MEI Mathematics in Education and Industry

MEI Structured Mathematics

Module Summary Sheets

FP2, Further Methods for

Advanced Mathematics
(Version B: reference to new book)

Topic 1: Calculus

Topic 2: Polar Coordinates

Topic 3: Complex Numbers

Topic 4: Power Series

Topic 5: Matrices

Option 1: Hyperbolic Functions

Option 2: Investigation of curves

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 Summary FP2 Topic 1: Calculus

References: Inverse Trigonometrical Functions d

y = arcsinx is the inverse function of y = sinx.
E.g. Find ( arcsin 2 x ) .
Chapter 1 dx
Pages 1-11
d ( arcsin x )
du
1 u = 2x =2
= dx
dx 1 x2 d d du
d ( arccos x )
( arcsin 2 x ) = ( arcsin u ) .
1 dx du dx
=
dx 1 x2 1 2
Exercise 1B = .2 =
Q. 2, 4, 6(ii), d ( arctan x ) 1 1 u2 1 4x2
7(ii) =
dx 1 + x2
1
2
1
References: Integration involving Inverse Functions E.g. Find 1+ 4x 2
dx.
Chapter 1 0

Pages 11-14 d ( arcsin x ) 1 d ( arctan x)

= Note first that =
1

1
dx = arctan x + c
dx 1 x2 dx 1+ x2
1+ x2
Example 1.6
1
dx = arcsin x + c Substitute 2x = tan
Page 12 1 x2 dx
2 = sec2 and 1+ 4x2 = 1+ tan2 = sec2
d ( arctan x ) 1 d
=
dx 1 + x2 When x = 0,tan = 0 = 0

1
dx = arctan x + c 1
1 + x2 When x = ,tan = 1 =
2 4
This can be seen by making the substitution
1
4 sec
1 2
2
Exercise 1C dx 1 1 4
x = tan = sec2 dx = 2 d = d
Q. 1(i),(ii), d 0
1+ 4x2 0
sec2 20
2(i),(ii) and 1 + x 2 = 1 + tan 2 = sec2 1 4
1 sec2
= [ ] =
dx = 2 d 2 0 8
1+ x 2
sec
x( x 2)
= d = + c = arctan x + c E.g. Find dx
( x + 1)( x2 + 2)
When making a substitution to complete a definite
x( x 2) 1 2
integral, either convert the limits to the values of
( x + 1)( x 2 + 2) x + 1 x 2 + 2
the function being used or turn your integrand
(This is found by partial fractions, covered in C4.)
back into a function of x and then substitute the limits.
x( x 2) 1 2
References: dx = 2 dx
Harder integrals ( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x + 2
Chapter 1
If the function in the denominator is of the form 1 1 1 x
Pages 15-17
ax2 + bx + c then completing the square allows the = dx 2 2 dx = ln x + 1 2. arctan +c
x +1 x +2 2 2
procedure above to be used.

E.g. x 2 + 4 x + 7 ( x + 2 ) + 3
2
Example 1.9
Page 15
1 1
So I = dx = dx 2
1
x + 4x + 7 ( x + 2) + 3
2 2
E.g. Find d x.
1 1 + 2x x2
Substitute ( x + 2) = 3 tan
1 + 2 x x 2 2 ( x 1)
2

( x + 2) + 3 = 3tan + 3 = 3sec
2 2 2
Exercise 1D So let ( x 1) = 2u
Q. 1(i), 4(i),(v), and dx = 3 sec2 d
T hen 1 + 2 x x 2 ( x 1 ) = 2 2 u 2
2 2
6(i)
1 3 sec d 1
2
I = dx = = 3 + c and d x = 2d u
( x + 2) +3 3sec2
2
3
1
W hen x = 1, u = 0 and x = 2, u =
1 x+2
= arctan +c
2
3 3 2
1
2
1 2
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics

1 1 + 2x x2
dx = 0 2(1 u 2 )
du

Version B: page 2 1
2
1
d u = [ arcsin u ]0
1
Competence statements c1, 2, 3 = 2 =
MEI 0 (1 u ) 2 4
 Summary FP2 Topic 2: Polar Coordinates

References: Cartesian coordinates identify a point by an E.g. The point with Cartesian coordinates (3, 4) has
Chapter 2 ordered pair (x, y) of distances from two, usually polar coordinates (r,) where
Page 20 perpendicular, axes which intersect at the origin,
O. 4
= tan 1 = 0.927 radians
Polar coordinates identify a point by an ordered 3 (3,4)
pair, (r, ) where r is the distance from a fixed and r = 32 + 42 = 5
point, O, called the pole, and is the angle
turned through in an anticlockwise direction
from a fixed line through O, called the initial The point with cartesian coordinates (1, 1) has
line. polar coordinates ( 2 , ).
The point is uniquely defined providing r and 4
are defined such that r 0 and 0 < 2.
Exercise 2A (1,1)
(Angles are usually expressed in radians.)
Q. 2

.(x,y) /4
r y

x E.g. Sketch the curve r = 1 + 2sin.
References: As As increases from 0 to
Conversion between Polars and Cartesians increases
/2, sin increases to 1
Chapter 2
Page 21 x = r cos , y = r sin from /2 to and so r increases to 3
, sin
x2 + y2 = r 2 r = x2 + y2 decreases When = 0, r = 1.
y to 0 and so
tan = As increases from to3
x r decreases
to 1 /2 , sin decreases to 1 and
References: so r decreases to 1.
Chapter 2 Polar Equations of Curves
As increases from (Note that there is a point
Pages 23-26 The polar equation of a curve can be expressed here when r = 0.
3
/2 to 2, sin
in the form r = f(). This is when
increases from 1 to
sin = 1/2, i.e. = 7/6 .)
Example 2.1 Curves may be sketched by plotting specific 0 and so r increases
Page 23 points or by considering the value of r over a to 1, once again
through 0, when .
range of values of .
= 11/6 .
Exercise 2B
Q. 1, 2 E.g. Find the area of the sector of the curve
Area of Sector r = 1 + 2sin from = 0 to /2.
= =
1 1
2 =
r 2 d
2 =
References: Area = Area = r 2 d
Chapter 2
Pages 27-28
2
1
(1 + 2 sin )
2
= d
2 0
r
2
1
= (1 + 4 sin + 4 sin ) d
2
2 0

2
1
Exercise 2C
=
2 (1 + 4 sin + 2 (1 cos 2 ) ) d
0
Q. 2 1
= [3 4 cos sin 2 ]0 2
2
1 3 1
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics = 4 0 0 (0 4 0 )
2 2 2
Version B: page 3 3
Competence statements p1, 2, 3 = +2
4
MEI
 Summary FP2 Topic 3: Complex Numbers 1

References: The Polar form of a complex number x + yj is E.g. The point (3 + 4j) with Cartesian coordinates
Chapter 3 given as (r, ) where r is the modulus of the (3, 4) has Polar coordinates (r,) where
Pages 32-35 complex number and is the anticlockwise angle
turned through from the positive x (or real) axis. 4
= tan 1 = 0.927 radians
y
3 (3,4)
r tan =
y x r = 32 + 4 2 = 5
Exercise 3A
Q. 3, 15, 18 r = x2 + y 2
x
To enable this representation to be unique, we define
The point 1 +j has polar coordinates 2, .
the range of to be < , where the 4
measurement is usually in radians.
Note the comparison (1,1)
References: Sets of points between the polar form
Chapter 3 The equation arg(z p) = k is a half line with of complex numbers
/4
Page 36 constant angle k from the point p. The other half and polar coordinates
represents the equation arg(z p) = (k1). (Topic 2.)
Exercise 3B
Q. 2, 8, 10 Multiplication and division in polar form.
If z1 = (r1 ,1 ) = r1 ( cos1 + jsin 1 )
References: E.g. z1 = 3, , z2 = 2,
Chapter 3 and z2 = (r2 ,2 ) =r2 ( cos2 + jsin 2 ) 4 3
Pages 37-38 7 z
then z1 z2 = ( r1r2 ,1 + 2 ) z1 z2 = 6, , 1 = 1.5,
12 z2 12
= r1r2 ( cos(1 + 2 ) + jsin(1 + 2 ) )
z1 r1 r
and = ,1 2 = 1 ( cos(1 2 ) + jsin(1 2 ) )
Exercise 3C z2 r2 r2 E.g. If z = cos + jsin
4 4
Q. 4, 6, 14
8

It can also be seen that if z1 = (r1 ,1 ) and z2 = (r2 ,2 ) then z 8 = cos + jsin
4 4
then z1 z2 = z1 z2 = ( cos 2 + jsin 2 ) = 1
Note that the equivalent algebraic form of z is
and arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) 1 1
8

(1 + j) z 8 = (1 + j)
8
z=
References: 2 2
de Moivres Theorem 1
Chapter 3 = (1 + 8 j 28 56 j + 70 + 56 j 28 8 j + 1)
Pages 40-41 If z = ( r , ) = r ( cos + jsin ) 16
1 16
and n is any integer = (1 28 + 70 28 + 1) = =1
Exercise 3D 16 16
z n = ( r n , n ) =r n ( cos n + jsin n )
Q. 1(i), 2(i), 3(i)

Multiple angles using de Moivres Theorem E.g. If z = ( cos + jsin )

References:
If z = ( cos + jsin ) z3 = ( cos + jsin ) = ( cos3 + jsin3 )
3
Chapter 3
Pages 42-43 and n is any integer
= cos3 + 3jcos2 sin 3cos sin2 jsin3
z = ( cos + jsin ) = ( cos n + jsin n )
n n

So cos3 = cos3 3cos sin2

Example 3.2 The powered bracket should be expanded using
Page 41 = cos3 3cos (1 cos2 )
the binomial theorem (and using j2 = 1) and
then equate real and imaginary parts. = 4cos3 3cos
Exercise 3E
Q. 3,5(i) and sin3 = 3cos2 sin sin3
= 3(1 sin2 ) sin sin3
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics = 3sin 4sin3
Version B: page 4
Competence statements j1, 2, 3, 4
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 Summary FP2 Topic 3: Complex Numbers 2

References: Complex Exponents

E.g. Express 1 ej in the form a sin .ejk
Chapter 3 e j = cos + jsin 2
Pages 45-47 This comes from the comparison of the infinite ej = cos + jsin 1 ej = 1 cos jsin
series expansions for cos ,sin and e j
cos = 1 2sin2 1 cos = 2sin2
Example 3.6 i.e. cos + jsin 2 2
Page 47
2 4 3 5 1 ej = 2sin2 2jsin cos = 2sin sin jcos
= 1 + ... + j + ... 2 2 2 2 2 2
2! 4! 3! 5!
Exercise 3F 2 3 4 5 = 2j2 sin sin jcos = 2jsin jsin j2 cos
= 1 + j j + +j + ... 2 2 2 2 2 2
Q. 1(ii), 4, 6 2! 3! 4! 5!
j 1

( j )
2
( j )
3
( j )
4 = 2jsin cos jsin = 2jsin e2
= 1 + ( j ) + + + + ... 2 2 2 2
2! 3! 4!
= e j 1 1
E.g. Find the sum of the series sin + sin 2 + sin3 + .....
2 4
In particular: e j = cos + jsin = 1
1 1
Let S = sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + .....
References: Summations using complex numbers 2 4
Chapter 3 Series expansions involving cos or sin may 1 1
and C = cos + cos 2 + cos3 + .....
Page 49 be done using complex numbers, de Moivres 2 4
theorem and equating real and imaginary 1
C + jS = ( cos + jsin ) + ( cos 2 + jsin2 ) + .....
parts. 2
Exercise 3G 1 1 1 1
Complex roots = e j + e2j + e3j + ..... = e j 1 + e j + e2j + .....
Q. 1, 4 2 4 2 4
If z = r ( cos + jsin ) ,
1 1
2
1
1

+ 2k + 2k = e j 1 + e j + e j + ..... = e j 1 e j
n
z = n r cos + jsin 2
References: n n 2 2
Chapter 3 (For the range of the root to be [ 0, 2 ] , 1
e j 1 e j 1
Pages 51-56 e j
the range of the number must be [ 0, 2n ] ). e j 2 2
= = =
1 j 1 j 1 j 1 1 e j + e j + 1
For k = 0,1, 2.....( n 1), these angles are
1 e 1 e 1 e 2
( ) 4
distinct, giving the n nth roots of z. 2 2 2
Example 3.8
1
Page 53 Since they all have the same modulus, they cos + jsin
2 4sin
all lie on the circle z = n r and so they = S =
5
cos 5 4cos
form, on an Argand diagram, a regular n -gon. 4
Exercise 3H
Q. 2, 6
The sum of all nth roots of a complex E.g. Find all 3 cube roots of 8.
number is 0.
Write z 3 = 8 in polar form ( 8, 0 )
Method 1.
Exercise 3I Consider the complex number z1. The nth 0 + 2k 0 + 2 k
3
8= 3
8 cos + jsin
Q. 2, 4 roots are roots of the equation zn = z1. 3 3
The sum of roots of this equation is the
2 4
coefficient of the zn1 term which is zero. = ( 2, 0 ) , 2, , 2,
3 3
1 3 1 3
Method 2. = 2, 2 + j , 2 j
If the n roots are , , ...then these roots 2 2 2 2
Exercise 3I
form the vertices of a regular n-gon. Adding Note that the sum is
Q. 9
complex numbers on the Argand diagram is
1 3 1 3
done by drawing them tracking round a 2 + 2 + j + 2 j
polygon. 2 2 2 2
Exercise 3J
Q. 4 In this case the numbers being added track 2 1+ j 3 1 j 3 = 0
round to the starting point. The resultant is
therefore zero. Note also that the product
1 3 1 3 1 3
= 8 + j j = 8 + = 8
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics 2 2 2 2 4 4

Version B: page 5
Competence statements j5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
MEI
 Summary FP2 Topic 4: Power Series

References: Maclaurins Expansion 1

E.g. Find a series expansion for y =
Chapter 4 2 3 (1 + x)2
x x
Pages 69-76 f ( x ) = f (0) + xf '(0) + f ''(0) + f '''(0) + ..... f (x) =(1 + x)2 ; f(0) = 1
2! 3!
providing that f(x) and all its derivatives exist at f '(x) = 2(1 + x)3 ; f '(0) = 2
x=0 f ''(x) = 2 3(1 + x)4 ; f ''(0) = 6
Example 4.1
Page 72 x2 x3
If the series with n terms tends to a limit as n tends f ( x) = 1 2 x + 2 3 2 3 4 + .....
2 3!
to infinity, then we say that the series converges as
n tends to infinity and it converges to f(x). f ( x) = 1 2 x + 3x 4 x + .....
2 3

Exercise 4A
E.g. Find a series expansion for y = cos x
Q. 1(i), 9
f(x) = cos x; f(0) = 1
f '(x ) = sin x; f '(0) = 0
References: Series expansions for standard functions f ''(x) = cos x; f ''(0) = 1
Chapter 4 x2 x3 x 4 xr f '''(x) = sin x; f '''(0) = 0
Page 76 ex = 1+ x + + + + ..... + + .....
2! 3! 4! r! f ''''(x) = cos x; f ''''(0) = 1
Valid for all values of x. 2
x x4
f ( x) = 1 + .....
2! 4!
( 1) x r + .....
r +1
x 2 x3 x 4
ln(1 + x ) = x + + ..... + It can be seen that odd powers have coefficient 0
2 3 4 r
and even powers have coefficients alternating
Valid for 1 < x 1.
1 and 1.
( 1) x 2 r
r
( 1) x 2 r +1 + .....
r

sin x = x
x3 x5
+ ..... + ( r + 1) th term is
3! 5! ( 2 r + 1) ! ( 2r ) !
Valid for all x.
E.g. Find a series expansion for y = arcsin x
( 1) x 2 r + .....
r
x2 x4
cos x = 1 + ..... + up to the term in x 2 , and hence find an
2! 4! ( 2 r )! 0.2
Valid for all x. approximation to arcsin x d x.
( 1) x + .....
2 r +1
3 5 r 0.1
x x
arctan x = x + ..... + f(x ) = arcsin x ; f(0) = 0
3 5 ( 2 r + 1)
1
Valid for x 1 f '(x ) = ; f '(0) = 1
1 x2
References: x
f ''(x ) = ; f ''(0) = 0
(1 x 2 ) 2
3
Chapter 4 An alternative approach
Page 78 Using the function notation, f(x) and the first
derivative, f '(x) with the associated values f(0) and f(x ) = x + .....
0.2
f '(0), etc, then sometimes it is possible to obtain a 0.2 0.2
x2
Example 4.3 relationship between derivatives.
0.1

arcsin x d x
0.1
x d x = 2
0.1
Page 78 E.g. f ''( x) = af '( x) + bf ( x). = 0.02 0.005 = 0.015
Then f ''(0) = af '(0) + bf (0)
and f '''( x) = af ''( x) + bf '( x), etc.
This relationship may be continued indefinitely. E.g. Find a series expansion for f ( x) = e x cos x.
f (0) = 1
Exercise 4B f '( x) = e x cos x e x sin x; f '(0) = 1
Q. 1(i), 3 f ''( x) = e x cos x e x sin x e x sin x e x cos x = 2e x sin x
f ''( x) = 2f '( x) 2f ( x)
f ''(0) = 2f '(0) 2f (0) = 2 2 = 0
f '''( x) = 2f ''( x) 2f '( x)
f '''(0) = 2f ''(0) 2f '(0) = 2
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics f ''''( x) = 2f '''( x) 2f ''( x) f ''''(0) = 4
Version B: page 6 2 x3 4 x 4
f ( x) = e x cos x = 1 + x + .....
Competence statements s1, 2, 3 3! 4!
MEI
 Summary FP2 Topic 5: Matrices 1

References: Determinants E.g. Find the value of the determinant

Chapter 5 a1 b1 c1 1 2 5
Pages 84-86
For the determinant = a2 b2 c2 the minor = 2 7 8 .
a3 b3 c3 3 10 15

Example 5.1 of the element a1 , A1 , is the 2 2 determinant 1 2 5

Page 86 obtained by eliminating the row and column = 2 7 8 (Row 3 Row 2)
containing a1. 1 3 7
1 2 5
Row 3 Row 1
Then = a1 A1 + a2 A2 + a3 A3 = 0 3 2
and Row 2 2 Row 1
b2 c2 b c1 b c1 0 1 2
where A1 = , A2 = 1 , A3 = 1 3 2
b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 c2 = = 6 (2) = 8
Exercise 5A 1 2
Q. 1(i),2(i), 5
E.g. Find the value of the determinant
1 2 1
Rules for calculating determinants
= 2 6 7 .
(i) Interchanging two columns (or rows) changes
the sign of the determinant. However, cyclic 3 11 13
References:
Chapter 5 interchange leaves the sign unaltered. 1 2 0
Pages 87-91 (ii) The value of a determinant is unchanged by = 2 6 5 (Column 3 Column 1)
subtracting one row from another row (or one 3 11 10
column from another column).
1 2 0
(iii) A determinant with a row or column of zeros Factor of 5
Exercise 5B
is zero. From (ii) above, the value of a determi- = 52 1 6
Q. 1, 12 from Column 3
nant with identical rows (or columns) is zero. 3 11 2
1 2 0
=5 2 6 1 ( Row 3 2 Row2 )
1 1 0
References: The inverse of a 3 3 matrix 1 2
Chapter 5 =5 = 5 ( ( 1) ( 2) ) = 5
a1 b1 c1 A1 A2 A3 1 1
Pages 93-96 1
Given M = a2 b2 c2 , M = B1 B2
-1
B3
a b c
3 3 3 C1 C2 C3 1 2 5
Example 5.3 -1
E.g. Find M where M = 2 7 8 .
Page 94 where is the value of the determinant. 3 10 15

From above, = a1 A1 + a2 A2 + a3 A3
From above, = 8.
Note that a1 B1 + a2 B2 + a3 B3 = 0
Exercise 5C 7 8 2 5 2 5
i.e. multiplying out the "wrong" column with a row A1 = = 25, A2 = = 20, A3 = = 19
Q. 1(i), 3, 5 10 15 10 15 7 8
gives 0.
2 8 1 5 1 5
B1 = = 6, B2 = = 0, B3 = =2
3 15 3 15 2 8
References: Simultaneous Equations 2 7 1 2 1 2
Chapter 5 2 simultaneous equations in two unknowns or three C1 = = 1, C2 = = 4, C3 = =3
3 10 3 10 2 7
Pages 98-101 equations in three unknowns may be written in
matrix form, MX = A 25 20 19
1
Then the equations may be solved, since M1 = 6 0 2
8
X = M-1A. 1 4 3
This represents the solution provided M-1 exists. If
Exercise 5D M-1 does not exist then the equations are either Determine whether the following three equations are
Q. 3, 10, 16 inconsistent or the solution is not unique.
consistent or inconsistent.
1 : 3x + 2 y + z 4 = 0
2 : x + y + 2z 6 = 0
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics
Version B: page 7 3 : 3x + y 4 z 8 = 0
Competence statements m1, m5 Det(M) = 0 so no unique solution.
MEI 21 3 2 3x + y 4 z + 10 = 0 3So inconsistent.
 Summary FP2 Topic 5: Matrices 2

References: Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 1 2 1 2

E.g. M = . M I = 0 =0
Chapter 5 8 1 8 1
Pages 104-110 If s is a non-zero vector such that Ms = s for a (1 ) 16 = 0 1 = 4 = 3, 5
2

scalar number, , then s is called an

x 1 5 2 x 0
Eigenvector of M. is called an Eigenvalue Let s = . For = 5,

=

y 8 1 5 y 0
of M.
Example 5.5 1
4 x + 2 y = 0 y = 2 x Eigenvector =
Page 107 If M is a 2 2 matrix then there are two 2
Eigenvectors; if M is a 3 3 matrix then there 1 + 3 2 x 0
For = 3, =
are three. 8 1 + 3 y 0
1
4 x + 2 y = 0 y = 2 x Eigenvector =
To find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, 2
Exercise 5E solve Ms = s
Q. 1(i),2(i), 6 i.e. ( )s = 0. 1 2
As s is non-zero, this means that E.g.For M above, M = .
Det( ) = 0 8 1
1 1
s1 = , 1 = 5, s2 = , 2 = 3
References: The diagonal form and powers of M 2 2
Chapter 5 1 1 5 0
Pages 113-114 If M is a 2 2 matrix with Eigenvectors s1 and S = , =
2 2 0 3
s2 with associated Eigenvalues 1 and 2 then
the matrix S = ( s1 , s2 ) and which is a matrix 1 2 1 1 5 3
Check: MS = =
where the elements of the leading diagonal are 8 1 2 2 10 6
the associated Eigenvalues with zeros
1 1 5 0 5 3
elsewhere are such that MS = S. S = =
Exercise 5F 2 2 0 3 10 6
MS = S S-1MS =
Q. 1(i), 2
( )
2
S-1MS = 2
3 2
,express M in the form SS
1
S-1MS S-1MS =S-1MMS =S-1M 2S = 2 E.g.For M =
4 1
M 2 = S 2S-1 and hence find M3.
Similarly, M n = S nS-1 3 2
= 0 ( 3 )(1 ) 8 = 0
The similar property is true for a 3 3 matrix. 4 1
2 4 5 = 0 ( 5)( + 1) = 0 =5, 1
References: The Cayley Hamilton Theorem 3 5 2 x 0 1
Chapter 5 For = 5, = x = y s1 =
4 1 5 y 0 1
Pages 114-116 Every square matrix satisfies its own
characteristic equation. 3 + 1 2
x 0 1
For = 1, = 2 x + y = 0 s2 =
For the 2 2 matrix M, if the characteristic 4 1 + 1 y 0 2
equation is 2 + a + b = 0 1 1 5 0 -1 1 2 1 3 5 0 3

Then M2 + aM + bI = 0 S = , = , S = , =
1 2 0 1 3 1 1 0 1
Exercise 5F
Q. 3(ii), 7 It follows, for instance, by multiplying through- 1 1 1 125 0 2 1
M3 =
out by M, that M3 + aM2 + bM = 0. 3 1 2 0 1 1 1
1 125 1 2 1 1 249 126 83 42
This gives an alternative method to find powers = = =
of M. 3 125 2 1 1 3 252 123 84 41

E.g.For M above the characteristic equation is

2 4 5 = 0 M 2 4M 5I = 0
3 2 1 0 17 8
M 2 = 4M + 5I = 4 + 5 =
FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics 4 1 0 1 16 9
Version B: page 8 and M 2 = 4M + 5I M 3 = 4M 2 + 5M
Competence statements m2, m3, m4, m6, m7
17 8 3 2 83 42
MEI = 4 + 5 =
16 9 4 1 84 41
 Summary FP2 Option 1: Hyperbolic Functions

References: Hyperbolic Functions E.g. Show that sinh2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x and
Chapter 6
Pages 123-128 cosh x =
2
( e + e ) , sinh x = 12 ( ex e x )
1 x x find an expression for cosh2 x.
From definitions,
sinh x e x e x e2 x 1
tanh x = = = e x e x e x + e x
Exercise 6A cosh x e x + e x e2 x + 1 2 sinh x cosh x = 2
Q. 1, 3(i), d(cosh x) d(sinh x) 2 2
= sinh x, = cosh x
= ( e 2 x e 2 x ) = sinh 2 x
7(ii), 9(ii) 1
dx dx
d 2
( tanh x ) = sech 2 x
dx
2
1
2 (
cosh 2 x = ( e 2 x + e 2 x ) = ( e x + e x ) 2
1 2
)
Osbornes Rule
= ( e + e ) 1 = 2 cosh 2 x 1
References: 1 x x 2
Chapter 6 Hyperbolic identities are identical to the
2
Page 125 trigonometrical identities except that whenever
there is a product (or implied product) of two E.g. cos2x = 1 2 sin 2 x
sinhs the sign is reversed.
and cosh 2 x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
Example 6.1 E.g. cos x + sin x = 1
2 2
but cos2x = 2 cos 2 x 1
Page 126 and cosh x sinh x = 1
2 2
and cosh 2 x = 2 cosh 2 x 1
Exercise 6B Compound Angle formulae E.g. Prove the compound angle formula for tanh(x + y)
Q. 2
and find an expression for tanh2x.
cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
sinh ( x + y )
cosh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y tanh ( x + y ) =
cosh ( x + y )
sinh ( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
=
sinh ( x y ) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
tanh x + tanh y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
+
tanh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y cosh x cosh y
1 + tanh x tanh y =
cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
tanh x tanh y +
References: tanh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y cosh x cosh y
Chapter 6 1 tanh x tanh y
sinh x sinh y
Page 128 +
cosh x cosh y tanh x + tanh y
= =
sinh x sinh y 1 + tanh x tanh y
1+
Example 6.2 Other hyperbolic functions cosh x cosh y
Page 133 1 1 1 2 tanh x
coth x = , sechx = , cosechx = tanh 2 x =
1 + tanh 2 x
Exercise 6B
tanh x cosh x sinh x
Q. 2 2
1
Inverse hyperbolic functions
E.g. Find
1 x + 2 x + 10
2
dx

1 1+ x
x 2 + 2 x + 10 = ( x + 1) +9
2
artanh x = ln ,
2 1 x

( )
2 2
1 1
References: arcosh x = ln x + x 12 dx = dx
x + 2 x + 10 ( x + 1) +9
2 2
1 1

ar sinh x = ln ( x + + 1)
Chapter 6
Pages 130-134 x2
2
x + 1 2
= arsinh = arsinh1 arsinh
d 1 3 1 3
Exercise 6C ( a rc o sh x ) =
dx x2 1 2 13
3 1+ 2 ( )
( )
Q. 4(i), 5(i),
= ln 1 + 2 ln + =
6 (i),(ii), 7 d 1 ln
+
( a rsin h x ) = 3 9
2 13

dx x2 +1
1 x
x +a
2 2
d x = a rsin h
a
+c FP2; Further Methods for Advanced
Mathematics
1 x
d x = a rc o s h +c Version B: page 9
x a
2 2 a Competence statements a4, 5, 6, 7, 8
 Summary FP2 Option 2: Investigation of Curves 1

References: The locus of a point is the path traced out by The curve with
Chapter 7 the point as it moves according to a given rule. equation
Pages 138-142 There are three ways to describe the locus : 4x2 + y2 = 9 is an
Cartesian equation ellipse.
A relationship between the x and y coordinates
of the point. f(x,y) = 0 The parametric
Parametric equation equations are:
The coordinates, x and y are related via a 3
parameter. x = f(t), y = g(t). x = cos T , y = 3sin T
2
Polar equation 3
Each point in the plane is described in terms of giving the polar equation r =
the distance from an origin (called the Pole) 3cos2 + 1
and the angle turned through anticlockwise
from a fixed line through the pole. r = f(). 3
E.g. Convert the polar equation r =
3cos2 +1
References: Conversion between forms
to cartesian form.
Chapter 7 Polar - Cartesian and Cartesian - Polar
x 9
Pages 142-145 Use r2 = x2 + y2; x = r cos, y = r sin r = x2 + y2 and cos = x2 + y2 =
r 3x 2

x y +1
or cos = , sin = x2 + y 2
r r 9( x2 + y2 ) 9
x2 + y 2 = 1 = 2 2
Exercise 7A Parametric - Cartesian 3x + x + y
2 2 2
4x + y
Q. 1(i), 2, 8 Eliminate the parameter from the equations 4x2 + y 2 = 9
giving the relationship between x and y.
ParametricPolar
First convert to Cartesian. E.g. r = 1 + 2sin contains a loop.

References: Loops and cusps

Chapter 7 A loop is a part of the curve that traces out one
Pages 148-155 area by passing through a given point twice.
A cusp is a point on a curve where two arcs of
the curve meet with coincident tangents.
Example 7.2
Page 156
r = 1 + sin has a cusp.
References: Symmetry and nodes
Chapter 7 A point where a curve crosses itself is called a
Pages 155-157 Node.
If two values of the parameter of a parametric
equation give the same point, then that point is
a node.
References:
Asymptotes
Chapter 7 Horizontal and vertical asymptotes were E.g. Find the equations of the asymptotes of the
Pages 158-159 introduced in FP1. Some curves also have
x2 + 3x 4
oblique asymptotes. curve y = 1 + and draw the graph.
x2
Example 7.3 If the equation of a curve can be rewritten in
Page 158 the form y = ax + b + f(x) where f(x) tends to
zero as x tends to infinity then the line The curve can be rewritten
y = ax + b is an oblique asymptote. 6 6
Exercise 7A y = 1+ x + 5 + = x+6+
x2 x2
Q. 3(i), (ii)
vertical asymptote is
x=2

FP2; Further Methods for Advanced Mathematics

Version B: page 10
Competence statements C1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and oblique asymptote is
MEI y = x+6
 Summary FP2 Option 2: Investigation of Curves 2

References: Families of curves E.g. Investigate the family of curves with polar
Chapter 7 Curves with a common property are called a family of equation r = 1 + asin for different values of a.
Pages 160-162 curves.
E.g. y = x2 4x + 1 is a Two curves are shown on the previous page
curve known as a parabola. with a = 1 and a = 2.
a = 0 gives a circle.

For different values of a, The curves shown are for a = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and
y = x2 4x + a is a family 3.5.
of curves.
a=2 a = 1.5
Exercise 7B a = 0.5
Q. 2 a=1
a = 1

References: Using Calculus a = 2.5 a = 3.5

Chapter 7 Calculus can be used when the curve is given in any of
Pages 172-177 the three forms :
To find equations of tangents and normals
To determine maximum and minimum points
Exercise 7C To find maximum and minimum distances from the
Q. 6 origin.
E.g. The tangent at the point P (ap2, 2ap) on the
Conics parabola x = at2, y = 2at meets the x-axis at T
References: If S is a fixed point and d a fixed line, then the locus of and the normal at P meets the x-axis at N. Find
Chapter 7 a point P which moves so that the ratio of the distance the area of the triangle PNT.
Pages 184-195 to the point and to the line is constant is a conic. dx dy dy 1
The value of the ratio, e, is called the At any point, = 2at , = 2a =
dt dt dx t
eccentricity. 1
P At P the gradient of the tangent is
PS = e PM M p
1
e = 1 gives a parabola Tangent has equation y 2ap = ( x ap 2 )
0 < e < 1 gives an ellipse S p
d
e > 1 gives a hyperbola py = x + ap 2
Example 7.5 In their simplest forms the cartesian equations of the When y = 0, x = ap 2 P
Page 191 conics are: T ( ap 2 , 0)
Normal at P has equation
Parabola: y 2 = 4ax
y 2ap = p ( x ap 2 )
x2 y 2 T N
Ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1 y + px = 2ap + ap 3
a b
When a = b the ellipse becomes a circle: x 2 + y 2 = a 2 When y = 0, x = 2a + ap 2
Exercise 7D N (2a + ap 2 , 0)
x2 y 2
Q. 3, 6, 7 Hyperbola: 2 2 = 1 In triangle TPN, length of base = TN
a b
When a = b the hyperbola is rectangular: x 2 y 2 = a 2 = 2a + 2ap 2
Height = y coordinate of P = 2ap
this can be rewritten XY = c 2
In their simplest forms the parametric equations of the Area =
1
2
( ) (
2a + 2ap 2 2ap = 2a 2 p 1 + p 2 )
conics are:
Parabola: x = at2, y = 2at
Ellipse: x = a cost, y = bsint
When a = b the ellipse becomes a circle: x = a cost, y = asint FP2; Further Methods for Advanced
Hyperbola: x = asect, y = b tan t Mathematics
Exercise 7E Version B: page 11
Q. 6 When a = b the hyperbola is rectangular and can be transformed to
Competence statements C6, 7, 8
c
x = ct, y = MEI
t