FLUID FLOW Prepared by Teknica Teknica Petroleum Services Ltd. Suite 2500, 530 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 388 April 2001CHAPTER 1 DARCY'S LAW An Empirical Formula for Fluid Flow Invented in 1856 by Henry Darcy Originally formulated for flow of water in unconsolidated sand bed. Can be extended to multi- phase fluids in consolidated sands and other porous media Darcy’s law states that the velocity of a homogeneous fluid in a porous medium is proportional to the driving force (pressure gradient) and inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity Darcy's Law applies only in laminar flow regime. This is usually true in the reservoir and most lab experimentsFig. 1. Darey’s fluid flow aparatus. The original Darcy equation with no units specified is: Adh 4, oe where 4q,, = volumetric flow rate of water A = cross-sectional area of filter bed 4h, = vertical head of water above the outlet pipe L = vertical height of the filter bed © = proportionality constantdP _ yam ds cm uw=tcp cm v=1— sec k=1md =1cp b = 0.001127 —_. v aft = 0.006332 dDARCY’S EQUATION 7 (=) _ Ha) & () metric unit »(4)- k (md) db (esia - imperial unit d H(cp) ds i) To determine the coefficient, n atm _ 14.7x100 psia cm 3.2808 = ft = 44g1 Pia tt 1 d = 1,000 mdConsider a linear flow ee ee k=1md ds tt Using the Darcy’s equation in metric unit, ye lm 448.1 x 1,000 sec _ 24 x 60 x 60x 3.2808 fi 448,100 d = 0.00633 a d Therefore: y (4 = 0,00633 ro £ (=)DARCY'S LAW = -0.001127 — tS oassy" cosa (1) LS where v= the apparent velocity, bbls/(day-ft’) k = permeability, millidarcies (md) L= fluid viscosity, cp P= pressure, psia s = distance along flow path in ft y = fluid specific gravity (always relative to water) a= the angle measure from the downward vertical direction and the term se = pressure gradient in psi/ft 0.433 y cos a = hydraulic (gravitational) gradientB © ved @) where q = volumetric flow rate in stb/d B = formation volume factor in bbl/stb A= apparent or total cross-sectional area in ft? 5.6146 v where u = actual average velocity in ft/day ¢ = porosity in fractionPy -P, ve -0.001127 5 [7 . 04337'cosa \ SsDarcy's Law in another unit v(2)- HA aP (2) oy ona] (4) o = 0.000966 Darcy's Law in Vector Form ve -0.001127 ¢ [VP - 0.4337' Vz] (6) v, = -0001127£ 2? . ex v, =~0001127 £27 “ey v, =-0.001 wart 0.433y ] | OzEq. (1) can also be expressed as y=-0.001127~ [F- P cose ULds 144 where p is the fluid density in Ib/tt? If the fluid is water, p/144 is equal to 0.433.Effect of Permeability and Porosity From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), the velocities and flow rate are directly proportional to permeability: vie«k qe«k uc k/ if all other parameters stay unchanged. CONCLUSION If the permeability k is fixed, the porosity, o, has no impact on q and v. However, $ can affect the actual average velocity, u.CHAPTER 2 MULTI-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS e What is phase? « What is relative permeability? e Single Phase Flow (Horizontal) v= = g001127 @] A ut ds* Multi-Phase Flow (Horizontal) Vo = Bo _ 9.901127 Ma A lo Las Be Hy [2] Vwe = = -0.001127 —™| — 7) we las (7) B kk, Vg = <2f-£— = -0.001127 —# ¢) 561464 ds H, L kro, Kpw and krg are relative permeabilities to oil, water and gas. The equation for gas is in f° and scf instead of bbl and stb°y ‘NO 0} Ayqeauued angoays3 ™q “eyem 0} Ayjiqeeuued exgoay3 ° Oil saturation Sp Water saturation S,;“4 ‘JO 01 Ayyqeouued eanejey Oil #14 ‘se 0} Aujiqeauued eagejoy Oil saturation S, Gas saturation S,« Water-Oil Ratio wor = 4 Go afm Hoe Be Ko Hy By WOR = oy = x100% « Watercut rg x 100% 1+WOR ____ 100 14 fon Hn B Kw Ho Bo % ¢ Gas-Oil Ratio (in scffstb) k, GOR=R, + 56146 Ho Be B, foe ae ae)CHAPTER 3 TYPES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS Compressibility is defined by: where V = volume p = density B = formation volume factor P = pressure (8)« Three Types of Reservoir Fluids - Incompressible - Slightly Compressible - Highly Compressible e Incompressible Fluid c=-—“=0 (9) V = constant Similarly p =constant B = constante Slightly Compressible Fluid The compressibility C is assumed to be small and aconstant i aw P 7 aa V In—=-C(P-P aT (P-P,) V =V, exp[-C(P - P,)I (10) For C(P- P) <<1 V =V,[1-C(P- P,)] (11)¢ Highly Compressible Fluid y -ZRT (12) = i_la@ (13)° Highly Compressible Fluid B. WB, PTZ __ oy yg632gk & A TPA ics For P<2000 psia, Z ~ constant |de22(s-s,) k aa 0.003164" (P? -F) (17) s For P> 4000 psia, (Zp / P) » constant P.T(Zu/ P\(s—s,) ld - = 0.006328K(P -P,) (18)CHAPTER 4 DARCY’S LAW FOR LINEAR FLOW Incompressible Fluid B = By = Constant B . Po _ _gooz7 A pds |B. = P+———__ 14 Py Pit Sooiia7 Ak ce <—_____ P, ie s si L. Slightly Compressible Fluid B=B,[1-C(P-2)] Bods _ _goo11274 _ all-CP-2)] Bop... _ k /1-C(h-%) 7 (s a) = 0001127 A C2) (18) When C (P - P,) << 1, Eq, 15 can be approximated by: B, Lao L=0001127£(% — A) A Hu a|B.u P=P Hew 20001127 Ak (16) Eq. 16 is the same equation as for incompressible fluid.° Highly Compressible Fluid B, Pe WIZ _ gg a7 A 561467,PA yu ds For P<2000 psia, Z * constant laren k . ooosi64-(1? . ») a s- For P> 4000 psia, (Zy./ P) * constant la|P T(Zu/ P)L = 0.006328. P, -B ) T,A (18)e Permeability Variations in Linear Flow (a) Series Flow in Linear Beds Li bi, labs Kae ky ko ks L, _ 2 L; be BEEF Lik (19) ky ky ks(b) Parallel Flow in Linear Beds Kay Aa = kiAat kAat As oa ke =F Aa > kh; kg =A (20)CHAPTER 5 DARCY’S LAW FOR RADIAL FLOW . qB_ qB kdp v A. ta —0.001127 ai (21) e Incompressible Fluid _ 0.00708 kh (p2~ P1) (22) wB In (r,/r;) _ 0.00708 kh (pe - Pw) a B In (r./ry)¢ Slightly Compressible Fluid iB, 1-C(P- B,[1-CP-P)__ pooi 27 HP 2urh uw dr 0.00708 kh 1- C(Py- Py) 1 71By Cnr /n) 1-C(A.-P,) | 3)« Highly Compressible Fluid B= qP,TZ &§ "5.6157, P GTZ __gooiia7 XP 5.615T,P(2arh) dr (24) For P<2000 psia, Z ~ constant a0 01988 T,kh(P?-P?) P.TZ win(r, / 1, ) (25) For P> 4000 psia, (Zu / P) * constant 0.03976T,kh (P, — P,) 1” PT (Zu! Pyin (r, 17) (26)e Permeability Variations in Radial Flow (a) Radial Flow in Beds in Series _ In(r, /7r,) avg In(r, /r,) A In(r, / 7, ) (27) k k, e k(b) Radial Flow in Beds in Parallel Keguglts = Kalty + alt + +++ + Kenltn k= hh (28) we ShCHAPTER 6 DARCY'S LAW FOR SPHERICAL FLOW Since the surface area of a sphere is 4nr° where r is the radius, Darcy's law for spherical flow can be written as: _@B_ QB kaP yaa eon (29) JA ae it PsIncompressible Fluid B = B, = constant 9B, fies = 0.001127 |* dP an per ny? 4B, [E-£}--om ma -P) (30)Slightly Compressible Fluid B=B,[1-C(P-P,)] The Darcy's law can be written "2 dr k dP Sel 0001127 ae KI CR-P) 21 -1)- -0.001127- A yf eoa-8 AR ea (31) when C(P2 - Po) <<1 and C(P; - Po) <<1 equation 31 becomes equation 30.Highly Compressible Fluid ZTP, ae Darcy's law becomes qZTP, dr k ts __ 5 =-0.001127=aP 4m x5.6146 T, P 1? Bh For low pressures (P < 2000 psia), Z = constant qZ(TI/T,P, dr k 42+ (F =-0:001127 = [ PdP 4m, x 5.6146 Ip ~oooa7 J QZ(TIT)P(1_1 kip GOs 2 _* | -gonnia = (PR? - Secs) oa e For high pressures (P > 4000 psia), Z wW/P is almost a constant, therefore, =-001127 k(P-R) (33) qZpl PIT) FE 2 x 56146Permeability variations in a spherical system: (a) Sperical flow in series —45u 1/1 1\ip_p 4m x 0.001127 & 7, — 48h 1/1 l\ip_p 4m x0.001127 & (7%, —98,4 1/1 _1)\_p_p 4 x0.001127 & 7, %Adding these equations, we get (ta qB, Rh) \e 4 4x 0.001127) — hy da CLT SED © 4x x 0.001127 &, ‘ove