Lecture 2:

Cell Structure and Function;

Membrane Structure and Function I

6/8 September 2017

 Learning Outcome (10)
K10. Students should be able to differentiate
prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells, and animal from
plant cells
K11. Students should be able to differentiate free- from
bound- ribosomes
K12. Students should be able to differentiate the
smooth ER from rough ER
K13. Students should be able to explain the roles of
mitochondria and chloroplasts
K14. Students should be able to describe the structure
of endomembrane system
 Learning Outcome (10)
K15. Students should be able to describe the function
of endomembrane system
K16. Students should be able to describe extracelluler
components and connections, and four types of
intercellular junctions
K17. Students should be able to describe four types of
cell junctions
K18. Students should be able to describe the structure
of cell membarane
K19. Students should be able to differentiate integral
proteins from peripheral proteins; and their
functions
A Tour of the Cell (Ch. 6)

How do your cells help you learn

about biology?
 1. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
that compartmentalize their functions
The basic structural and functional unit of
every organism is one of two types of cells:
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Basic features of all cells:
Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (synthesize proteins)

K10: Students should be able to differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells,

and animal from plant cells
 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A Prokaryotic Cell. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa illustrates the typical

structures shared by all prokaryotic cells. This bacterium also has a protective outer
membrane and a capsule, which are not present in all prokaryotes.

K10
A eukaryotic cell
has organelles
within the
cytoplasm whose
interiors are
separated from
the cytosol by
membranes

K10
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Contd

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having

No nuclear envelope
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous
nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than
prokaryotic cells

K10: Students should be able to differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells,

and animal from plant cells
 Eukaryotic Cells

K10
 2. The eukaryotic cells genetic instructions are housed
in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes

K10
 Function?

K10;K11: Students should be able to differentiate free- from bound- ribosomes

3. The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic
and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Components of the endomembrane

system:
Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles,
Plasma membrane
These components are either continuous
or connected via transfer by vesicles

K14: Students should be able to describe the structure of endomembrane system

 This system carries out a variety of tasks in the
cell
synthesis of proteins,
transport of proteins into membranes and
organelles or out of the cell,
metabolism and movement of lipids,
Detoxification of poisons.

K15: Students should be able to describe the function of endomembrane system

 The Endomembrane System Membranes of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and
Golgi apparatus form a network that is connected by vesicles. Parts of the membrane move
between these organelles. Membrane synthesized in the smooth ER becomes sequentially part
of the rough ER, then the Golgi, then vesicles formed from the Golgi. These vesicles may
eventually fuse with, and become part of, the plasma membrane.
 Smooth ER
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Nuclear
Biosynthetic Factory
Rough ER
envelope

The ER membrane is
continuous with the
nuclear envelope ER lumen
Cisternae
There are two distinct Ribosomes
Transitional ER
Transport vesicle
regions of ER: Smooth ER Rough ER
200 nm

Smooth ER, which

lacks ribosomes
Rough ER, with
ribosomes studding
its surface

K12: Students should be able to differentiate smooth ER from rough ER

 Functions of Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
Functions of Rough ER
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete
glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to
carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles (proteins
surrounded by membranes)
Is a membrane factory for the cell

K12: Students should be able to differentiate smooth ER from rough ER

 The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and
Receiving Center

cis face
(receiving side of 0.1 m
Golgi apparatus)
Cisternae

trans face
(shipping side of TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus)

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

 The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened
membranous sacs called cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus:
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport
vesicles

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

 Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments

Nucleus 1 m Vesicle containing 1 m

two damaged organelles

Mitochondrion
fragment

Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome Lysosome

Plasma Peroxisome
membrane
Digestion

Food vacuole Digestion

Mitochondrion
Vesicle

(a) Phagocytosis (b) Autophagy

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

 A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic
enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats,
polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and
digests the molecules
Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the
cells own organelles and macromolecules, a
process called autophagy

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

 Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Nucleus Central
vacuole

Cell wall

Chloroplast
5 m

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

 A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or
several vacuoles
Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater
protists, pump excess water out of cells
Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant
cells, hold organic compounds and water

K14-16: Students should be able to describe components of ES and ES function

4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from
one form to another

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Are not part of the endomembrane system
Have a double membrane
Have proteins made by free ribosomes
Contain their own DNA

K13: Students should be able to explain roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts

 Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion

Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane

Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix

0.1 m

K13: Students should be able to explain roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts

 Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy

Chloroplast structure includes:

Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a
granum
Stroma, the internal fluid

Ribosomes
Stroma

Inner and outer

membranes

Granum

1 m
Thylakoid

K13: Students should be able to explain roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts

 5. Extracellular components and connections between
cells help coordinate cellular activities

Most cells synthesize and secrete materials

that are external to the plasma membrane
These extracellular structures include:
Cell walls of plants
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
Intercellular junctions

K16: Students should be able to describe extracelluler components and connections,

and four types of intercellular junctions
 Cell Walls of Plants Secondary
cell wall
Plant cell walls are Primary
cell wall
made of cellulose
fibers embedded Middle
lamella
in other
polysaccharides
and protein 1 m
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane

Plant cell walls

Plasmodesmata
K16
 The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells

The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as

collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
Polysaccharide
Collagen Proteoglycan molecule
EXTRACELLULAR complex
FLUID
Carbo-
hydrates

Fibronectin Core
protein

Integrins

Proteoglycan
molecule
Plasma
membrane
Proteoglycan
complex

Micro- CYTOPLASM
filaments

K16
 Intercellular Junctions

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ

systems often adhere, interact, and
communicate through direct physical contact
Intercellular junctions facilitate this contact
Plasmodesmata
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

K16
 Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells
Cell walls

Interior
of cell

Interior
of cell
0.5 m Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Plasmodesmata are channels that perforate plant

cell walls
Through plasmodesmata, water and small solutes
(and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell
to cell
K16
 Tight junction
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells

Tight Junctions,
Desmosomes, and
0.5 m

Gap Junctions in
Animal Cells Tight junction

Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome

Gap Desmosome 1 m
junctions

Extracellular
Space matrix
between Gap junction
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells 0.1 m
K16
 At tight junctions, membranes of Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells

neighboring cells are pressed

together, preventing leakage of
extracellular fluid
Desmosomes (anchoring Tight junction

junctions) fasten cells together Intermediate

filaments

into strong sheets Desmosome

Gap junctions (communicating Gap

junctions) provide cytoplasmic

junctions

channels between adjacent cells

Space Extracellular
between matrix
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells

K16
Membrane Structure and
Function I (Ch. 7)

How do cell membrane proteins help

regulate chemical traffic?
 6. Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and
proteins

The fluid mosaic model states that a

membrane is a fluid structure with a
mosaic of various proteins embedded in it

Scientists studying the plasma membrane

reasoned that it must be a phospholipid
bilayer

K18: Students should be able to describe the structure of cell membarane

 Phospholipid
bilayer

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
regions regions of
of protein protein

WATER
Hydrophilic
head

Hydrophobic
tail

WATER

K18: Students should be able to describe the structure of cell membarane

 The Fluidity of Membranes

Lateral movement Flip-flop

(107 times per second) ( once per month)

(a) Movement of phospholipids

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move

within the bilayer
Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely
across the membrane
K18: Students should be able to describe the structure of cell membarane
 Factors that affect
membrane fluidity

K18: Students shoiuld be able to explain influence of temperature and membrane composition on
its fluidity
 Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
Fibers of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)

Glyco- Carbohydrate
protein
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE

Cholesterol

Microfilaments Peripheral
of cytoskeleton proteins
Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE

K19: Students should be able to differentiate integral proteins from peripheral proteins; and their
functions
 Six major
functions of
membrane
proteins

K19
K19
 Summary
1. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that
compartmentalize their function
2. The eukaryotic cells generic instructions are housed in
the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
3. The endomembrane system regulate protein traffic
and performs metabolic functions in the cell
4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from
one form to another
5. Extracellular components and connections between
cells help coordinate cellular activities
6. Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and
proteins
 Next Week
Lecture Topics
(1) Membrane Structure and Function II;
(2) An Introduction to Metabolism
Read Chapter 7 and 8 before class
Quiz 1 covering Cell structure and function, as
well as Metabolism