Thermodynamics-II lab

LAB REPORT
LAB SESSION#5

Submitted to:
Sir Imran Masood

Submitted by:
Muneeb Ahmad Sheikh
2012-ME-212

D2

Mechanical department, University of engineering &

technology, Lahore
 Lab session 5
Draw characteristic curves of tangy air compressor.

Apparatus

Tangy air compressor

Description

Tangy air compressor

It is a

single cylinder
reciprocating type
single stage
vertical type
ingle acting compressor.

Compressor:

Compressor is a device used to increase pressure of any gas, mostly of time, to

increase pressure of air. The compressors used for compressing air are called
air compressors. Some of popular applications of compressor are, for driving
pneumatic tools and air operated equipments, spray painting, compressed air
engine, supercharging in internal combustion engines, material handling (for
transfer of material), surface cleaning, refrigeration and air conditioning,
chemical industry etc. Compressors are supplied with low pressure air (or any
fluid) at inlet which comes out as high pressure air (or any fluid) at outlet.

Types of Compressors

On basis of working operation.

On basis of no. of stages.
 On basis of capacity.
On basis of highest pressure developed.

On basis of working Operation

Positive displacement compressors.
Dynamic compressors.

Positive Displacement Compressors

In positive displacement compressors the compression is realized by

displacement of solid boundary and preventing fluid by solid boundary from
flowing back in the direction of pressure gradient. Due to solid wall
displacement these are capable of providing quite large pressure ratios.
Positive displacement compressors can be further classified based on the type
of mechanism used for compression.

Reciprocating compressors.
Rotary compressors.

Reciprocating Compressors

Reciprocating compressors generally, employ piston-cylinder arrangement

where displacement of piston in cylinder causes rise in pressure. Reciprocating
compressors are capable of giving large pressure ratios but the mass handling
capacity is limited or small.
Advantages are simple design, low initial cost, easy to install, no oil carryover
and large range of horse powers.
Disadvantages are high maintenance cost, many moving parts, potential for
vibration problems and foundation may be required depending on size.
Application includes oil refineries, gas pipelines, chemical plants, natural gas
processing plants and refrigeration plants. One special application is blowing of
plastic bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Reciprocating compressors may be.

Single acting compressor.

Double acting compressor.
Single Acting Compressor
Single acting compressor has one delivery stroke per revolution of crankshaft.

Double Acting Compressor

Double acting compressor has two delivery strokes per revolution of

crankshaft.

Rotary Compressors

Rotary compressors employing positive displacement have a rotary part whose

boundary causes positive displacement of fluid and thereby compression.
There are various types of rotary compressors.

Vaned type compressors.

Lobe type compressors.
Screw type compressors.
Roots blowers.

Vaned type Compressor

The Vane type Air Compressor is having a fixed casing and a rotary rotor disc
which has slots for holding the sliding plates. As the rotor rotates, the disc also
rotates, thus allowing the sliding plates to slide as the inner surface of the
casing is eccentric. Thus the sliding plates moves away from the center, huge
quantities of air will be trapped in, thus as the plates converge, the air gets
compressed and thus results in compressed air.

Lobe type Compressor

The Lobe type air compressor is very simpler type with no complicated moving
parts. There are single or twin lobes attached to the drive shaft driven by the
prime mover. The lobes are displaced by 90 degrees. Thus if one of the lobes is
in horizontal position, the other at that particular instant will be in vertical
position. Thus the air gets trapped in between these lobes and as they rotate
they get compressed and delivered to the delivery line.
Screw type Compressor

The screw compressors are efficient in low air pressure requirements. Two
screws rotate intermeshing with each other, thus trapping air between the
screws and the compressor casing, forming pockets which progressively travel
and gets squeezed and delivering it at a higher pressure which opens the
delivery valve.

Non-Positive Displacement (Dynamic) Compressors

In non-positive displacement compressors, fluid is not contained in definite

volume. They may be.

Axial flow compressors.

Centrifugal flow compressors.

Axial flow Compressors

Axial flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of
fan like airfoil to progressively compress the working fluid. In such
compressors, flow is axial.
They are used where there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact
design.

Centrifugal flow Compressors

Centrifugal flow compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped

housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of
the gas.
Advantages are high efficiencies approaching two stage reciprocating
compressors, does not require special foundation, can reach pressure upto
1200 psi and designed to give lubricant free air.
Disadvantages are high initial cost, complicated monitoring and control
systems and specialized maintenance considerations.

On basis of no. of stages

Compressors may also be classified on the basis of number of stages.
Generally, the number of stages depend upon the maximum delivery pressure.
Compressors can be single stage or multistage. Normally maximum
compression ratio of 5 is realized in single stage compressors. For compression
ratio more than 5 the multi-stage compressors are used. Typical values of
maximum delivery pressures generally available from different types of
compressor are.
 Single stage compressor, for delivery pressure up to 5 bar.
Two stage compressor, for delivery pressure between 5 and 35 bar.
Three stage compressor, for delivery pressure between 35 and 85 bar.
Four stage compressor, for delivery pressure more than 85 bar.

On basis of Capacity

Compressors can also be classified depending upon the capacity of compressor

or air delivered per unit time. Typical values of capacity for different
compressors are given as.

Low capacity compressors, having air delivery capacity of 0.15 m3/s or

less.
Medium capacity compressors, having air delivery capacity between
0.15 and 5 m3/s.
High capacity compressors, having air delivery capacity more than 5
m3/s.
On basis of highest Pressure developed

Depending upon the maximum pressure available from compressor they can
be classified as low pressure, medium pressure, high pressure and super high
pressure compressors. Typical values of maximum pressure developed for
different compressors are as under.

Low pressure compressor, having maximum pressure up to 1 bar.

Medium pressure compressor, having maximum pressure from 1 to 8
bar.
High pressure compressor, having maximum pressure from 8 to 10 bar.
Super high pressure compressor, having maximum pressure more than
10 bar.

Discharge :

will be calculated as:-

= 2
Where
A=0.416inch2=2.6810-4m2
Cd=0.96
 h=difference in height in manometric column
Break power

will be calculated as:-

2
. =
60
=

Where

N=rpm of motor
W=load applied
R=moment arm=12inch=0.3048m
T=torque

Indicated power

will be calculated as:-

1
2
. = 1 (( ) 1)
1 1

Where

n= polytropic index
P1=air inlet pressure
P2=1bar=14.7psi
=effective swept volume per unit time
1 4
=
60
where
V1=VS+VC

VS=swept volume= 2
4
Vc=clearance volume=2.08cc=V3
1
2
4= 3 ( )
1

Isothermal indicated power

 will be calculated as:-

2
. . = 1
1

Motor input power

will be calculated as:-

= 3

Where
V=voltage
I=current
=phase angle=0o

Mechanical efficiency

will be calculated as:-

.
=
.
Isothermal efficiency

will be calculated as:-

. .
=
.
Volumetric efficiency

will be calculated as:-

1
2
= 1 (( ) 1)
1

Over all efficiency

will be calculated as:-

.
=

Specimen calculation:-

N = 560rpm
P1=1 bar=100kpa
P2= 100psi=689.4757kpa
h =0.13m
W=70.34lbsf=312.64N
V=365volts
I=3.2amp

= 2 = 2.68 104 0.96 2 0.13

= . /

= = 312.64 0.3048

= . .

2 2 560 95.34
. = =
60 60
= .
1 1
2 689.4757 1.3
4= 3 ( ) = 2.08 106 ( )
1 100

= .

s = 2 = 0.082552 0.1016
4 4
= .

1 = + = (2.08 106 ) + (5.43 104 )

= .

1 4 5.46 104 9.18 106

= = 560
60 60
 = . /
1
2
. = 1 (( ) 1)
1 1
1.41
1.4 689.4757 1.4
= 100 5.01 103 (( ) 1)
1.4 1 100

= .

2 103 689.4757
. . = 1 = 100 5.01
1 100

= .

= 3 = 3 365 3.4 0

= .

. 1293.11
= =
. 5591.02
= . %

. . 966.6038
= =
. 1293.11
= . %
1 1
2 2.08 106 689.4757 1.4
= 1 (( ) 1) = 1 (( ) 1)
1 5.43 104 100

= . %

. 1293.11
= =
2149.475
= . %
Observation table:

N T B.P I.P I.I.P P1 P2 Q V I W h mech iso vol overall

rpm N.m W W W kPa kPa m3/sec volt amp lbs m % % % %

560 95.34 5591.02 1217.3 966.6 100 689.5 4.10E-04 365 3.4 70.3 0.13 23.12% 74.7% 98.8% 60.15%

575 87.42 5263.4 741.2 640.7 100 344.8 6.24E-04 365 3.2 64.5 0.3 14.08% 86.4% 99.4% 36.64%

585 80.55 4934.6 417.9 384.03 100 206.8 6.84E-04 365 3 59.4 0.36 8.5% 91.9% 99.7% 22.04%

64.

590 91 4014.14 180.05 172.01 100 137.9 7.64E-04 365 2.8 47.9 0.45 4.45% 95.5% 99.9% 10.17%
GRAPHS:

N vs Q
7.50E-04

7.00E-04
Q(cibic meterpersec)

6.50E-04 Scale
Along x-axis one
6.00E-04 small box =1units
5.50E-04
Along y- axis Series1
one
5.00E-04 small box =1.0E-
5units
4.50E-04

4.00E-04
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595
N(rpm)

N Vs I.P
1400

1200
Scale
1000 Along x-axis one
I.P(watt)

800 small box

=1units
600
Along y -axisSeries1
one
400
small box
200 =40units

0
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)
 N Vs B.P
5800
5600
5400
Scale
B.P(watt)

5200
Along x-axis one
5000
small box
4800 =1units
4600 Series1
4400 Along y -axis one
4200 small box
4000 =200units
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)

N Vs I.I.P
1200

1000
Scale
I.I.P(watt)

800 Along x-axis one

600 small box =1units

400 Along y -axis one

Series1
200 small box =40units

0
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)
 N Vs (iso)%
100

95
Scale
(iso)%

90 Along x-axis one

small box =1units
85
Series1
Along y -axis one
80 small box =1units

75
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)

N Vs (mech)
25.00%

20.00%
Scale
(mech)

15.00% Along x-axis one

small box
=1units
10.00%
Series1
Along y -axis one
5.00%

0.00%
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)
 N Vs (vol)
100.00%
99.80%
99.60%
Scale
99.40%
(vol)

Along x-axis one

99.20% small box
99.00% =1units Series1
98.80% Along y -axis one
small box
98.60%
=0.04units
98.40%
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)

N Vs (overall)
60.00%

50.00%
Scale
(overall)

40.00% Along x-axis one

30.00% small box =1units

20.00% Along y -axisSeries1

one
small box =2units
10.00%

0.00%
555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595

N(rpm)
Conclusions
From the above graph trends we can conclude that,

Discharge of the air increases with speed of the motor.

Indicated power decreases with the increase of speed of motor.
Brake power decreases with the speed of the motor.
Indicated isothermal power decreases with the speed of the motor.
Isothermal efficiency increase with the speed of the motor.
Mechanical efficiency decreases with the speed of the motor.
Volumetric efficiency increases with the speed of the motor.
Overall efficiency decreases with the speed of the motor.

Comments:-
The experiment could not be performed due to faulty apparatus so no
comments can be passed on this experiment