LECIA 1

TO BE(a fi):
afirmativ interogativ negativ
I am Im Am I? I am not Im not -
You are Youre Are you? You are not Youre not you arent
He is Hes Is he? He is not Hes not he isnt
She is Shes Is she? She is not Shes not she isnt
It is Its Is it? It is not Its not it isnt
We are Were Are we? We are not Were not we arent
You are Youre Are you? You are not Youre not you arent
They are Theyre Are they? They are not Theyre not they arent

Expresii uzuale: Who are you?

I am Lavinia.
What are you?
I am a teacher.

ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT

SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctor
an(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal ex: an engineer
PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera s
ex: doctors = doctori
n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor
(sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor)
(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)
- aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.

ARTICOLUL HOTRT

SG.: the teacher = profesorul

(the se pronun cu naintea cons. i cu i naintea vocalelor)
PL: se adaug s the teachers = profesorii
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Exprimarea vrstei se face n englez cu vb. a fi nu cu vb. a avea ca n romn.

She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani.

De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii ti? What colour are your eyes?)
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1
 LECIA 2

sg. THIS = acesta, aceasta pl. THESE = acetia, acestea

THAT = acela, aceea THOSE = aceia, acelea

Expresii uzuale:
This is French These are
That is a Russian ONE. Those are Romanian ONES.
It is Romanian They are
ex: What books are those? Those are English books.;They are English ones.

NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i aa?, aa-i?, nu?)

arent I? am I?
arent you? are you? (vezi can, may, must;
isnt he, she, it? is he, she, it? there is, there are)
arent we, you, they? are we, you, they?
Ex.: You are a teacher, arent you?
Suntei profesor, nu-i aa?
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You arent a teacher, are you? n englez nu se folosete dubla negaie
Nu eti profesor, nu-i aa? ca n romn.

LECIA 3
TO HAVE( a avea)
I have (got) Ive got
You have (got) Youve got
He has (got) Hes got
She has (got) Shes got
It has (got) Its got
We have (got) Weve got
You have (got) Youve got
They have (got) Theyve got

GENITIVUL(POSESIA)

Pt. numele de fiine se folosete de obicei genitivul cu apostrof

s la singular: Tony is Mr. Cliffords son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford)
la plural: Tony is the Cliffords son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)

Genitivul cu of se poate folosi cu orice categorie de substantive, inclusiv cu numele de

fiine, ns n mod obinuit cu subs. care nu reprezint nume de fiine.
ex: The colour of my pullover(culoarea puloverului meu)

Mai rar: The name of this boy is Tony. (Numele ac. biat este Tony.)
n mod obinuit: This boys name is Tony.

2
 LECIA 4

CAN = a putea n sensul de:

- capacitate, a ti Can your wife cook?
- permisiunea pt. pers. 2 i 3 rar 1 Can I see your father? No, you cannot(cant).
Can she take your tape-recorder?
MAY = a putea n sensul de:
-permisiunea pt. persoana 1 May I open the window?
-posibil, probabil Why must we stay at home? ( De ce tb. s stm acas?)
Because Mr. Clifford may come. (aciiune viitoare)
(Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Clifford)
It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s o nvei.)
He may be your friend, but...

MUST =
trebuie I must read this book.
probabil(n sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.)
(aciune nceput n trec. i contin. n prez. i posibil n viitor)
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STILL = nc ( n continuare) Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu)
YET = nc (deja) Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?)
He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.)
(aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe oricnd)
(= totui Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp))
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ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu
se folos. dubla negaie ca n romn. You cannt sing this song, can you?
Nu ti s cni cntecul ac. nu-i aa?

LECIA 5

NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)

Do you smoke? Fumezi? I, you, we, they do
Yes I do. No, I dont.

Does he learn Russian? nva rusete? He, she, it does

Yes, he learn Russian.
Yes, he does. No he doesnt.
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LA
at se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc (Tony is at school.)
to se folosete cu verbele de micare (Tony goes to school)

Particularitate: I am at home. I go home.(la verbele de micare nu se mai

folosete to n expresii cu home).
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3
De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.:
- I like to read in the garden.
- I like to play with the boys.
Excepii: home, school, college... After the lesson the pupil go home.
After school they want to go to the cinema.
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me = pe mine my = meu, mea, mei, mele
you = pe tine your = tu
him = pe el his = lui
her = pe ea her = ei
it = pe el
us = pe noi our = nostru
you = pe voi your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvs
them = pe ei, ele their= lor
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Expresii uzuale:
to be right = a avea dreptate ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?)
to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)

LECIA 6

IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i continuu:

n general, n mod obinuit n momentul de fa

(always, every day...) (now...)
I speak French I am
You play the violin You are
drink milk speaking French.
He is
He speaks French playing the violin.
She
She plays the violin drinking milk.
We
drinks milk You are
We speak French They
You play the violin
They drink milk
Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they Am I speaking French?
Does he,she,it
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Lavinia is singing
Tony is reading in the garden
Theyre playing the house
Lavinia is going into the sitting-room
Tony is coming (deplasare,micare,direcie)
Theyre taking Spot

4
Expresii uzuale:
There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insnt there?
(Este o sticl de w. pe mas, nu-i aa?)
There are many cakes in the refrigerator, arent there?
(Sunt multe ...
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Expresii uzuale:
neither...nor sau either...or
(cnd vb. e afirmativ) (cnd vb. e negativ) - regula dublei negaii

Nu e nici din fier nici din aur. It is neither iron nor gold.
It isnt either iron or gold.
Nu tb. nici s citeti prea mult i You must neither read too much nor rest too much.
nici s te odihneti prea mult. You musnt either read too much or rest too much.

LECIA 7

TO BE - past
I was I was not(wasnt) Was I? Was I not?(wasnt I?)
You were You were not(werent) Were you? Were you not?(werent you?)
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
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Ex: Were you at home last night? Ai fost acas asear?
They were glad to see us. S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cnd ne-au vzut.

TO HAVE - past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They had
Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era mic.)
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Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. :
- a se distra: had a good time
- a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner.
- doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui must

CAN- past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They could

Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday.

5
Se mai folosete n englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine.
- Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?)
- Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?)
Yes, he could ski very well.
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Expresii uzuale:
MUCH = mult, mult He never eats much.
MANY = muli, multe He hasnt got many records.
A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multe
De obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many:
- He likes to eat a lot.
- She has a lot of friends.
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Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte
- Ct cost? = How much is it?
- Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?

LECIA 8
GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR

1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER i

superlativul adugnd EST:
high(nalt) - higher(mai nalt) - (the) highest(cel mai nalt) :despre lucruri
tall(nalt) - taller(mai nalt) - (the)tallest(cel mai nalt) :despre persoane
long(lung) - longer - (the)longest
2.adjectivele de o silab terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de
o singur vocal dubleaz consoana final nainte de er i de est:
big - bigger - (the)biggest
thin(subire)- thinner - (the)thinnest
3.adjectivele de o silab terminate n -e adaug numai -r ; -st:
nice(drgu, gustos) - nicer - (the)nicest
fine - finer - (the) finest
4.adjectivele terminate n y precedate de o consoan schimb y cu i i se
adaug er i est:
dry(uscat) - drier - (the) driest
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CONJUNII I EXPRESII UZUALE
Tony is as young as me(John;I am) la fel de...ca i
not so tall as nu aa de...ca i
not as short as nu la fel de...ca i
older than Mary(he is;them) mai...dect
the younger of the two mai...din ei doi(cteodat i cel mai din doi)
the tallest of the three cel mai...din
(of us all;of you all;of all)
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6
Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more i
superlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat sau este
urmat de un cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cu
o vocal ex: more interesting)
confortable more confortable (the) most confortable
careless more careless (the) most careless neatent(neglijent)
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Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:
much(mult,mult) more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult)
many(muli,multe)
good - better - (the) best
bad(ru,prost) worse(mai ru) - (the) worst(cel mai ru)
ill(bolnav)
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Folosirea prepoziiilor
from(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existen
in, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii
The dress in the wardrobe is blue. Rochia din dulap este albastr.
She wants to take the dress from the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia din dulap.

The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detept.
My mother wants to take the mouse from the cheese. Mama vrea s ia oarecele de pe

The elephant under the bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j.
My baby takes the elephant from under the bed. ia elefantul de sub pat.

The cat behind the curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicu
The cat is coming out from behind the curtain. Pisica iese de dup perdea.
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Expresii uzuale:
Its too dear. E prea scump().
Its quite cheap. E destul de ieftin.

grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli

LECIA 9

Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu):

Will you please open the window? Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra?
Will you please come with me? Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?
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7
IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE simple
Aciune terminat n trecut
La verbele regulate se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei ed la forma de
infinitiv(forma gsit n dicionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folosete did; negativ:
did not(didn).
Am cntat bine la pian? A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din greu) ieri?
Did I play the piano well? Did Mr. Clifford work hard yesterday?
Yes, you played it very well. Yes, he worked very hard.
Yes, you did. No, he did not work very hard.
No, you didnt play it very well.
La verbele neregulate se formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate se nva
pe de rost Engl. fr prof./p.358)

n cazul condiionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu condiionalul-

optativ romnesc a cnta iar T.P.S. cu a fi cntat(n principal se folosete
would(should)=a...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lecia 18)).
ntrebrile disjunctive la past tense(cu did)
I played tennis well, didnt I? Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i aa?
I didnt play tennis well, did I? N-am jucat tenis bine, aa-i?
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ATENIE(din Andrei Banta)
Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat:
Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau aciunea este localizat sau dac textul
este de domeniul unei relatri, reportaj se folosete Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense arat un
moment determinat(terminat n trecut) al aciunii de cele mai multe ori precizat prin
adverbe de timp precis iar Present Perfect are ca funcie principal indicarea
anterioritii(moment nceput n trecut i continuat i n prezent sau termin. f. recent).
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Expresii uzuale:
always often = adesea ever = vreodat sometimes
never seldom = (a)rareori
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IMPORTANT:
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul lor.
Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358.
Ex.: There are many learned men in our country.
Sunt muli oameni nvai n . ns.
Many appreciated writers took part in the conference.
Muli scriitori apreciai au luat parte la conferin.
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8
ADVERBUL
Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care provin
dar exist i adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazul
adugrii terminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens
hardly= cu greu, de abia
Adjectiv Adverb
She is nice She writes nicely
careless carelessly
beautiful beautifully
Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc.
The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid)
It goes fast(El merge repede)

LECIA 10

IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV)

Do not ask that!

Dont say it!
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HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must = trebuie)
Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in time
A trebuit s fac baie n 10 min. She had to bath in ten minutes.
A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu? Did you have to go and see them so late?
Nu trebuia s-i spui. You didnt have to tell her.
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EXPRESII: LET
Lets go! S mergem!
Let her take her dog away! S-i ia cinele de aici!
Let her bath quickly! S fac baie repede!
Let him speak! Las-l s vorbeasc!
Let me, him, her, it, us, them come;stay; read
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EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat,am ajuns,poftim)
Here he is. Iat-l(aici).
Here is my friend Charlie. Iat-l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici)
Here he come. Uite-l c vine(aici).
There he is. Iat-l(acolo).
There are my neighbours. Iat-i pe vecinii notri.(acolo)
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EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAY
There must be a misunderstanding. Trebuie s fie o nenelegere.
There may be trouble for you there. S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.
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EXPRESII:
May I introduce my son to you?
How do you do? Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua

9
I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc.
It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc.
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EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:
mie, ie, lui, ei, nou, lor to me, you, him, her, us, them
Give me that book, please. D-mi, te rog, cartea aceea.
Give it to me, not to my brother. D-mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu.
Did he lend you the newspaper? i-a mprumutat ziarul?
Did he lend the newspaper to you? ie i-a mprumutat ziarul?
No, he didnt. He lent it to my sister. Nu. I l-a mprumutat surorii mele.

LECIA 11

IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE continuous
S + to be(trecut) + vb+ing
Ex.: You were reading a magazine. Citeai o revist.
Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came. D-na. C. cosea cnd Tony a venit.
I was sleeping when the rain started. Dormeam cnd ploaia a nceput.
They were dancing while Lavinia was learning. Dansau n timp ce L. nva.
Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window?
NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE:
The sun was shining in the sky, wasnt it?
The sun was not(wasnt) shining in the sky, was it?
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Expresii uzuale: so.....that att de.....nct
I was so tired last night that I slept like a log(butean).
It is so late that I cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe la mcelrie)
We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you.
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Expresii: had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle
I had my hair done yesterday. M-am coafat ieri.
I had to meet an old friend. Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten.
You had your shoes mended, hadnt you? i-ai reparat pantofii, nu?
She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou.
You must have your nails manicured. Trebie s v facei manichiura.
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Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei:
barbers(hairdressers) = frizerie
grocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea)
butchers = mcelrie
confectioners = cofetrie
chemists = farmacie
tailors = croitor

10
 LECIA 12(SHALL and WILL)

VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT) THE FUTURE INDEFINITE

Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum

You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.
There will be plenty of fruit, wont there? Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i aa?
I shall go by train
We ll make a good impression
shall not be late
shant
He will
She ll
It will not
You wont
They
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ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima
pt. pers I ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesitate,
ordin, obligaie.
Ex.: I will do my best. i promit s fac tot posibilul.
You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it. i poruncesc s bei p...
He shall tell her the truth. El trebuie s-i spun adevrul.
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Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoi
Ex.: Will you bring me that book? Vrei s-mi aduci cartea aceea?
He wont go to school Nu vrea s se duc la coal.
I wont explain him the rule again. Nu vreau s-i explic regula din nou.
I wont see him again. Nu vreau s-l mai vd. (atenie: will nu shall)
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TO BE GOING TO
a. se poate folosi n locul viitorului cu shall i will:
He is going to leave for London. Va pleca la Londra.
It is going to rain. Are s plou.
b. exprim intenia:
I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gnd s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine)
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CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to be able to(a putea, a fi n stare)

Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit sptmna viitoare)
MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to have to(a trebui)
Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo).
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11
SHALL N NTREBRI se traduce adesea prin conjunctivul romnesc
Ex.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S-i telefonez mine?
Shall I bring you the book? S-i aduc cartea?

LECIA 13

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

traducere: am citit n propoziii
lucreaz;o are n fraze pt. exprimarea anterioritii
vezi crile de liceu cls. X selecii S+have/has+vb.(III)
Ex.: Ai(ai) citit cartea aceasta? Have you read this book?
N-au plecat nc, nu-i aa? They havent gone yet, have they?
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Atenie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to be i to have
Forma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu alte timpuri.
Ex.: De cnd sunt prieteni? How long have they been friends?
Sunt prieteni de ani de zile. They have been friends for years.(since 1960)
How long(since when) has she had that car? De cnd are maina aceea?
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Se folosete cu FOR i SINCE
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Atenie: folosirea n fraze e n fc. de timpul din romnete:
Trecutul simplu(ac. termin. n trecut)
She has had it since she graduated. O are de cnd a absolvit facultatea.
She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de cnd lucreaz n acest birou.
Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac. ncep. n trec. i cont. n prez.)

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Pt. diferena dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. fr prof.
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PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor;
Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresiv
continuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.)
Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning? Ce face de azi diminea?
He has been revising for his exam. nva pt. examen.
How long have you been teaching in this school? De cnd predai...
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12
Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210):
1. De cnd nvei englezete? PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv cont.
2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea? TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiat i timpul precizat exact
3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiat
etc.
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Expresii uzuale: big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar
great la importan
This volume is very thick.It has many pages. thick = gros
empty = gol(goal)
full = plin()
The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light. greu; uor
This question is difficult. It is not easy. greu: uor
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Prepoziii i expresii:
There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz, pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.)
There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt mai multe scaune)
Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul).
The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock.
(Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)
below the clock = sub ceas under gas cooker = sub aragaz
a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr
it flies up to = zboar n sus
throws the butterfly out of the window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr

LECIA 14

alt, alt Another book is on the table

ali, alte Other books are in front of you
cealalt The other book is
celelalte books are

altul, alta Another is here

alii, altele Other are in the room
cellalt, cealalt is on the floor
The other
ceilali, celelalte others are
This old car is mine(a mea) It belongs to me(mie)
your you
These French magazines are his They belong him
hers to her
This fat little dog is ours It belongs to us
This bad tape-recorder is yours you
theirs them
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13
Expresii uzuale:
He cant hear. Hes deaf. smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau neplcut)
He cant see. Hes blind. fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)
Can you smell the smell of roast chicken? No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai).
Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat
What a charming girl! Ce fat fermectoare!
How pretty your house is! Ce drgu e casa voast!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = care
Which of them shall I lend you? Pe care vrei s i-o (i le) mprumut?
Which book did you like best? Care carte i-a plcut mai mult?
My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which. Nu i deosebesc ntotdeauna.
What is your name? What is the capital of France?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana:
You stop that noise at once! ncetez imediat cu zgomotul!
You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pinea.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei both= amndoi
I saw two of them in the street this morning. doi dintre ei
The two of them(both of them) are very fat. amndoi

LECIA 15

Compuii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else)

EXPRESII UZUALE:
some: se folosete n propoziiile afirmative i se traduce prin nite, ceva, civa, cteva,
puin(). Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai rmas nite(puin) ceai).
any: n prop. interogative i negative =nite, cteva, civa, puin(), vreo respectiv=nu,
nici un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle? E puin lapte n sticl?
any n prop. afirmative = oricare, orice Ex.:Take any record you like.
no se folosete n propoziiile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativ i se traduce prin
nu, nici un, nici o, ca i not any.
Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE:
somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.)
anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(prop. afirm.)
nobody(no one)
something = ceva
somewhere = undeva
anything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop. afirm.)
anywhere = undeva,nicieri,oriunde
nothing = nimic
nowhere = nicieri

14
ATENIE:
CEVA: something n prop. afirm. i anything n cele interogative
NIMIC: nothing cnd vb. e afirmativ i anything cnd vb. e negativ
UNDEVA: somewhere n prop. afirm. i anywhere n prop. interog.
NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cnd vb. e neg.
ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ
(anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -alt
Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo).
Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nici unul (una)

any i none =dintre mai muli either i neither = din doi

any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?)
any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.)
none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.)

either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters?

either = nici unul Ex.. I havent met either of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
neither = nici unul Ex.. Ive met neither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S-A NTMPLAT, DIN NTMPLARE, NTMPLAREA A FCUT S,
NTMPLTOR = It so happened that I
I happened
It so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim tel.)
We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell.
The girl happened to be very pretty.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII:
You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general )
You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este)
Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLISEMIA LUI JOIN:
- a uni A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod unete cele dou maluri)
- a se ntlni
- a se nscrie He is going to join our club.(Se va nscrie n clubul nostru)
- a se altura(la o petrecere, joc, conversaie)
- a se nrola (n armat) He joined the army.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A ATEPTA to wait for - implic ateptare activ
to expect - implic ateptare pasiv

15
 LECIA 16

Cnd pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ este subiect,
predicatul din propoziia interogativ rmne la forma obiniut (cea din propoziiile
afirmative):What impressed you most?
Whose (al cui, a crui) horse came first?
Cnd sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did:
What do you want? Whom = who(n scris i n vorbirea ngrijit)
Whom did you meet? = which
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin).
Whom (that) se folosete cu persoane. whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia
The picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive.
Which (that) se folosete cu lucruri, animale.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselves
se folosete n diateza reflexiv n anumite expresii, i ca pronume de ntrire:
M privesc n oglind = I am looking myself in the mirror.
Vorbea singur = He was talking to himself.
Am fcut-o eu nsumi = I did it myself.
Pronumele de ntrire se poate plasa dup subiect(I myself read it)cnd accentuiaz
sensul sau la sfritul propoziiei(I read it myself)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE:
unul pe altul, unul pe cellalt = each other = one another
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diateza pasiv S + to be + past participle
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either)
Nici mie nu-mi place piperul. I dont like pepper either. Neither do I like pepper.
(atenie se inverseaz)
Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors.
He cant commit such errors either.
Nici el nu este un om gelos. He isnt a jealous man either.
Neither (Nor) is he a jealous man.
EXPRESIA: LA FEL I
My parents bedroom is upstairs and so is mine.
I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister.
I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESIA: DA, AA ESTE
A fost obraznic. Da, aa este. He was cheeky. So, he was.

16
 LECIA 17

ATENIE
CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR N FRAZE

ROMNETE ENGLEZ
1. T - P T- T
2. T- T T- T Perf. Simplu sau Cont.
3. T-V T Simplu - Future in the Past
4. V-V V- P. Simplu

1. A. mi spuneai c vrei s te odihneti un timp. atenie

You told me that you wanted to rest for a while. spuneai se traduce cu T.S nu
B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni. sperai cu T.C.
You hoped that the theacher couldnt come.
C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal.
He told me that her sister was at school.
n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut.

2. A. I thought that Lavinia had finished the book.

B. Speram c a fcut o bun impresie acolo. atenie speram se trad. cu T.S.
I hoped he had cut a good figure there.
C. Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcat de o main.
She told us that the old man had been run over by a car. atenie had been este TPS
D. Le-am spus c-i vizitez pe prinii lor de muli ani.
I told them that I had been visiting their parents for many years. TPCont.
Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecut
anterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-Trecut
Perfect Simplu sau Cont.
Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)

3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi.

I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you.
B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze. atenie spunea, eram se trad. cu TS
She said she would have to have her hair done.
C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa.
You promised you wouldnt scold him.
n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Past.

4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziia

subordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as long
as, etc.) sau condiional(introdus prin if ) se folosete prezentul.
I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17
EXPRESII:
for me, you, him, her, us, you, them
O sa-i cumprm un cadou. Well buy a present for her.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE
Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti. several se folosete cnd poate fi
She told me she had several English novels. nlocuit i cu cteva, civa

Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti.

She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.

LECIA 18

Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu should i would.

n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl.
Ex.: I would like a vrea s, mi-ar plcea s
We would be very glad am fi foarte bucuroi s
El n-ar face una ca asta. He wouldnt do such a thing.

(El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl. He could read this English book. ATENIE
Ar putea s o piard. He might lose it.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA

Dac ar cnta T.S. ar...(would, should+vb.)

ar fi cntat T.P.S.(had+vb.3) (Future in the Past)
atenie: ar putea = could
Pt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Past
dar are prioritate principala.
Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani.
We should go on a trip to Italy if we saved enough money. T.S.
Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji.
If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry. T.P.S.

Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei

Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut :
Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare.
If the weather were fine we should go for a walk.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should (should not(shouldnt)
Ex.: You should go and see the film.
Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
A PUTEA, AI PUTEA I could, You could
Ex.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea.
We couldnt be angry with her.
Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata?
Could you buy this tie for father.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate)
It might rain in the afternoon. S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz.
They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.

AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3)

He might have helped you. Te-ar fi putut ajuta.
It might have snowed. S-ar fi putut s ning.
They might have gone to the seaside.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI a fi cumprat, ai fi cumprat...
should(would)+have+vb3
Ex.: Would you have bought that...? Ai fi cumprat acel...
Yes, I should have bought it. Da, l-a fi cumprat.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuit
S+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3
Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadnt the heart.
(Ar fi trebuit s-i trag o btaie bun dar nu m-a lsat inima.)
He shouldnt have stolen them. (N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESIA: a fi putut, ai fi putut...
S+could+have+vb3
Ex.: I could have solved the problem. A fi putut rezolva problema.
Could you have eaten all the cakes?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IF CLAUSE
IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA
TPS(had+vb3) should(would)+have+vb3
dac a fi, ai fi...+vb. a fi, ai fi...+vb.
atenie: ar fi trebuit = had had
ar fi putut = could have
If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it.
Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el.

We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit.

N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form:
Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19
ALT FORM A CONDIIONALEI
IF CLAUSE PRINCIPAL
Should(la toate pers.)+ vb.1 S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1
would
Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them.
Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza.
Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.

LECIA 19

Diferite excepii:
1. Dup verbele to make i to let urmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to):
Ex.: He made her come with him. A pus-o s vin cu el.
He let her come with him. A lsat-o s vin cu el.

2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feel urmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma n
ing:
Ex.: I heard her sing(ing). Am auzit-o cntnd.
She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc.

3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+infinitivul

cu to. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea voia ca el s plece.
They expected Mary to answer. Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund.
Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut de
alt persoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege c
aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect.
Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece.
She wanted to go. Ea vroia s plece.

4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folosete aceeai

construcie (She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fi
exprimat i n felul urmtor: She belives that he is a good student.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
He is said to sing very well
She was heard to speak English correctly
The student happens to have a good English pronunciation.
The girl seems
is likely
is sure

prez. They are given some new book

trecut The children were offered some picture postcards
viitor The Browns will be lent pens
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20
Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv:
Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays.
n zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice preioase n ara noastr.

Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays.

n zilele noastre(chiar n momentul de fa) se fac descoperiri arh. preioase n . ns.

Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday.

La conferina de ieri s-au expus multe preri interesante.

Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years.
n ultimii ani s-au construit n Bucureti blocuri moderne.

He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained.
Mi-a spus c s-au obinut date noi n legtur cu spaiul cosmic.

Rich crops will be obtained this year.

Anul acesta se vor obine recolte bogate.

Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n propoziiile afirmative:
Do come here! Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)!
I do want it. O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat).
She did know it. O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial).
atenie vb.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expresii uzuale:
A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1
Ex.: He had better start learning.
Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee.
---------------------
A prefera s, ai prefera s...=I had rather +vb.1
I would rather + vb.1
She had rather drink a glass of vermouth than one of lemonade.
Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut dect unul de limonad.
We would rather travel by plane than by train.
Am prefera s cltorim cu avionul dect cu trenul.
-------------------------
Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce...
deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu as)
pt. m.m.c.p. romnesc
Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another.
Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat.

Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema.
(As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.)
Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.

21
 LECIA 20

(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING
Ex.: Mother is proud of my speaking English so well.
Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine.
I insisted on their staying a little longer.
Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUI
Its a ten minutes walk to their villa. atenie: its nu there is
Sunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor.

Its ten miles to the next village.

Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor.

Where shall we be in another twenty years?

Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For me, you, him, her, us, them (for-Infinitive construction)
It is important for me to buy a house.
She bought a magazine for me to read.
Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care le precede
plasndu-se la sfrit:
Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor.
(The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.)
The book hes looking for is here.
(The book for which hes looking is here.)
EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obicei
condensarea a dou propoziii:
He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit.
She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESII UZUALE to worth = a merita
is doing it atenie:
It isnt worth reading that book - it isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt
wasnt the trouble(osteneala) -dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing
the money i nu infinitiv(to read)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You ought to pay her a visit = S-ar cuveni s-i faci o vizit.
You ought to have visited her from time to time = S-ar fi cuvenit s o vizitezi din cnd n cnd.

You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste.
Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.

22
You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti.

The doctor must have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost reinut la spital.
He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile.

They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.

He is to have a talk with the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu?
They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasc i ...
He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte.

You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi c

el e un bun arhitect.
You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing
What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day?
Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta?

At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours.

Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri.

Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside.

De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare.

When she is away he will be thinking about her.

Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu funcie de
subiect. Ex.: Thought youd gone without me. Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine.
Seems rather tedious to me. Mi se pare cam plicticos.

VOCABULAR

alluring = ademenitor, tentant ham = unc

to admitt = a recunoate hen = gin
asleep = adormit lend, lent = a mprumuta
awfully = ngrozitor(oare) lettuce = salat verde
bacon = costi (to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare
to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur) to live = a locui
to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plaj to mend = a repara
to bath = a se sclda, a face baie novel = roman
beard = barb (to) pour = a turna, vrsa
besides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar de purse = pung
to bind,bound,bound = a lega quite(moderate) = ct se poate de (moderat)
boil = a fierbe to race = a ambala(motorul)
careless = neatent(neglijent) scold = a certa

23
ceiling = tavan sentence = propoziie
cheap = ieftin() to shedd leaves = a scutura frunzele
chips = cartofi pai sheet = cearaf
comb = pieptene shelf = raft
confectioners = cofetrie ship = vapor
cough = a tui slices of bread = felii de pine
to count = a numra, SOCOTI slipper = papuc
dear(car) = (main)scump() to stirr = a amesteca, a agita
cel mai drag = dearest stuffy = nchis(aer)
elbow = cot sum = adunare
at first = la nceput swear = a njura
fleas = purici tall(tree) = (copac)nalt
fragrance = miros plcut(parfum) thick(book) = (carte) groas
freckles = pistrui tipsy = ameit de butur
fair, blond = blond utter = a rosti(cuvinte)
fizzy = acidulat() waiter = chelner
gay = vesel warm = cald
grapes = struguri wheel = volan
to greet = a saluta whom = pe care, pe cine = who=which
grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, whose = al cui, a crui
oranges); grown-ups=aduli weak = slbit
wrist-watch = ceas de mn
Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia pt. persoane
Which = pe care... se folosete cu lucruri, animale

GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter; srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart

PR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haired
HAINE: pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit; fust=skirt; rochie=dress; bluz=blouse;
cma=shirt; osete(brbteti)=socks; palton,hain=coat; canadian=sport coat

ORA: familiar oficial

five (minutes) past twelve 12.05 twelve five
(a) quarter past five 5.15 five fifteen
half-past one 13.30 thirteen thirty
twenty-five (minutes) to seven 18.35 eighteen thirty-five
(a) quarter to ten 21.45 twenty-one forty-five
DATA: 2nd January 1971 The second of January, nineteen seventy-one
23(r)d April 1996 The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six

Expresii:
to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafar
saving money = a strnge bani
look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr
to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun
to pay a visit = a face o vizit
to sleep like a log = a dormi butean

24
to call in at the = a trece pe la
to take a taxi = a lua un taxi
the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce
to get on(into) the train = a se urca n tren
to give a lift = a duce cu maina
to ring up = a suna(la telefon)
to iron the trousers = a clca pantalonii
to be out of order = a fi stricat
at once = imediat
students in English = studeni la englez
which of all = care din toi(toate)
to let him alone = a-l lsa n pace
we shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor)
serve me right = aa-mi trebuie
to be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o main
to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat)
bottle of scent = ap de colonie
to get in time to = a ajunge la timp
I cant grumble = nu pot s m plng
what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo
to pull my leg = a m pcli
It isnt worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala
They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni.
today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni; two months today; tomorrow three weeks
to take leave = a-i lua rmas bun
to leave for Italy = a pleca n Italia

to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseaua

to have his hair cut = s se tund

proverbe:
Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc.
There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi).
Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. to put off = a amna
No man is born wise.

CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cu
acelai rol sintactic ntr-o propoziie
PREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen ntre prile
diferite ale unei propoziii

de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348

atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia trecut (interog., neg. cu did have,didnt have)
must = trebuie prezent
There must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o greeal. expresie

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 CRILE DE LICEU(i completri din Andrei Banta)
CLS. X(1997)

The Present Participle(participiul prezent)

The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian gerunziu. It
is also used in the continuous form of verbs.
Ex.: Reading a long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...)
Walking about the park I was listening to the birds which were singing merrily.
The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be preceded
by the definite or the indefinite article or by an adjective.
Ex.: The learning of the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (nvarea...)
Building of our school took several months.
The solid training of our team helped us win the match
We saw a meeting taking place in the market-square.

When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian:

Ex.: M-am gndit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum.
i mulumesc fiindc m ajui=Thank you for helping me.

The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg)

indic anterioritatea fa de prezent
S+have/has+vb.(III) Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri:
1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always,
sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly
Ex.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii. I have often met him at some exhibitions.

2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului

Ex.. Am citit cartea. I have read the book.

3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continu i n prezent(eventual i n viitor)

Ex.: De cnd l cunoti? How long have you known him?
I have known him for five years/since 1970.
Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Present perfect
continuous(Ex.: De cnd nvei englezete? How long have you been studying English?
I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school).

4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat,
care mai continu i n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week...
Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.

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 I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring

5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: lately, just,
recently, in the last few days/weeks, of late
Ex.. Abia a sosit. He has just come/arrived
n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut. I have not seen much of him lately.

6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat)

are rezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent:
Ex.: A plouat. It has rained.

7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n cadrul

regulilor corespondenei timpurilor

i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu.
I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.

Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac principala va fi la un
timp trecut:
Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca.
He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner.
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THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
The P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the present and is
likely to continue also in the future. Se folos. cu since i for
Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years).
Prietenii mei locuiesc n acest ora.

DIATEZELE
DIATEZA ACTIV: aciunea verbului este ndeplinit chiar de subiectul
gramatical(indiferent dac ea se rsfrnge asupra unui complement direct sau nu)
Ex.: The boy is reading (a book).
DIATEZA PASIV(THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer
aciunea unui verb tranzitiv, ndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic)
Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut.
Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday.
DIATEZA REFLEXIV: rsfrngerea aciunii ndeplinite de subiect chiar asupra
lui(verbe reflexive)
Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sisters wedding.
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PAST PERFECT (se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul romnesc(mncase))
anterioritatea unei aciuni trecute fa de o alt aciune trecut
1. simplu
S + had + vb.(III)
indicarea unei aciuni sau stri trecute ncepute i terminate naintea unei alte aciuni
trecute ori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, before, when...
Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk
Dup ce mncase/a mncat a plecat la plimbare.
Hardly had the teacher come into the room when the pupils surrounded him.
S vb.(n constrruciile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se schimb ordinea)
Atenie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. n condiionale(n if clause)
2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul romnesc(nva) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))
S + had + been + vb.+ing
indicarea unei aciuni ncepute naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i nc neterminat
continund pn n momentul acela
Ex.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been raining for three days.
Cnd am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile.
He had been learning Bulgarian for two years when he went to specialize to Sofia.
nva bulgara de 2 ani cnd s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia.
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THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

A Past Tense is followed by a Future-in-the-Past (should, would) to
express a future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trecut.
Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans would not come any longer that year.
He had to swear that he would help William. (A trebuit s jure c l va ajuta pe W.)
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Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to form the noun is
sometimes -er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor

Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite)

Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum
You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.
I shall go by train
We ll make a good impression
shall not be late
shant

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He will
She ll
It will not
You wont
They

Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous)

S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing
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Puin important
The Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect)
is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Passive Voice
is also the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the infinitive and which
immediately follows the first verb. This construction is used:
1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and verbs denoting
mental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose...
Ex.: The car was seen to disappear in the distance.
Who is said to have lived
2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to make
Ex.: The sword was said to have magic powers.
3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certain
Ex.: The news is certain to please everybody.
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TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE
ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL PREZ.: S MERG
PERF.: S FI MERS
When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clause
has to be in the Past Tense:
Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary. A dori s gsesc un
If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were for
all persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were).
Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner. A dori s fiu student mai repede.
She wishes she were in the mountains now.

If Main
I. Pr. S. Future. T. S.
Pr. C. Future. T. C.
II. Past Tense Would(should) + VB.
III. Past P. T. Simple Future in the Past
Would(should) + had + vb.(III)

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NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER = dac (ns nu condiional)
(atenie:weather =vreme)
Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help.
wondered the little girl told the truth.
worried
discussed
FAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea
Ex.: Your composition was fairly good.

RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea

Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult.
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Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de because
Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own way
in the world.
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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d Ex.: gentle-faced
2. noun + Past Participle middle-aged; man-made
3. adverb + Past Participle well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetched(exagerat)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IF + WOULD
If you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc.
Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday.
Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the
Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense:
Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta.
I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat.
I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a ntmplat.
They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas.

When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in the
Past Subjunctive, which is were in all persons:
Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains.
She wished she were a pianist.
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The Past Perfect Passive
S+had been(past perfect(simple) of to be)+Past participle
Ex.: he had been killed by ...
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The Subjunctive Mood
I, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb.
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POSIBILITY
Present She may be at home.
She might be at home now(stronger doubt).
Past She may have had an accident. Ar putea s aib un accident.
She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut...

PROBABILITY
Present She must be at home now.
Past She must have had an accident. Trebuie s fi avut un accident.

IMPOSIBILITY
Present She cant be at home now. Nu poate fi acas acum.
He couldnt be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum.
Past She couldnt have had any engine trouble. Nu ar fi putut s aib ...

VOCABULAR(ncepnd cu cls. X, lecia 10)

above = deasupra manage = a administra, a reui

account = istorisire mere = simplu
to advertise = a face reclam merely = numai, doar, cu totul
apprentice = a da la ucenicie merry = fericit
astonish = uimit mock = a ridiculiza
augment = a spori nay = ba mai mult
avenue = alee, bulevard occure = a avea loc, a se petrece
aware = contient occure to = a trece prin minte
beam = raz outstrip = a ntrece
beyond = dup pearl = pictur
beware = a se pzi, a se feri presently = imediat
bind, bound = a lega proper = cum se cuvine, respectabil
bounce = a ricoa rather = mai degrab
bound = limit, hotar; a sri, legat remote = ndeprtat, de la distan
broad = ntins, larg, lat retort = replic
to cease = a nceta roar = vuiet
core = nucleu, miez rob = a fura, a jefui
defiant = sfidtor scorn = dispre, batjocor
deputy = reprezentant skull = craniu
descend = a cobor skyscrapers = zgrie-nori
despise = a dispreui slang = argou, jargon
development = dezvoltare, perfecionare to slice = a tia(felii)
dot = punct slightly = puin
dumb = mut snow-flakes = fulgi de zpad
earnest = serios squared = la ptrat
emphasis = accent stove = sob
fatigue = oboseala stretch out = a ntinde (mna)

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feebly = slab to stun = a ului
former = cel dinti swift = grabnic, repede
fulfill = a executa, a ndeplini threaten = a amenina
furthermore = n plus thus = astfel
glance = privire fugar trend = direcia
hasty = grbit to twinkle = a licri, a clipi
hence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aici to urge = a ndemna
inexhaustible = inepuizabil to utter = a rosti
kite = zmeu de hrtie valiant = brav, curajos
ladder = scar to vanish = a disprea
leak = sprtur vengeful = rzbuntor
lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva to weld = a suda
(eye)lids = pleoape welfare = bunstare
loaves of breds = pini ntregi wheel = roata
lobby = hol wide = lat, larg
wit = isteime
within = cuprins n, n interior
EXPRESII:
to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva)
strong-willed = hotrt
on the verge = pe punctul

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