0100 0"98 .. 9)] OlBCi' Oln, o tl65 0047 / ltl'! 0932 1310 0114 0002 0049 0,91
562 00195 2"'2 OWL 0100 0498 49:B 0201 o 11'iI1 01179 0192 1179 095. 0522 0699 0006 0204 101
563 00195 2 ...2 0201 ('; 100 om .. 9) om 02321 02"12 0369 1472 0915 0178 0605 Olm 0392 098.
S604 00195 ;; 4-46 o !9",i 0,202 lOIS .. 9011 0201 o ,:!317 OIS)I 0171 12.H o,~ 1199 1230 0019 0202 looU
S604F 0495 20146 0/99 02()2 /01'1 .. <UI o 2()1 023. ~ 25.a:! oln 1258 (} 1163 ! ()IS 1221 0019 0.205 1017!
565 OA9' 2446 0199 0202 lOIS A 9.&1 om 02tl27 ~21118 o 24! I W~ 0106 1"5 1031 0020 <J280 0,937.
o.wo
S66 0495 24-46 Ol~ 0202 1015 49.a1 02911 ~}JI ~5 0338 1562
Ave t.m
!tID
0 .....
.l'SI
1086 (j 797 0019 0382 09564
Ave
STD
.....
....u
MIN t.'" MIN '.911
MAX
"
"'I~
.. M.... x
n
1.121
61
APPENDIXE
E-I
APPENDIX: El
Crump w~r without dividing walls test WMOD3ls. Totlll data set in Appendb F2.
I. ::: 0,999 m P=O,268 m t::: 0,098 m
h. = 0.1 129 m
1'he ...... rormula.
Q =.3
2)I.S J8C.. 1H'~ (
00003 ')l ~
and C, = l.l63 1- h ~)
(
Assuming horizontal water surface and total energy line across the width of the weir. This
implies:
First Iteration
Assume approach velocity in front of the entire weir, v~. =0 m1s initially.
E-2
:. C,u = 1.163 ( 1 -0,0003

---
)U = U584 and Cd' = 1.163.1(. - O,0003)U
, = 1,1281
0,1129 . ' . 0,1129 - 0,098
and, Q" ="3

2 )l,~
Ii. x 1,1584 x 0.999 x 0.1129 1
.+ (~'.., )1 \.Ji, x 1,1281 x 3,005 x (0,1129 - Ot098f'~
\
(
:: 0,0748 + 0,0105 =0.0854m3/s

v ~ Q... :: Q". = 0.0854 =0,05597 m1s
~ A (1.+1 1 )x(P+h.) (0.999+ 3.005) x (0.268+ 0.1 129)
. H
. .::
h + v::: 0...
2g
11"9 + (0,05597)1:: 0 1111
2g
,.In
Repeat with H x = O,I131m
Qu =( -2)I.S
3
.Ji, x 1.1584 x 0.999 x 0.113)' s + ("~ '{5
,31
I ..fi x 1,1281 x 3.005 x (0.1131- 0.0(8)1.5
=0,0750 + 0,0101 =O,0851m"/s

Q.~ Q", 0,0857
v = -' =. = = 0.0562 mls
A (II +/:)x(P+h.) (0,999+ 3,(05) x (0,268 + 0.1 129)
H. = h, + v: =0.1 129+ (0.0562)1

2g 2g
=O,l13)m
E-3
ThJrd and further iteratJJOII5
Continue until H~ and Qc~ remain constant from onc itcration to the next. After the final
iteratioo :
Hll =O.1131m
E-4
APPENDIX: E2
Crump weir without dlvldiftl walls test WMOD3ls: improved diKharge calculation
technique. Total dala set In Appendix Fl.
H. = 0.1 13!m as derennined in Appendix: El.
While fonest WMOD3-l: H, = 1.154

t
~ -AM =-0,0132-'
H
+ 0.0304
H. t
Mf = -0 0132 0.1131 + 0 0304

0,1131 0,098
&Ii =0.00 17m
:. Q AH =( t')1.5 Ji 1,1584 xO.999(0.1131-0.00I7)u

,.., ,I
l.:3::)
<
+ Jg 1.128 I x 3,{X}5(0.1 131 - 0.098 - 0.0(17)'
Q~ = 0.0733 + 0.0089 = 0.0823 m 1/S

E-5
APPENDIX: E3
ThiD-piale. weir without divtdinl walls -lest S37: discharge calculated with the IMFT
formula. 'Total data lid in Appmdlx 1-3.
II =0.740 m P=O.206m 1=0.201 m
h. = 0.2441 m
Q=~3 Vrfi!
*5l O.627+0.018~P J)/H/1
Assuming horizontal water surf3(.'C and total energy line across the width of the weir. This
implies:
2 M-::( . H) 1/ 2 M:( H - (1 .1/

Q cx = -v2g 0.627 + 0.018-~ Ii H/~ + -v2gt.o.627 + 0.018--'-)1 1 (H, - t)'1
3 \ P 3, P+t
First Iteration
Assume approach velocity in front of the entire weir,v h = 0 mls initially.
~ H. = h, =0.2447 m
E-6
v.?
... Q... -- 3 ""1/- x 0 ..,.., (.
Pig; .. 0.2447 0740
.6_, + }JH8 x -0.206 . (0'447)"
X._
2 Fe ( (0.2447 - 0.201J'1 )}o;

3 \
,
+ .- x "1/ 2g xi 0.627 + 0.018 x,.
, 0.2447 + 0.206
...)
x 2.196 x {O.2447 - 0,20 I .
= 0.1715 + 0.0372 = 0.20R8 m'/s
\' =Q u =: Qu = 0.2088 =: 0.1578 mls

A (I, +12XP+h.) (0.740 x 2.1 96}{0.206 + 0.2447)
+ (O.1578)~ --0'460
l
. H -.+
.. -h v. -
-02447
. .... m
2g 2g
Repeat with H. = 0.246Om
Q", 2
="j.fii x ( 0.627+0.018 0.246)0
.740 x (O.2460)X
0 206
,,( t(P46-0 "01 'I'

+ =-Jfi
3
x lO.627 +0.0181 -'- ...))12.196 x (0.2460 - O.201)~
\ 0.206 + 0.201
= 0.1729 + 0,0389 =: 0.2118 m'/s
v. =_Q,~::-.. Q" = 0.2118 =0.1601mJs

A \i; + l;:)(P + hi) (0.740 x 2.196)(0.206 + 0.2447)
H , =h , + v,: :')')447
, 2g
1,_ + (O,l60n:
2g
=....
01460 m
E-7
Third and further iterations
Continue until H~ and Q,. remain constant from one iteration to the next. After the final
iteration :
H. =0,2460111
and, On = 0.212m~/s
E-8
APPENDIX: E4
'Jbin.plate weir without dividing walls test S37: discharge calculated with imprond
technique uslnllMFr discharge formula. Total data set In Appendix FJ.
DetermInation of QAK
H. =0.246Om a.~ detennined in Appendix .:3.
While for tcst S37: H, = 1.224

t
AH H
~ -::: -0.0046-' +0.0161
H, t
Mf ::: -0.0046 0.2460 +0.0161

0.2460 0.10) 0
aH::: O.OO26m
2 r:;::( (0 2460 - 0 (026) '\

:. QAH =-v2glo.627 + 0.018 I x 0.740 x (0.2460 - O,(X)26)'"
1/
3 0.206 )
., ~ (O')460-00(P6-0 J Ol)\\ l'
+=-v2g 0.627+0.0181'- . - .- )1)X2.196X(O,2460-0.0026-0.201)l~
3 \ 0.206 + 0.201 ,
Q"'H :: 0.1702 + 0.0357 = 0.2059 m 1/s

E-9
APPENDIX: ES
Thln"plate weir without dividinc walls .. test 537: dlsc::herge calculated with OWAF
ronnulL "Total cia... sd in Apptnd~x F4.
II =O,740m P =0.206 m t =0.201 m
h. = 0,2447 m
The .-raJ formula,
Q == 1,777 I C,. (H + OJ)()!)):
with,
4
H )1.1
C" = 1.()()()+O,ll--.
(
,H+P
if % S; 3.4
P )0/19
C
,
~ 1145 - _
(
..
H +P
if 3.4 < %S 200
c, = 0.926 if %>200
Determination of 8 11 and Qn
Assuming horizontal water surface and total energy line across thl; width of the weir. This
implies:
and, hi =h~: h~ =h, - t

E-IO
FIrst IIeriIUon
Assume approach ~Iocity in front of the entire weir. v,.. = 0 mls initially.
~....... H 0.2447 = 1188 < 3.4

auu. P 0.206 '
H 1,2.
02447 >. I '.
= C,\ :I: 1.000 + 0.1 I . H. + P )

(
)
= 1.000 + 0,1 I( . )
,0.2447 + 0.206
= 1,0516
_ ( . H. - ( i:. _ ( 0.2447 _ 0,20 I ) 1.2.

and. C,. - 1,000 + 0,11 -(_ . ) . J. - 1.000 + O.lll
H. _. t + (P + t) ,0,2447 + 0,206
:= 1,0061
... QC& =1,717)( 0.740 x 1,0516 x (0,2447 + OJ)OI)u

+ 1,777 x 2.196 x 1,0061 x (0,2447 -0.201 + O,OOlt~
=0.1684 + 0,0371 =0.2055 ml/s

v, = Q =( \ Q".
n
i = 0.2055 == 0 .L551- m/s
A ). +1]}\P+h,> (0,740 x 2,196)(0,206 + 0.2447}
:. H, = h. + -
v: =0.2447 +
(0.1553)2
= O.2459m
2g 2g
E-il
Second Iteration
Repeat with H" =0,245901

. "' 0.2459 \ I :4
C 1'1 = 1.000 + 0.1 It I = 1.0517
0.2459 + 0.206 j
and C = I 000 + 0 1 It' 0,2459 - 0.20 I ) U4 = 1.0063

1'1' 0.2459 + 0.206
QCJ< = 1.777 x 0.740 x 1.0511 x (0.2459 + O.OOlt'
+ 1.7n x 2.1 96 x 1.0063 x ( 0.2459 - 0.2U I + 0.00 I)! .'
=O. 1697 + 0.0387 :; 0.2083 O1"s

v = Q fll = Qn = 0,2083 = 0.1574 m/s
l A (11+ Jl)<P+h.) (0.740 x 2.1 96}<o.206 +0.2447)
H = h + v~ = 0 2447 + (0.1574)1 = 0 246001

.. 2 g ' 2g
Tbird aad further Uerations
Continue until H Il and QClI remaQn constant from one iteration to the next. After the final
iteration:
H Il =0.246Om
and, QCIl =O.209m'/s

E-12
APPENDIX: E6
ThIII-pillte weir without dividlnc walls - t~t S37: discharge aftlcuJated with improved
tedulique UIia& DWAF' dbdtarxe formula. Total data set in Appendix F4.
H~ :: 0.246Om as detennined in Appendix ES.
While for test 537: H, =1.224

c
illi H
~ - = -0,0091-* + 0.0173
H. t
Mf = -Q.0091 0,2460 +0.0173
0.2460 0.201
L\H = 0.0015m
H. - .&H) U~
C '" = 1.000 + 0.11 ( H. - AH + P)
I
= 1.000 + 0.11( 0.2460 - O.CO 15 rl~

\ 0.2460 - 0.0015 + 0.206 )
; :; 1.0516
H - ~H - t II J~
C p' = LOOO + 0.11 ( ( ') I
- \ H. - ~H - t + (P + t)
;;:; 1.000 + 0.11(":J2460 - 0,0015 - 0.201 )IJ~

\,0.2460 - 0.0015 + 0.206
; :; 1.0061
E-13
.'. QAH = 1,777 x 0,740 x 1,0516{O.2460 - 0.0015 + 0,001)1.5

+ I,7n)( 2,196 x Ul061(0.2460 - 0.201- 0,0015 + 0.(01)1.5
Q... :::: 0,1682 +0,0368 = O,20SOm)/s

APPF~IXF
F-1
APPENDIX: Fl
Crump weir without dlvidmg walls; flows confined to the 1m.. notch. Standard as well as
improved calculation techniques.
m,nAm
... ... . ....' .... ... ,.~'OV~CA~;.J
PHYSICAL MF.ASntt:D
PAItAMETI1.. ",\IXF.-o CAIXl1.A11ON TECHNIQlJE
..... TE<'"HNIOlJE
".' f;,
'tIf:
IWMOOIh 1 WI 2 .. 16 OYJ9 009
p,
"",.t:>
0020
,'"
ooJ:W JJ OJS6
'1It. q. "'if
tit' ....~i_"
0021
~"
O,~7 11)'11 QO,l27

"'.," .... ~..':
00172 0<X)06
"w..-'" t"
0020 1024
iWMO{)lh 1m 2 .. 16 0269 00'1' O(J1(l o11M I 0060'2 OO~I 0662 102, 00141' 00172 00011 OO~ 0996
IWMOOIh 1m 2 "II> 0269 0097 0010 O0l1~ ~0I76 00112 Il'im 1021 OO13~ 00172 00015 00110 0994
WMODI2, 1m 2"16 o I1tl 0091 0020 GOU ~03~J 0021 o,~,. ! tnl 002"9 00172 00006 0020 1.012
IWMOOIb 1597 2 "6 o I1I'! 0097 O~ 00606(: ~ 06012 OO~I OMI I 02 00 ....1 00172 00011 0,050 0996
'WMOOI,l. I ~91 2416 0116 0097 at*) 00l7~ 00817 00112 09(W 102 001:'00 00172 00015 0.080 0997
IWMOOI3l 1597 2-416 0015 OOY7 0020 o O).a~ ~OJ.46 0(21) 0351 J(~ nOCJlS 00172 00006 0020 0910
'WMOOI.h I ~97 2 ... 6 OOl~ 0097 0050 OOl'!l'l QOMt 0051 OMl 1025 I) 0163 00172 o (Xl'! I oo~ 0999
IWMOOI-Js I ,597 2 .. 16 non 0091 o l)lj(l (JOlt?l 11ll!n OOJit2 n~14 I O~ OOI~1 00172 00015 0010 0997
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(JIB 0091l 0010 IJ \W35
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) i',~
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0051 07111
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oo~
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1000
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DOlO
~::"
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[WMO~'2" OIll\4 ~ 200 01113 0098 0015 oo.u~ (} ()'u9 0015 04~li 100 00012 oOln o OOOg 0015 0976
rwMOU--..L2~ 08Q.4 noo o liB 0098 0020 00551 00551 0020 ll'it>3 1023 00i53 00172 o (j()lJ9 OO:!O 0997
IWt..'OO.&.3. OllO.& 3 :!OO 0103 0098 (lOlU 003.. ) 0".7 0010 Q',H I o! ~ () OI:!O OO17~ 00006 !.lOHl 099:.'
,
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WMODS:.', Ob?:! '\ \\:! 0110 Oll9'l 0005 oo~~ ~():!~ OOOS f) ~J7 099~ -OOOls o Ol7~ () llOO4 (j O(]5 o lJ~2
WMOD~-~, 06n n3~ o nn 0099 0010 O(WJ6 ~(\.ltJ6 0011 ,: ';10 1079 o 1;4~2 o uP:.' o con 0011 10"1
,WM()()5-2s Ob71 3<32 o lilt 0099 0015 () 051 00511 0016 (1 .5::~ 1036 0023:.' 00172 00009 () 01 ~ I (J09
[WMom-2' 0672 nl~ OlIn OO'~ 0020 006$ l06,,, o O:!I 0/>\7 I \.7 () (}~()O 00172 00011 0020 1020
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WMOD<;-), o t,~~ nl~ 009\ OIl9'l 0010 OOW\ ) O~\t.), o (}IO n "\97 1$27 () O17i! () ()17~ ooom OOIU 1001
W\!ODs-1, 01>72 \ .~3:.' () 09\ 009<J 0015 {)O<;lt ) Os \/, o (Jlt- 'J C,:!2 I03.t fI ()~ I~ () Oi7:.' O()()()'I 0015 1 ,>I ,
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--
,VON
F-2
PHYSICAl. MEASURED
PAaAMETEaS \',,"LUES
1.001
0,973
0.967
0.991
1.014
0.993
AVG 1M.
STD
41

F-1
APPENDIX: F2
Crump weir without dividing \\~dh, flow over ~dl crest.., Sta:ldard as well as improved
calculation techniques,
PHYSICAL Mf:ASUlED STA!Io'DA!lD IMPIlOVro CAIULA.nON
... . ... .... " . - ~'.

'A IlUU:TF.JlS \'AUiF.'i CAI..etJl..ATION D:CHNIQVE
,... n:c
......
WMODIh
Ie
tilt
15en
... .... ...
HIt> 0269 009
I' t ~.
Ol~
Ill.
011011 01112
a. 0-
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':
I O~~
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... ,' . "
00'S3 0.0017 0121 Icmt
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WMQOI;U IYl7 :' ~16 0176 009 0120 01\0 OIID 0125 1 1.11 104 001111 00152 00011 0121 100II
WMOIJ\2... 1597 HI6 () 116 009, 0150 01222 o 1:U1 Ol~ 1269 I(W(J 00111 OOI.16 00017 0151 j()l)Cj
WMOOI-2. 1597 2416 0176 009 () 177 01:101 01119 01112 I J60 1029 001'1 0.0124 00016 0171 1001
WMOOI'. 1597 2 .. 16 O<MS 0091 0120 01011 01101 () 1:~ I IU Ion 00010 0015'" 00011 01111 09tlo4
WMOOI'. 1591 2. 416 C n 1)9 ,,*,q Ol~ Ol~ 01212 ,) IB 12M 1023 00104 001311 00011 01-49 099
..
WMODI-'. 1597 2416 0085 009 0117 0118 o LlO9 011<; I J~ 1011 00055 00126 00016 017-4 098
WMOO2-:h 1 2~) 2192 OOll9 00'9ll 0080 () 102'l ') 10'5 noe, 1056 ! 016 0016, 00165 00017 0080 1000
WMOD2-'. 12~ 2192 ()~ 009t 0120 0121 0122" 0125 12..9 100&0 OOltJO 00139 00017 0121 1004
!'A'MOl)2-h I ~J(} 2792 o f.lll9 00911 Ol~ o nil I D26 0151 I 3H 1011 00073 00125 00011 01411 09845
WMOD2-l. U30 2791 O~ 00911 0117 o IJ'~ 01<104 0176 I~H owz -0002" 00\15 00016 0111 09M
,
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WMom2. I 230 2792 017, 00911 (j ; '\0 o i:l2 ) lH~ o 1~5 1'162 10,,", OOD2 00124 00017 o ISO 1003
WM()ln .. h I 2)0 2792 o P3 00911 o li7 Olo4Oll 01411> (} 11iO 1 ....5 101" 00061 0011' OiXll6 0175 098
!'A'M002!s 1230 :1. 792 0268 00911 00110 (} IO~ 01036 lJJ83 1057 10311 o (lIB 00164 00017 OOW 100
M1MOD2!& Il~ 27'11 0268 00911 0120 o 121~ 01222 01::.. 1247 1036 00136 00139 00017 0120 1000
r,wM002-t. 12lO 2192 02Nl 0098 01'0 0lH4 01339 01506 1366 104.< 00162 OOI2~ ooon o 1~j 10le
!'A'M002-h IHO :2 79.:! 0268 0098 0177 0140 01408 0177 l.en 1000 -00003 00114 00016 0172 o 97~
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!WMO()3-I. 0999 3005 02~ 00911 0120 Ol~ 01297 I) 12~ I 324 i 04~ 00156 00129 () (Jon o I ~I 10()';
!WMOD)I, 0999 , ()O~ 0268 Of/'ll! (1150 0139 01402 \)155 Ino I 03. OOII~ () 011 ~ OCIOil> o I ~o I no(
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" i;.{~ ! lj2~
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I
! i.lOX
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_.
WMOD3-2, 0999 , 005
W",OD' J, 09'19 3 OO~
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o II~ I
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o Oll~
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o 021~
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q I) I ~2
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I
!
q()~
11If)
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-
"'\'-;; t j I ~f; ,) i.J47
F-4
P..YSIC4.L ..n:-\SIRE1) sr"'UARI> lMPROVt:() CALClll.A11ON

f',-\,R,"MI-:TUlS \-\I.n:$ ("I.(T1XPO' n:CHNIQlJl-:
n:ntN1Ql'
,... " h P 0.. IIJl AIIIIb
MIIIIIIr ... \... . . ...
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out!~ 1210 106 00207 (} 01"300011 0082 1020
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01"4 14811 10111 0009~ 0010100016 O,ISO 0.:97
o \'1!! \ ~1 100 ooon 00097 OOOI~ 0174 0.980
II~Q 00279 00166 00017 0051 1026
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, ftC! 0122 1014
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WMO(),\l. 0672 .nn olin OOY'! 010001011 JlOIW noH 109'1 lil6 oOlln 001'1900017 OOSO 1010
WMOO'Ih 0672 :\ 312 () lin (j(jq\l 001100124 11146 (lOIH 125!1 1061 Ot,171 001311 00017 0081 101.
WMOU,\h 067:1 lJ.n OUO OO9'i Ol1CHlll9'l'P9"I 0123141\ i01'l 00092 0011700016 0119 099
WMO{)S-2~ 0';12 J H20 lin O~ 0 I~ 0 IYXJ 11'.07 (1 j~~ I ~:'1 I ((\I (011)3 0010300016 0150 1000
WMOn'l-.h 06n ~Jn o(J/n O(J9'l O(l<;()(\lOIUiH.' (H,q 109-& IO~" 00174 0016000017 0050 lOO'l
WM(){)~._", 0"12 3H2 0093 OlllJll 0120011'13 ll402 (,1241416 ICI:L 00120 0011700016 0120 1000
WM()()S3, 0672 J_H2 0093 O(lIJIl o l'iOO 14'M )1"'07 f)1~S IS22 IIBI 001(1'1 0010300016 0150 1000
WMO{)~:h 0672 '\ 312 O(l'}l OIJ9'l () IH 0 IS"'" 0 l~n n 17~ I S8iS 1004 00016 00094 OoolS 0 170 0'l7~
WM(lI)6''\i 0670 3IH 01:'1 (llfH (lO<,{1 O()IN~ H)lt9~ (lUs:, I 26~ I ()6l. IHH9.l 00137 00011 OO~O 099<1
~~~~+~+~-:+~~~::-:-I--:--C+~~~~+--:---:-+-~+~,..,.-it-- ...,...+---+-...,."..--+ -:+----
WMOI)b-.l. 067013320121 0071 (1l~)l)IO\.lOII\ll! {)()lt3 1463 10'~ 00174 00\1100012 OllllO J004
WM0[)6-.1. 0610 LH2 01210071 oI2nOllj' JIIS~ 0122 1670 11Jl~ 00109 o COil 3 00010 0119 0992
0998
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IWMO{)b!t 0610 \ I n C211 0011 OOS0008v.00894 OOSI12W 102!! nOI~~' OOllllOOOl2 0049 0911~
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tW~'~M(""~)I~:Jt>-~2'''''"O~6-7~O+:-~~3~3~2t-0-~:-'I-I+-0-O'::"7-tII-~O-:'!~2(~)t-O-:I-:'I-8-t1
t-1-:1-1~1I"+--:-O-I~:!_:-i,r-1-6-:i-O+--I-0-i5+-(-)-O-IO-I+--O-()(-J-1l
lI-O-()(-)-I0"'1jl--:O-I-!''"1.1r-O--;m
....
WMOI)b.l., 0670 3B1 02110071 OI<,{)OI211 Ol2iN 015~ llll5 1016 oo:m U(~~OOC10ll nlSo
WMOD6:!, 06'10.\3310211 OUil Ol7<.O"~. lP~" (JIH l<,jl)'l OW' O()()()lJ OOOSl11(~J()7 0171 0'179
('3 I 197 1780 0 III 0107 ,,1210 no 0 Illl i) 12l'! I"~ I on () 0111 ~) uI42 f)(JOI'l 0 III
'-4 I 197 I 7W 0111 U 107 01<,0 0 !~2!i OloWl IOOl

t=---tt-:-:~-:-::::-:t~:-+--:",::-::t-~'7"'"""+--:-:-::-:--:-+ -:-'+--:-:+-~"-+--'-----<I--------4--I------+- :I
r-:-s 11'171780017\0107 OlO\OI6:'tlIMl\ i!li)7I~-ll 101<; ;jOI"X ti"ICI()O()OI~ U20l 1(~J7
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APPENDIX: F3
Thin-plate weir without divIding walls: tlow~ over hotn crests, discharge calculated with
IMFf formula Standard as w~lI a, improved calculation techniques.
..
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..
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n 60 n (,(J
ThUl-plat(~
weir wllhout dl\ Idll1g wall" tlm~" over hoth crests. dlC'>charge cakulated with
DW AF fonnula. Standard as well as J.Inprmcd C'alclliation techniques.
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Wessels Calibration 1966

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Wessels Calibration 1966

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THE CALIBRATION OF COMPOUND

CRUMP AND SHARP-CRESTED GAUGING

Disscnation presented for the Degree of Ph.D. Engineering (Civil)

Promotor: Prof. A Rooseboom

Byltans aile saamgestelde mcetstruklure in Suid-Afrika is weens praktisc oorwegings opgerig

Drie-dimensionele II'loeitoeslande bestaan of stroomop of stroomaf van die punt van

LIST OF FlGURE..t.; viii

1- 11IE DEVEWPMENT OF nnw GAliGING IN SOlJTH 5

3. 11IE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE ASD RELIABLE 9

4. SHAItP-CRESTED A~'D CRUMP GAUGING WEIRS IN 2S

5. DISCHARGE FORMULAE FOR CRUMP AND SHARP- 31

5.2.1. DERIV.>\TION OF THE BASIC DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR 36

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDRALlJIC MODEI~ TESTS. 4S

7. ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL TEST RESULTS. SS

3.1 uxaliti.!!s of Hydrological Gauging Slation.! Analysed. 14-1

4.1 Cross-Mcrion through a thin-plaIt' w~ir. 28

5.1 Flow over a broadcrested slruttuft, 32

6.1 Schematic [ayoul ofnwdel as lesied in tht! laboratory cf lhe 46

7.1 Error in calculated discharge (%m) expressed as a/unction of 58

I}{ . flow confined to the low nOlch. h > O.06m.

function of H y{ ;Jor all the flflw confined 10 the low notch

Hi using llu imprm'ed caieu/ali())!! !t'chniqut', flow over both cresl.f.

Hi. for tM compule tt'st series.

Hi using the improw:d calculation techni'lue

7.19 Error in calculated discharge (Qi6m) expressed as a/unction (~r 90

2.1 A breakdown of the first compound gauging weirs constructed in each 7

3.1 ~ in.fluence ofan 18mm overestimation in stage measurements on II

6.1 R.t.ut,e 0/ CI1IIIIp weir diMen.rions Usud in 1M DWAF laboraJory. S1

8.l ~ $ ill calcalakd discharge owr compowuf gQllg;"g weirs with 94

A Flow cross section n,xrnal to the direction of flow (m:!).

h2 Head relative to hieh notch level or submergence head (rn).

H TOIal energy head relative to weir crest ( = h + VXg).

Hmu Maximum total energy head (mI.

I (..cngth of a weir crest or wu.::'" of a canal (m).

THE CAIJIBRATION OF COl\'IPOUND CRUMP

Hydrological data is f"~uently used to determine the capacity of a reservoir required to

It is generally known that runoff is a function of precipitation characteristics: - duration.

A flow gauging station m~y be defined as follows:

Aow in South African rivers is monitored at roughly 800 gauging stations. At

As a result of practical and economic considerations the majority of compound gauging

The aims oflhis thesis are:

to dclamine if compound puging structures built without diViding walls can be

whether model studies ~ requiredr these calibrations.

wbetherit is necessary to construct dividing walls at existing compound

2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW GAUGING IN SOUTH

high rainfall making access to sites hazardous and

a lack. of skilled manpower to undertake the required velocity-area gaugings.

3. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE AND RELIABLE

Gathering of a flow record is a complex. multi-faceted process. To ensure reliability. all

benefits from the data arc shared by a number of uscrs.

Errors in compiling flow records arise in two bfmld processes:

collecting and processing of the stage-time record and

establishment of the unique ~hltionship between stage and discharge.

3.1 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE POTENTIAL ERRORS IN

Construction of a gauging weir establishes an artificial control idcaJly creating a unique

A(.TVAL STAGE ACTUAL DISCHARGE .. ERROR IN DISCBARGB

With increa'dng discharge or variations In river conditions downstream of the

Ac(:uracy of the calibration theory.

3.2 THE IMPACT OF ERRORS IN A FLO\\' RECORD ON THE

Aow record at the proposed site.

Physical dimensions of the proposed reservoir site, e.g. stage-capacity

Evaporation and rainfall effects on the water surface.

'\ ~~ ~, c( lr:;.'" !""r' .~