Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades

William James Hamblin
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 Crusader March From
Dorylaeum to Heraclaea
4 July to 5 September 1097
0 25 50 k
Strategic Situation after Dorylaeum 1097/06-09
Constantinople

os
Rodosto Primary Sources: March through Anatolia

ari
Al

ng
Sa
Western
Nicomedia
Albert 3.1-30
Civetot William 3.16-18
Caffaro
Canso lys
Bu Ha
Ekkehard 14
Nicaea
s
Cyzicus Fulcher 1.13
nicu Bartolf 9
G ra
Prusa Sank Malmesbury 4.358
Abydos arya
Ankyra William 3.16-18
Danishmendids

s
acu
Elkhan Gesta 2/10b-c =22-24

nd
(Danishmend
Baldric 2.4b=34-35 Ghazi)

y
Rh
Bozuyuk
Qi Orderic{1085?-1104}
9.8h-m=65-71
Dorylaeum Guibert 3.13a=69
Peter 4.2=38-39
Robert 3.18-19, 24-29
Gilo 4.346-398
Nacolia
Letters 2 (EH6), 3 (EH7), 4 (EH9), 5 (HE 10),
8 (HE 16), 9 (HE 18)
Pergamum Ralph 33
os Amorium
Mytilene kira
y
Kaik
Rum Seljuqs Raymond 5c=28-29 Caesarea
Ba William 3.16-18 Kizil
(Qilich Arslan) irma
k

Chaka II Ge
d iz
{1092-1107} Eastern Christian
Anna 10.3b-c
Hermus
Mathew 2.113=166-167
Philomelium Michael 15.7c=618
Chios Smyrna Bar Hebraeus
Antioch Syriac
Philadelphia
t ros
s
Ka
y Muslim
nd eres AHC
Me

s
Studies

ru
k
K Apamea Iconium Ibn al-Athir

Sa
Asbridge 138-139 Ephesus Buyuk Ibn al-Qalanisi {a490}
France 185-189 Meander Kamal al-Din
Frankopan 149-150 Laodicea Maqrizi {a490} 3:20 Cilician Gates

Tangipernes Armenian

han
Rubenstein 133-135 Sibt {a490} 7:300

Sey
Runciman 187-190 Principalities
Heraclea
Smail
Philippopolis
Varna
Central Anatolian Steppe = Turkish Nomadic Zone 1097
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur

Adrianople

Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
is
Nicomedia ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Ac
Neocaesarea

San
Yesil h Aras
us Amasya irma Coru
ni
c Cyzicus Nicaea k
Sebenkarahisar
a Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr Tokat Teleboas
Sank

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan

S
Sebastea Centrala Su Anatolian Steppe

at
)

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra (K ar
Divrigi

(M
-Highland plateau
Dorylaeum -semi-arid grassland
ak
-unsuited for medieval agriculture
Pergamum Amorium rm technology nias Akhlat
Ha li s a
iz lys K izi Ar
d -perfect pasture for horse nomads
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitene
-land settled by Turkish nomads
Smyrna
Comana
Antioch Caesarea
k
yu

Meander Iconium
Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
n

Sey
Laodicea y ha

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash

s
Saru
Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py

Attalia
Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
dnu
s Antioch

Seleucia Euphr
St Simeon Aleppo ates

Zab
ater
Raqqa

Gre
Latakia Rahba

Nicosia
Hama

Paphos Homs
Tripoli
Philippopolis
Varna
Turkish nomadic states and the steppe 1097
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur

Adrianople

Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
is
Nicomedia ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Ac
Neocaesarea

San
Yesil h Aras
us Rum Seljuqs Amasya irma Coru
ni
c Cyzicus Nicaea k
Sebenkarahisar
a Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr Teleboas
Sank (Qilich Arslan) Tokat
Danishmendids

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan
{1092-1107}

S
(Danishmend Ghazi) Sebastea Centrala Su Anatolian Steppe

at
)

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra (K ar
Divrigi

(M
-steppe divided between the two
Dorylaeum {1085?-1104} Turkish nomadic states, Rum Seljuqs
ak
and Danishmendids
Pergamum Amorium rm -With nomadic as
nimilitary power base, Akhlat
Ha li s a
iz lys K izi Ar
d Turkic warlords can dominate the
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitenesurrounding cities.
Smyrna -some are sacked and devastated
Comana
Antioch Caesarea -some pay tribute
-some have garrisons occupying the
k
yu

Meander Iconium citadels

Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
n

Sey
Laodicea y ha

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash

s
Saru
Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py

Attalia
Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
dnu
s Antioch

Seleucia Euphr
St Simeon Aleppo ates

Zab
ater
Raqqa

Gre
Latakia Rahba

Nicosia
Hama

Paphos Homs
Tripoli
Philippopolis
Varna
Central Anatolian
Anatolian Steppe
Population
= Turkish
Distribution
Nomadic Zone 1097
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur

Adrianople

Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
is
Nicomedia ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Ac
Neocaesarea

San
Yesil h Aras
us Amasya irma Coru
ni
c Cyzicus Nicaea k
Sebenkarahisar
a Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr Tokat Teleboas
Sank

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan

S
Sebastea Population distribution

at
)
a Su

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra K ar
Divrigi(

(M
-Byzantine agrarian population
Dorylaeum centered in the west and southern
ak
coasts and river valleys
Pergamum Amorium rm -Turks change ias military balance of
nthe Akhlat
Ha li s a
iz lys K izi Ar
d power by using the steppe as
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitenefoundation for military power rather
Smyrna than the agrarian lands
Comana
Antioch Caesarea
k
yu

Meander Iconium
Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
n

Sey
Laodicea y ha

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash

s
Saru
Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py

Attalia
Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
dnu
s Antioch

Seleucia Euphr
St Simeon Aleppo ates

Zab
ater
Raqqa

Gre
Latakia Rahba

Nicosia
Hama

Paphos Homs
Tripoli
Philippopolis
Varna
Central Anatolian
Byzantine
SteppeReconquests
= Turkish Nomadic Zone 1097-1105
1097
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur

Adrianople

Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
is
Nicomedia ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Ac
Neocaesarea

San
Yesil h Aras
us Amasya irma Coru
ni
c Cyzicus Nicaea k
Sebenkarahisar
a Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr Tokat Teleboas
Sank

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan

S
Sebastea Byzantine Reconquests

at
)
a Su

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra K ar
Divrigi(

(M
-From the Byzantine perspective,
Dorylaeum reconquest of the highly populated
ak
agrarian lands was the primary
Pergamum Amorium rm strategic goal nias Akhlat
Ha li s a
lys izi Ar
diz K
-the Byzantines never reconquered
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitenecentral Anatolia or the steppe
Smyrna -steppe based military states continued
Comana
Antioch Caesarea to exist in Anatolia for the next 500
years (Seljuqs, Mongols, Beyliks,
k
yu

Meander Iconium Ottomans)

Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
n

Sey
Laodicea y ha

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash

s
Saru
Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py

Attalia
Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
dnu
s Antioch

Seleucia Euphr
St Simeon Aleppo ates

Zab
ater
Raqqa

Gre
Latakia Rahba

Nicosia
Hama

Paphos Homs
Tripoli
Philippopolis
Varna
Central Anatolian SteppeCrusader March 1097
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur

Adrianople

Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
1a- March to Heraclaea is
Nicomedia ps

ios
Narrative is brief, vague and am

gar
Civetot Iris Ac
anecdotal. Neocaesarea

San
Yesil h Aras
us Amasya irma Coru
ni
c Cyzicus Nicaea k
Sebenkarahisar
a Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr Tokat Teleboas
Sank 1

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan

S
Sebastea

at
)
a Su

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra Divrigi(Kar

(M
Dorylaeum

Amorium ak
Pergamum Ha li rm
s anias Akhlat
iz lys K izi Ar
d
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitene
Smyrna
Comana
Antioch Caesarea
k
yu

Meander Iconium
Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
1 n

Sey
Laodicea y ha

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash
1b- Crusader March

s
Saru
1- Route chosen by Byzantine Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py
strategic advisor Tatikios
2- BypassesAttalia
the steppe
3- Avoids core zone of Turkish Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
nomadic military power dnu
s Antioch
4- marches through land better for
supplying crusader army Seleucia St Simeon
Euphr
ates
Aleppo

Zab
5- Nomads can still harass the crusader

ater
Raqqa
from the steppe homeland

Gre
Latakia Rahba

Nicosia
Hama

Paphos Homs
Tripoli
0 25 50 k
Summary of the Crusader March to Heraclaea 1097/07-08
Constantinople

os
Rodosto {06/26 - /08/05}

ari
Al March of the crusaders through

ng
Sa
Anatolia, July through August
Nicomedia
Civetot

lys
Bu Ha

Nicaea 1- {07/02-04}
Cyzicus
ic us Crusaders camp in the
n
ra
G plains of Dorylaeum
Prusa S anka
Abydos rya
Ankyra Danishmendids

s
Numbers in the Crusader Army 1

acu
Elkhan 2- {07/04} Crusaders

nd
700,000 [Malmesbury 4.357d]
(Danishmend Ghazi)

y
leave Dorylaeum

Rh
500,000 [Mathew 2.113b=166] Bozuyuk
2
100,000 knights (=500,000-600,000 {1085?-1104}
Dorylaeum
total) [Letter 2 (Symeon) (HE 6)]
exaggerated x10
Nacolia

Pergamum
os Amorium
Mytilene
Ethnic
ir
ay
KaikDiversity of the Crusaders
Rum Seljuqs Caesarea
Ba [Fulcher 1.13.4]
k
Kizil
And whoever heard of such a mixture of (Qilich Arslan) irma
k
languages in one army? There were present
Franks, Chaka II Frisians, Gauls, G
Flemings, e d iz {1092-1107}
Hermus
Allobroges, Lotharingians, Alemanni,
Bavarians, Normans, English, Scots, Philomelium
Chios Smyrna Aquitanians, Italians, Dacians, Apulians,
Iberians, Bretons, Greeks, and Armenians.
Antioch
If any Briton or Teutons wished to question
Philadelphia
t ro 3
me I could neither areply ys nor understand.But
es
K 3- {07/31} Crusaders arrive
though ewe nderwere of different tongues we
at Antioch-in-Pisidia

s
M

ru
k
seemed,
K
however, to be brothers in the love Apamea Iconium

Sa
of God and to be of nearly oneBumind.
yuk 5- {09/01} Crusaders
Ephesus 4
Meander at Heraclaea
Laodicea Cilician Gates
4- {08/15} Crusaders
Tangipernes Armenian

han
at Iconium 5

Sey
Principalities
Heraclea
0 25 50 k
3a- Desolation of Anatolia Desolation of Anatolia 1097/07
1- Natural semi-arid steppe country in
Constantinople
highland Anatolia

os
Rodosto

ari
2- Negative impact of past Byzantine landAl

ng
Sa
policy, undermining free landholders
3- Turkish invasions = death and Nicomedia
enslavement of farmers Civetot
4- Refugees flee their farms from Turkish
conquest = safer in cities, or outside Danishmendids Ha
lys
Turkish domain Bu
5- Turks turn farm land into pasture
Cyzicus Nicaea (Danishmend Ghazi)
s
6-nicHigh
a
u summer = hot, dry, limited water 2a- Qilich Arslans army {1085?-1104}
2b- [Fulcher 1.12.6]
r
G7- comparing fertility levels and
Prusa Sank withdraws into the Anatolian The Turks, fleeing before
Abydos agricultural conditions of Europe to arya
steppe. Some Turks shadow and Ankyra us in confusion, sought

s
acu
Middle East harass the crusader army; others
Elkhan hiding places for

nd
precede it, practicing scorched

y
themselves throughout

Rh
Bozuyuk
3b- [Fulcher 1.13.1] We found Qi earth policy. Romania.
Romania, a land which is excellent and Dorylaeum
very fertile in products of all kinds, 2
terribly wasted and depopulated by the
Turks. [= Scorched earth policy]
Nacolia
[Fulcher 1.13.2] Often, however, you
could see many people much revived from 1- {07/04-/07/late} 1
Pergamum 3
the products
os of the scattered farms Crusaders march towards Amorium
Mytilene kirwhich
ay
Kaik
we found from time to time Antioch in Pisidia Rum Seljuqs Caesarea
Ba throughout the country. Kizil
(Qilich Arslan) irma
k

3c- Turkish Scorched Earth Policy Chaka II 3d- Turkish Scorched

z di
Ge Earth Policy {1092-1107}
[Robert 3.18b; +Gesta 4/10c=23]
Hermus [William 3.18c]
The Turks took their possessions, As they had no confidence that any of their
burned Philomelium
Chios their housesSmyrna
and either towns could resist, they despoiled them and
butchered [their livestock] them or took laid waste the entire district. Then, taking their
them away trussed in bonds. The point of wives andPhiladelphia children, the flocks and herds, and all Antioch
s
this was to ensure that the Franks the yrest
str of their possessions, they fled into the
o
following them could find nothing lefteres impenetrableKa mountains. Their only hope lay
e nd

s
so that they would cease to pursue k Mthem in the possibility that the Christians, exhausted

ru
Apamea
Iconium

Sa
K
for want of provisions. It was a clever by lack of food,Bumight
yuk hurry across their
Ephesus
tactic, because it helped them greatly country. This hope did not deceive them, for the
Meander
and damaged our whole army. For our pilgrims fled from the sterileLaodicea
country which Cilician Gates
men found this land to be empty of afforded them no food and marched forward
Tangipernes Armenian

han
water and provisions alike. with all possible haste.

Sey
Principalities
Heraclea
 1- {07/mid} Crusaders Army Splits for Logistics 1097/07/15-31
advance from Dorylaeum
1

5- Tancred and Baldwin march Qi

2- {07/late} Crusader
forces split for logistical Iconium via Philomelium, suffer
reasons lack of supplies [Albert 3.3;
William 3.17a] 9- Anatolian Steppe = region
2
of pasture for Turkmens herds.
3- Valley of Malabrunzas?
5
3
Philomelium
4- Crusaders face thirst and 4
death by dehydration trying
9
to pass a narrow gorge
4- Lack of Food and Water 6 3- Valley of Malabrunzas?
[Albert 3.1c; William 3.16] (3D view) 6km = 4 miles 9
6- {07/31} Godfrey and the
Then the day came, a certain rest of the crusaders march to Antioch
Saturday of the same month Antioch in Pisidia [Albert
[August], when the great shortage of 8
water worsened among the people. 7 8- Godfrey is nearly killed by
And therefore, overwhelmed by the 9 a bear while hunting in the
7- Godfreys crusaders camp
anguish of thirst, as many as five forests [Albert 3.4; Gilo
and recover in the plains
hundred people of both sexes gave 365-397; William 3.17]
around Antioch [Albert 3.3c]
up the ghost on that same dayso
they say who were there. In addition
horses, donkeys, camels, mules 9- Near fatal illness of
oxen, and many animals suffered Raymond of Toulouse.
the same death from extreme thirst. [William 3.18]
[+ more details in Albert 3.2]

Iconium

Two Antiochs
Antioch on the Orantes 3- [Albert 3.1b]
Antioch in Psidia [The crusaders passed through]
+16 cities in the USA valleys called the Malabrunzas
where because of difficulties of
the terrain and of narrow
passes between the rocks, they
shortened their journey during
the day for the sake of the
countless multitude narrow
chasms [Albert 3.3a]
 3
March to Iconium 1097/08/01-15
1a- Anatolian Steppe = region
3a- Crusader Attrition of pasture for Turkmens herds. Qi
[Gesta 4/10e=23; + Albert 3.1]
1b- Qilich Arslans Strategy
We therefore pursued them through a land
1- Dont fight the crusaders in pitched battle
which was deserted, waterless and
2- Scorched earth
uninhabitable, from which we barely
3- harassment
emerged or escaped alive, for we suffered
4- Let the crusaders take cities = steppe is strategically
greatly from hunger and thirst, and found
3 crucial to Turkish armies
nothing at all to eat except prickly plants Philomelium
5- Realization that the crusaders are passing through
which we gathered and rubbed between our
Anatolia, not attempting permanent conquest.
hands. On such food we survived wretchedly 1 6- Retake the cities when the crusader army has moved on.
enough, but we lost most of our horses, so Ta 7- Iconium and Heraclaea are both in Turkish hands during
that many of our knights had to go on as
the Crusade of 1101.
foot-soldiers, and for lack of horses we had
to use oxen as mounts, and our great need 1
compelled us to use goats, sheep and dogs Antioch
as beasts of burden. [+Robert 18b]
4
2

3b- Crusader Attrition 2- Godfreys main army and

1- Death in Battle
2- Battle wounds
some eventually fatal
some leave wounded crippled
some eventually heal
wounded slow the rate of march
wounded need to be helped for morale
3- Extreme Thirst
[Fulcher 1.12.6]
4- Hunger
[Fulcher 1.13.1-2]
5- Death of Pack Animals
[Fulcher 1.13.3]
6- Pestilence, illness
[Gilo 4.350]
7- Desertion
[Malmesbury 4.357d]
8- Garrisons in captured towns
Antioch, Edessa
Tancreds and Bohemonds
regiments proceed to Iconium
where they reunite [Albert 3.3b]
5a-{08/15} Crusaders arrive at
Iconium; plentiful supplies
3
[William 3.18c]
Note: More crusaders are lost
4 Iconium
from 2-8 than from deaths in
3
battle
2 5
Note: The overall size of the crusader army went from
50,000 at Nicaea to 14,000 at Jerusalem = 70% casualty 5b- [Robert 3.18d] So they crossed
4- Turks refuse battle
rate; this is one of the highest causality rates in military that region as quickly as they could
[Gesta 4/10d=22]
history. Napoleons army in Russia in 1812 suffered and came to Lycaonia, a province
Meanwhile we were coming in pursuit of those
around an 80% casualty rate. fertile with all necessaries, and
abominable Turks, who were fleeing before us
thence to Iconium.
every day [=Turkish harassment]
[Robert 3.18a]
[The Turks] never stayed in one place for long.
 0 25 50 k
March to Heraclaea Te
le
bo
1097/08/late
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
(Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Arsa
nias
(M
urat
1- March to Heraclaea rma
k
i l i
[Gesta 4/10f=24 + Robert 3.19] Kiz
At last we began to reach fertile country, full of good and delicious things to Caesarea
eat and all sorts of provisions, and finally we reached Iconium, where the
inhabitants of that country gave us advice, warning us to carry skins full of
Melitene
Philomeliumwater, for it is very scarce for a day's journey from that city. So we did this,
and came at last to a river where we encamped for two days, and then our
scouts took the road before us until they came to Heraclea, Plastenzia
Elbistan

Iconium Coxon
Tigris
Armenian
Amid

Principalites

han
1 Cilician Gates Samosata s
ate

Sey
n h r
Rum Seljuqs Sis Ce
y ha
Marash
E up

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
2

Sa
{1092-1107}
C aly
ca
Edessa
d Adana Aintab
2- Turkish harassmentnus m
us
[Letter 3d (Anselm) (HE7)] yra
P
We crossed through Romania and Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Armenia without hindrance except for a
Gr
few Turks we who were preceding the eat
er
Alexandretta Zab
army met after Iconium.
Belen Pass Manbij l
Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Battle of Heraclaea Te
le
bo
1097/09/01
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
(Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Arsa
nias
(M
urat

ak
Danishmend
i lirm
Turkish Tactics Kiz
At thisCaesarea
point, according to Anna, the Turkish warlord
The Turks attempt an ambush at Heraclaea. When it Danishmend (whom she calls Tanisman), realizing
fails they break off the battle and returned to scorched that the crusaders are nearing his own territory, sends a
earth and harassment tactics. Again no attempt is Da contingent to join with Qilich Arslans Turks to ambush Melitene
made to hold cities, which are are of secondary
Philomelium the crusaders at Heraclaea.
importance to a Turkish steppe nomad army.
1 Plastenzia
Elbistan
Qi
Iconium Coxon
Tigris
Amid
Armenian
Principalites

han
Cilician Gates Samosata s
ate

Sey
Note on Anna n h r
Rum Seljuqs
3 Annas account
Sis
y ha
here is garbledCe in timeMarash
and place. The E up

best connection to crusader narratives seems to be the

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Sa
battle at Heraclaea. (Anna calls it Hebraica an
{1092-1107}
3a- {09/01} Battle of Heraclaea
C
3b- {09/01} Battle of Heraclaea (?) otherwise unknown location.)
[Gesta 4/10f=24 +Robert 3.19c]
aly
ca [Anna 11.3d] Edessa
Heraclea, in which a large Turkish dn Adana Aintab
us As they travelled onwards, drawn up in troops, the SultanmuTanisman
s [Danishmend] and
garrison was waiting in ambush to Asan [Qilich Arslan], who alone commanded eighty thousand yra armed men, met them near
P
attack the Christian knights. Our Hebraica [= Heraclaea?]. A fierce contest ensued asMamistra
there were such numbers of troops, Harran
knights, trusting in Almighty God, Tarsus
and neither side would yield to the other; when Bohemund who commanded the right
Gr
found these Turks and attacked them wing saw with what courage the Turks were fighting their opponents he withdrew from the eat
er
Alexandretta Zab
boldly, so on that day our enemies rest of the army and made a headlong descent upon Clitziasthlan [Qilich Arslan],
were defeated and fled the Turks that it made them turn their backs.Belen Pass Manbij l
Mosu a)
This soGoterrified
ksu Remembering the
Emperor's advice, they did not pursue them far, but reached the Antioch
Turks' lines and, after
rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
resting there a little, After that the barbarian power collapsed;
Seleucia the survivors dispersed,
(Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
one here, one there, leaving their wives and children behind them, as forAntioch
{1086-1098} the future they Aleppo {1095
did not dare meet the Latins face to face, but tried to find safety for themselves in flight. Aleppo (Ridwan)
St Simeon
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Rest at Heraclaea; Comet Te
le
bo
1097/09/02-05
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
(Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Arsa
nias
(M
urat

ak
i lirm
Kiz
Caesarea

Melitene
Philomelium

Plastenzia
Elbistan
1a- {09/01} At Heraclaea
Iconium [Gesta 4/10f=24 +Robert 3.19c]
Coxon
Our men entered [Heraclaea] at once, Tigris
Amid
and we stayed there for four days Armenian
{/09/02-05}
Principalites

han
Cilician Gates Samosata s
ate

Sey
n h r
Rum Seljuqs Sis Ce
y ha
Marash
E up

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Sa
1
{1092-1107}
C aly
ca 1b- Sign of the Comet Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us [Fulcher 1.14.1] us
m
ra
When we reached the city of Herac1ea, Py
we beheld a certain sign inTarsus
the sky which Mamistra
Harran
appeared in brilliant whiteness in the Gr
eat
shape of a sword with the point toward er
Zab
Alexandretta
the East. What it portended for the
Belen Pass Manbij l
Mosu a)
Gok
future
su we did not know, but we left the
present and the future to God. Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
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