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Intake and output (I&O) is the measurement of the fluids that enter the body (intake) and
the fluids that leave the body (output). The two measurements should be equal. (What goes
in.... must come out!)
The metric system is used for fluid measurement. The measurements should be
recorded in ml. (Milliliters).
The average adult intake is 2500-3000mL. Per day.
The average output is 2500-3000mL. Per day.
Basic conversions:
1 ml. = 1 cc.
1 ounce (oz.) = 30 ml.
1 cup = 8 oz.
1 pint = 2 cups
Hints:
To convert from ml. or cc. to ounces, divide by 30.
To convert from ounces to ml. or cc., multiply by 30.
Conversions:
1 cc. = ml.
2 oz. = ml.
oz. = ml.
4 cc. = ml.
8 oz. = ml.
6 oz. = ml.
4 oz. = ml.
cup = oz. = ml.
2 (8 oz.) cups of coffee = ml.
1 (6 oz.) bowl of broth = ml.
3 (8 oz.) glasses of water = ml.
2 (4 oz.) glasses of ice chips = ml.
2 (4 oz.) dishes of gelatin= ml.
pint of milk = ml.
Sources of fluids:
Oral fluids;
Food;
Intravenous fluids.
In addition to the basic steps already listed, several other things should be
considered. First, it is important that the clients cultural preferences and beliefs be
considered. For example, you may have a client who wants to pray before each
meal. While you do not have to pray with the client, it is important that you sit
quietly and respectfully while the client does this. You should also be sensitive to
the fact that many peoples food preferences are strongly influenced by their
culture, ethnic background and religion. These preferences should be honored when
possible.
You may also have responsibilities to help prepare the dining room for meals.
You might be involved in removing clutter or hazards, reducing distractions such as
loud noise or cleaning the table. You may also encounter client who dont eat at
times pre-set by the personal care. For example, you may have a client who likes to
wake up at 10 a.m. and have a light breakfast of fruit and coffee instead of the 8
a.m. breakfast call. Honor preferences by being flexible.