Zwitterion-an ion that has both positive and negative regions of charge.

The basis of Heller's test is

Proteins get denatured when acid is added and this forms a white coagulum which is
slightly yellow in colour because of nitro- derivatives of proteins given by aromatic
amino acids.

A test for albumin in urine; presence of albumin is indicated by formation of a white

ring at the junction of the solution and a concentrate solution of nitric acid.

A test for the presence of protein (albumin) in the urine. A quantity of urine is
carefully poured onto the same quantity of pure nitric acid in a test tube. A white ring
forms at the junction of the liquids if albumin is present. However, a similar result may
be obtained if the urine contains certain drugs or is very concentrated. A dark brown
ring indicates the presence of an abnormally high level of potassium indoxyl sulphate in
the urine

Coagulation-A separation or precipitation from a dispersed state of suspensoid particles resulting from their growth; may result
from prolonged heating, addition of an electrolyte, or from a condensation reaction between solute and solvent; an example is the
setting of a gel.
Heat coagulation test

1. A test for measurement of protein in urine; albumin and globulin are coagulated by
heat at an acid pH, and the amount of turbidity present provides a qualitative estimation
of the degree of proteinuria.

Alcohols

Alcohols, usually ethanol or isopropanol, are sometimes used as a disinfectant, but more
often as an antiseptic (the distinction being that alcohol tends to be used on
living tissue rather than nonliving surfaces). They are non-corrosive, but can be
a fire hazard. They also have limited residual activity due to evaporation, which
results in brief contact times unless the surface is submerged, and have a limited
activity in the presence of organic material. Alcohols are most effective when
combined with purified water to facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane;
100% alcohol typically denatures only external membrane proteins.[9] A mixture of
70% ethanol or isopropanol diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum
of bacteria, though higher concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet
surfaces.[10] Additionally, high-concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5%
isopropanol) are required to effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such
as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C).[10][11][12] Alcohol is, at best, only partly
effective against most non-enveloped viruses (such as hepatitis A), and is not
effective against fungal and bacterial spores.[9][11]

as an antiseptic, 70 percent of alcohol is prefered to a stonger solution. Pure alcohol

coagulates protein in contact. Suppose the pure alcohol is poured ovr a single celled
organism. Th alcohol will penetrate the cell wall of the organism in all direction,
coagulating the protein just inside the cell wall. the ring of the coagulated protein
would then prevent the alcohol from penetrating farther from the cell, and no more
coagulation woul take place. At this time the cell would become dormant butnot dead.
under the proper condition the cell would then begin to function. if 70 percent of
alcohol is poured to a single celled organism, the diluted alcohol also coagulates the
protein, but at a slower rate, so that it penetrates all the way through the cell before
coagulation can block it. then all the cell is coagulated and the organism dies.