FORMULA SHEET

You may use this formula sheet during the Advanced Transport Phenomena course and it should contain all formulas you need during this course. Note that the weeks are
numbered from 1.1 to 2.7. Part 1.1 to 1.7 contain all the formulas that were needed in the basic course The basics of Transport Phenomena and part 2.1 to 2.7 contain new
formulas used in Advanced Transport Phenomena.

General formulas:
Newtons 2nd law of motion. =
Kinetic energy. 1
= 2 2
Gravitational energy. =
Angular velocity of circular motion, where T is the period of the motion. 2
=
Ideal gas law. R is the Gas constant. =

Density in mass per unit volume. =

Specific heat: Heat needed to heat an object by 1 degree Celsius. Units are . =
The conversion of going from Celsius to Kelvin. It is important to note that negative = C + 273,15
temperatures do not exist on the Kelvin scale, while they do for the Celsius scale, so
when calculating with absolute temperatures, use Kelvin. In relative calculations where
you take a temperature difference, it doesnt matter since Kelvin and Celsius are the
same scale, except they are shifted.
The radius of a circle, where r is the radius (half the diameter) of the circle. = 2
The area of a circle. = 2
The volume of a sphere. 4
= 3 3
Constants
= 6.022 1023 The number of molecules in a mole, called Avogadros Constant.

= 8.315 The gas constant

= 5.67 108 2 4
The Stefan-Boltzmann constant

Quantities &Units
Mass kg Work Nm
Time s Total energy J
Volume m3 Area m2
Velocity m/s Heat transfer coefficient W/(m2K)
Density Kg/m3 Thermal conductivity W/(mK)
Diameter D or d m Specific heat J/(kgK)
Force N Drag coefficient -
Temperature K Thermal diffusivity m2/s
Pressure Pa Viscosity Pas
Mass flow Kg/s Mass transfer coefficient m/s
Diffusion coefficient m2/s Specific energy dissipation e J/kg
Internal energy J Shear stress Pa
Heat J Wavelength m

AIR AT 20 C: WATER AT 20 C:
DENSITY: 1.205 KG/M3 DENSITY: 998.23 KG/M3
HEAT CAPACITY : 1.007 KJ/(KG K) HEAT CAPACITY : 4.1850 KJ/(KG K)
PRANDTL: 0.713 PRANDTL: 7.01
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY : 2.119 * 10-5 M2/S THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY : 0.143 * 10-6 M2/S
VISCOSITY : 1.82 * 10-5 PA S VISCOSITY : 1.002 * 10-3 PA S
WEEK 1.1:
The general balance equation.
= +

WEEK 1.2:
Total energy balance 1 1
= , { + + 2 + } , { + + 2 + }
2
2
First law of Thermodynamics, where is the net work = +
done on the system.
The thermal energy balance in a steady state without
0 = ( ) + +
energy change.
The mechanical energy balance. 2 2
( ) ( )
0 = ( + ( ) + + )
2
Bernoullis equation: Neglects all friction and heat 2
production. is height. + + =
2
Bernoullis Principle: The energy per unit volume before is 1 1
1 + 12 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2
the same as the energy per unit volume after. 2 2

WEEK 1.3:
Reynolds number, where is the density of the fluid,
is the relative velocity, D is the diameter and is the
=

viscosity of the fluid
The drag force. is the drag coefficient, A is the frontal 1
area, v is the relative velocity. = 2
2
Stokes law: The drag force on a sphere with a low
= 3
Reynolds number ( < 1).
WEEK 1.4:
Fouriers law, the transfer of heat. is the material

conductivity, is the thickness, A is the area, is the =
difference in temperature.
Ficks law of diffusion, analogous to Fouriers law. is the

diffusion coefficient, A is the area and is the change in = ( )
concentration over x.

WEEK 1.5:
Newtons law of cooling. is the heat transfer coefficient. =
Nusselt number. Used to make h dimensionless.
=
Mass transfer coefficient, where is the Sherwood
D
number, analogous to Nusselt number. is the size of =

the object, also called D sometimes.

WEEK 1.6:
Thermal diffusivity. is thermal conductivity, is material
density, is specific heat. =

Penetration depth. Only valid while penetration theory

still holds, for < 2 , where D is the size of the sheet =
being penetrated by heat.
Fourier number.
=
2
Nusselt number for penetration theory.
1
=

WEEK 1.7:
No new formulas this week!
WEEK 2.1:
The general microbalance equation. Where is the
dependent variable of interest = | |+ +

WEEK 2.2:
Momentum balance
( ) = , , , , +

Fanning pressure drop equation 1
= 4 2 < >2
Hydraulic diameter, S is the wetted perimeter. 4
=

The fanning friction factor for the laminar regime: 64
Re < 2000 4 =

The fanning friction factor for the turbulent regime
4 = 0.316 1/4
(formula of Blasius): 4000 < Re < 105
The specific energy dissipation is modelled as the sum of = ( ) + ( )
dissipation in pipelines parts and appendage parts
Specific energy dissipation in appendages for turbulent 1
flow = < >2
2

GATE VALVE
open 3/4 1/2 1/4
KL 0.2 0.9 4.5 24

KINK
40 60 80 90 100 120 140 160
KL 2.43 1.86 1.26 0.98 0.74 0.36 0.14 0.05
WEEK 2.3:
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS :

Greatz number: Fraction of conductive over convective

heat transfer =
2
Grashof number: Fraction of buoyancy forces over viscous 3
forces = T
2
Lewis number: Fraction of thickness of thermal boundary
= (D is the mass diffusion constant)
layer over mass transfer boundary layer
Peclet (heat) number: Fraction convective heat transfer
over conductive heat transfer =

Peclet (mas) number: Fraction convective mass transfer
= (D is the mass diffusion constant)
over diffusive mass transfer
Prandtl number: Fraction of hydrodynamic boundary layer
Pr = ( is the kinematic viscosity)
thickness over thermal boundary layer thickness
Schmidt number: Fraction of hydrodynamic boundary
= ( is the kinematic viscosity, D is the mass diffusion constant)
layer over mass transfer boundary layer

DIMENSIONLESS CORRELATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER :

Laminar flow in tubes:

= 1.08 1/3 and < > = 1.62 1/3
Gz < 0.05
Laminar flow in tubes:
Gz > 0.1
= < > = 3.66
Turbulent flow in tubes:
Re > 104 and Pr 0.7
< > = 0.027 0.8 0.33
Flat plate parallel to flow:
Re < 3 105
= 0.332 1/2 1/3
Long cylinders perpendicular to the flow:
10 < Re < 104 and Pr > 0.7 and Pe >> 1
< > = 0.57 1/2 1/3
Long cylinders perpendicular to the flow:
Re > 104 and Pr > 0.7
< > = 0.027 0.8 0.33
Flow around spheres:
10 < Re < 104 and Pr > 0.7 and Pe >> 1
< > = 2 + 0.66 1/2 1/3
DIMENSIONLESS CORRELATIONS FOR MASS TRANSFER:

Laminar flow in tubes:

= 1.08 1/3 and < > = 1.62 1/3
Gz < 0.05
Laminar flow in tubes:
= < > = 3.66
Gz > 0.1
Turbulent flow in tubes:
Re > 104 and Sc 0.7
< > = 0.027 0.8 0.33
Flat plate parallel to flow:
Re < 3 105
= 0.332 1/2
Long cylinders perpendicular to the flow:
1 < Re < 104 and Sc > 0.7 and Pe >> 1
< > = 0.42 1/5 + 0.57 1/2 1/3
Flow around spheres:
10 < Re < 104 and Sc > 0.7 and Pe >> 1
< > = 2 + 0.66 1/2 1/3

OTHER FORMULAS:

Sieder and Tate correction, this equation is used in

= 0.027 0.8 0.33 ( )0.14
situations with a viscosity gradient in turbulent pipe flow
The Chilton and Colburn relations combines heat and
mass flow coefficients = 2/3

WEEK 2.4:
The partition coefficient, in which you may assign phases 1
to superscript 1 and 2
= 2
Henrys Law: with p the partial pressure, H the henrys
=
coefficient and y the fraction dissolved in the liquid
WEEK 2.5:
Shear stress in Newtonian fluids
=
Shear stress for liquids that follow the power law (Ostwald 1
De Waele model) = | |

Shear stress for Bingham liquids
| | 0 = | | for | | 0


=0 for | | < 0
Shear stress for visco-elastic fluids, where is a elasticity yx
+ =
parameter
Hagen-Poiseuille law is used to calculate flow rates from
= 0 () 2 r dr
velocity profiles in tubes

WEEK 2.6:
Stefan-Boltzman Law for grey radiators. Note if e = 1 the
" = 4
object is a black radiator
Wiens Law that relates the temperature of a radiator to its
maximum in radiation wavelength
= 2.898 103
Heat radiation with the help of visibility factors ,12 = 12 1 14 21 2 24
4f
GRAPHS:

FOR A SPHERE