Sunday, 23 October 2016
Bone Tissue
Introduction
- Main constituent of the adult skeleton
1. Provides support
2. Protects organs: cranial, thoracic,
cavities
3. Reservoir of calcium phosphate and
other ions
- that can be released or stored in a
controlled fashion to maintain
constant concentrations in body
fluids
- Have a system of layers: multiply
skeletal contraction to create body
movements
- Mechanical and metabolic
Bone matrix - calcified extracellular
material
Osteocytes - bone cells found in
cavities lacunae
between bone matrix layers lamellae
with cytoplasmic processes in small
canaliculli that extend through the
mtrix
Osteoblasts - bone germ ,growing cells
that synthesize and secrete organic
components of the matrix
Osteoclasts - giant multinucleatd cells
that (1) remove calcified bone matrix (2)
remodel bone tissue
- Canaliculli spaces that are means of
communication between osteocytes
and blood capillaries
- Nutrients cannot readily diffuse
- Conmective tissue with cells line bone:
endosteum - osteogenic cells INTER
Periostem - EXTERNAL
- Bone cannot be sectioned unles by a
special microtome. A decalcyfying
solution is normally used, together with
paraffin, embedding, and plastic fixation
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Bone cells
Osteoblasts
- Originate from the mesenchyme
- Produce components of bone matrix:
collagen I, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
osteonectin
- Regulate the deposition of INorganic
components in the bone
- Located exclusively on surface of bone
matrix, bound to by integrins
Joined by gap and adherent junctions
- When they finish synthesizing, they
differentiate into (1) osteocytes traped
in lacunae (2) cover the matrix as
bone lining cells (3) apoptosis
- Secrete matrix in cell surface in contact
with the current bone matrix
Osteoid is a unique layer of
collagenous material
Screted between bone surfae a c
osteoblast layer
Calcium salts are then deposited
Matrix mineralization
- Osteocalcin: non collagen protein
secreteby osteoblasts, vitamin k
polypeptide
Concentrates and binds Ca2+ ions
- Matrix vesicles: membrane enclosed
Have alkaline phosphatase that raise
the concentration of phosphate ions
Serve as foci fof formation of hydroxy
apatite crystals ( ca10po46oh2)
- First visible step in calcification

- Grow rapidly by accretion of
minerals
- Eventulaly produce a mass of
calcified material the embed
collagen and proteoglycans
** osteosarcoma is cancer originating
from bone cells. Skeletons are sites for
metatstqtic tumors
Osteocytes
- form when osteoblasts are surrounded by
the material they secrete and differentiate
- Enclosed in lacunae cavities
- Canaliculi are formed during the transition
of osteoblast to cells
These dendritic process are extended
and covered by calcifying matrix
250-300nm raditaing from lacunae
1. Diffusion:
Occurs through interstitial fluid between
the canaliculi
2. Communication with osteoblasts and each
other = gap junctions
3. Structure:
Less RER, smallerr golgi conplexes,
more condesned nuclear chromatin
- Death is followed by rapid matrix
reabsorption
Difference between osteoblast
Can expeess pancrine and endocrine
affecting factors for bone remodeling
Communicating allows them to detect
microdamage and stress in bone
Trigger bone remedial activity in b and c
Osteoclasts
- Large motile cells with multiple nuclei
- play a major role in matrix resorption dur-
ing bone growth and remodeling.
Appearance due to origin from fusion of
bone marrow derived monocytes
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Sunday, 23 October 2016
- . Osteoclast devel-opment requires two
polypeptides made by B
1. M-CSF (macrophage colony
stimulating factor)
2. RANKL (receptor activator for
nuclear facto kB ligand)
- Resorption lacunae or Howship lacunae
Cavities or enzymaticlaly etched
depressions that contain osteoclasts
undergoing bone resorption
- Sealing zone
Binds the celle tightly to the bone matrix
Surrounds area with many projections
called. Ruffles border
Is a membrane domain that contacts the
bone in active osteoclasts
Allows firmatuon of micro environment
bewteen osteoclast and matrix
I. Osteoclast pumps protons
= acidify or promote dissolution of
hydroxy apatite
II. Release matrix metalloproteinqses and
other hydrolytic enzymes from lysosyme
vescicles
= to locally digest matrix proteins
III. Controlled by...
A. local signaling factors
B. Activated by parathyroid hormone to
produce MCSF AND RANKL
- Regulate formation and activity of
osteoclasts
Bone matrix
- 50% is inorganic material
1. Calcium hydroxyapatite
2. Bicarbonate, magnesium
3. Potassium, sodium
4. Non crystalline calcium phosphate
- Surface of crystals of crystals is
hydrated = facilitate exchange of ions

- Organic mattr = 90% type I collagen
- With proteoglycans
- Multiadhesive proteons osteonectin
- (1) Osteocalcin - calcium binding
protein protein and (2) phophates
released in matrix VESCICLES
promote calcification of matrix
Without osteocalcin other tissues
even if there os collagen I, will not
calcify
- MINERALS + collagen fibers = make
the bone hard and resistant
Decalcification causes the material to
be soft like connective tissue with the
same shape
Acidophilic
Periosteum and
Endosteum
connective tissue that covers that external
and internal surfaces of the bone
I. Periosteum
- Organized
- Outer fibrous layer of dense connective
tissue with
- (a). Type 1 collagen (b) fibroblast and
(c) blood vessels
Sharpey / perforating fibers - bundles of
the collagen that penetrate and bind the
peristeum to bone
Blood veslels branch and penetrate bone
to bring nutrients
- Inner layer: is more cellular and has..
(i) osteoblast (ii) bone lning cells (iii)
mesenchymal stem cells
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Sunday, 23 October 2016
osteoprotenetor cells - bone growth
and repair
II. Endosteum
- Covers the trabeculae of the bony matrix
that project into narrow cavities
- Composed of...
- a. Osteoblast
- B. Bone lining cells
- C. Delicate matrix of collagen fibers
** Osteoperosis
Types of Bone
I. Compact bone (cortical) - 80%
II. Cancellous spongy bone - 20%
A. Epiphyses - bulbous in long bonds
made of spongy bone with thin later of
compact
B. Diaphysis - compact bone only eiyn
yhon spongy bone on inner surface
around
1. Marrow cavity -short bones
usually have cancellous bone
cores with compact bone around
2. Flat bone
a) Plates: 2 layers of hard
b) Diplo: thicker soft bone
that separate plates
Organization of bone
I. Lamellar Bone - discrete
II. Woven bone - random
I. Lamellar bone
A. Multiple layers of lamellae (3-7 um)
1. Parallel sheets around a central
canal
2. Tupe I collagen aligned in
successive lamellae
3. Bringence = alternating dark and
lighy collagen fibers
B. Osteon Haversian system

1. Complex of concentric lamellae
(100-150) surrounding a cntral
canal witn bv, nerve, endosteum
2. Lacunae - with osteocytes that are
interconnected by canaliculli
3. Gap junctiopn communtication
4. Cement line: outer boundary
many non collagenous proteins
with minefal and collagen
5. Long bifurcated cyluner parallel to
long axis of diaphysis with 5-20
concentric lamelae
6. Perforationing Volkman cannal
transverse communication
bewteen canals
7. All form when matrix is laid down
in areas with bv
8. Interstital canals
a) Parallel lamelae partially
destroyed osteoclasts
b) Organized as
9. External circumferential lamelae
10. Inner circumferential lamellae
around marrow cavity
Bone remodeling
- Occurs continuously throughout your life
- Resorpting old osteons and produces new
ones
1. Osteoclasts remove bone
2. Osteoblast progenitors enters
- Lines walls
- Secrete osteoid in cyclic manner
3. Lamellae are forme
4. Osteocytes are trapped in lacunae
- 5%-10% annual turnover
Tetracycline
Osteomalacia osteocystis fibrosa chstica
II. Woven bone
- non lamellar and has random distribution
of collagen finers
- First bone tissue in embryo and in fracture
repair
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Sunday, 23 October 2016
- Temporary and is eventually replaced by
lamellar bone
Except in calvaria and some tendons
- Low mineral content and higher proportion
of osteocytes
Forms quickly and has less strength
Osteogensis
Intramembranous
ossification
- Most flat bones and is done in condensed
sheets of embryonic mesenchymal tissue
- Osteoblasts differentiae directly from
mesenchyme
Ex. Skull, clavivle, scapula
- Ossification centers: ksteoprogenitor celks
arrise proliferate and form incomplete
areas of ostoblasts around eveloping
capillaries
Fuse from enlargemnt caused by
continued matrix secretiion and
calcificaton
- Form: small irregular areas of woven bone
gradually replaced by compact blne with
inner SPONGY with narrow and bv
- If no ossification, endosteum and periostiu
Endochondral
ossification
- Takes place within hyaline cartilage
- In most bones especially lang bones
I. Bone collar formation
II. Invasion by capillaries and
osteoprogenitors
A. Primary ossification center
III. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid
A. Woven bine
B. Compact bone
IV. 2ndaynosscation cen firmed
A. Epiphyseal plate separates it
V. Bone replaces cartilages excoet at
articular and epiphyseal
VI. Epiphyseal plate disappears into
epiphyseal line
 Sunday, 23 October 2016

- Epiphyseal closure occurs at age 20 when

the epiphyseal plate disappears due to
ossification
- Cell proliferation at cartilage causes growth
1. Zone of reserve
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of hypertrophy
- Collagen x is secretted to stiffen matrix
- Limits diffusion and promotes
vascularization
4. Zone of calcified cartilage
About to go to apoptosis elease vesicles
and osteocalcin for calcufucation
Hydroxy apatite
5. Zone od ossification
- Capillaries abd osteoorogenitor cells
invade the vacant lacunae
- Eventually enlarge and merge to form
initial marrow cavity
- Osteoblasts settle over the calcified
cartilage and secrete osteoid

- Growtb stops when epiphyseal plate is

displaces
- Race between osteoblast doing new layers
of new bone and the hypertrophy of
chondrocytes that calcifys mattix amd
causes cells to die
- Appositional growth: increases the
circumference ss well as enlarging central
marrow cavity via osteoclast in Endosteum
Osteoblast developing from
osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum