An individual's characteristic pattern of

1.
thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
A) self-esteem.
B) personality.
C) reality principle.
D) defense mechanism.
Ans: B

The concept of personality most clearly

2.
embodies the notion of
A) moral integrity.
B) self-consciousness.
C) behavioral consistency.
D) free association.
Ans: C

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and

talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen
prefers quiet times by herself when she can
3.
reflect on her own thoughts. The
characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate
that each has a distinctive
A) fixation.
B) personality.
C) Electra complex.
D) collective unconscious.
Ans: B

Which contemporary theoretical approach is

4. most directly descended from Freud's
psychoanalysis?
A) trait theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) social-cognitive theories
D) humanistic theories
Ans: B
 The importance of unconscious conflicts and
5. childhood experiences is of most central
importance to
A) humanistic theories.
B) psychodynamic theories.
C) social-cognitive theories.
D) trait theories.
Ans: B

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that

6. personality involves a dynamic interaction
between
A) persons and situations.
B) repression and fixation.
C) conscious and unconscious mental processes.
the inferiority complex and the collective
D)
unconscious.
Ans: C

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much

less agitated and ineffective at work if he
could recognize his own conflicting feelings
7.
of respect for and irritation toward his
workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief
best illustrates the ________ perspective.
A) trait
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cognitive
Ans: C

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality

8.
theory and therapeutic practices developed by
A) Karen Horney.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Alfred Adler.
Ans: C
 9. By professional training, Freud was a
A) philosopher.
B) sociologist.
C) physician.
D) literary scholar.
Ans: C

Freud became interested in unconscious

10. personality dynamics when he noticed that
certain patients' symptoms
resulted from the physical abuse they had
A)
received from their parents during childhood.
B) reflected a loss of individuality.
C) illustrated a collective unconscious.
D) made no neurological sense.
Ans: D

Freud believed that certain troubling

symptoms could be traced to painful
11.
unconscious memories. This led him to
suspect that these symptoms resulted from
A) genetic defects.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) psychological processes.
D) an Electra complex.
Ans: C

12. According to Freud, the unconscious is

the part of personality that cannot process
A)
information.
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
B)
of which we are largely unaware.
a set of universal concepts acquired by all
C)
humans from our common past.
a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that
D)
do not affect behavior.
Ans: B
 Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind
13. even if they are trivial or embarrassing is
characteristic of
A) defense mechanisms.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) free association.
D) self-serving bias.
Ans: C

14. Free association is central to the process of

A) personality development.
B) reaction formation.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) projective testing.
Ans: C

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax,

close his eyes, and state aloud whatever
15. thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial
or absurd. The therapist is using a technique
known as
A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) projection.
D) hypnosis.
Ans: B

Forgotten memories that we can easily recall

16.
were said by Freud to be
A) displaced.
B) preconscious.
C) fixated.
D) unconscious.
Ans: B
 According to psychoanalytic theory, the part
17. of the personality that strives for immediate
gratification of basic drives is the
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) erogenous zones.
Ans: A

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would

get no dessert until he finished the food on his
plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a
18.
temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested
that Matthew was unable to resist the
demands of his
A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) Oedipus complex.
Ans: C

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the

19.
________ principle.
A) self-transcendence
B) false consensus
C) identity
D) pleasure
Ans: D

20. Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

A) unconscious; conscious
B) biology; morality
C) reality principle; pleasure principle
D) regression; repression
Ans: C
 According to Freud, the component of
21. personality that seeks to reconcile the
demands of the id, superego, and reality is the
A) collective unconscious.
B) Oedipus complex.
C) erogenous zone.
D) ego.
Ans: D

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large

inheritance from his grandfather, he was
tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He
22.
decided, instead, to deposit all the money into
a savings account for his college education.
Hafez shows signs of a
A) weak superego.
B) weak id.
C) strong collective unconscious.
D) strong ego.
Ans: D

According to Freud, the part of personality

23. that represents internalized ideals and
provides standards for judgment is the
A) Oedipus complex.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) superego.
Ans: D

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching

24. a pornographic video. Freud would have
attributed these feelings to Janine's
A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) inferiority complex.
Ans: C
 No matter how long and hard Lerae studies,
she always feels she hasn't studied as much as
25.
she should have. A Freudian psychologist
would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a
A) weak id.
B) weak ego.
C) strong id.
D) strong superego.
Ans: D

Freud referred to the largely conscious

26.
executive part of the personality as the
A) Oedipus complex.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) id.
Ans: C

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the

same time wants to express his disgust for
27. some of his wife's habits. According to Freud,
Bruce's ________ might enable him to
partially satisfy both desires.
A) collective unconscious
B) superego
C) Oedipus complex
D) ego
Ans: D

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking

28. energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive
areas of the body known as
A) psychosexual stages.
B) archetypes.
C) erogenous zones.
D) Oedipus complexes.
Ans: C
 Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to
obey his parents because he derives immense
pleasure from demonstrating his
29.
independence from their control. Freud would
have suggested that Damien is going through
the ________ stage of development.
A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral
Ans: B

According to Freud, boys are most likely to

30. experience the Oedipus complex during the
________ stage.
A) anal
B) phallic
C) oral
D) latency
Ans: B

The Oedipus complex is the term used by

31.
Freud to describe
the erogenous zones that are the focus of the
A)
latency stage.
the passive dependence of someone who is
B)
orally fixated.
children's efforts to overcome feelings of
C)
inferiority.
boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment
D)
over their sexual desire for their mother.
Ans: D

One night after he heard his parents arguing,

4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he
32. saved his mother from being bitten by a large
snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely
suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)
A) oral fixation.
B) reaction formation.
C) projective test.
D) Oedipus complex.
Ans: D
 One night after he heard his parents arguing,
4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he
32. saved his mother from being bitten by a large
snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely
suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)
A) oral fixation.
B) reaction formation.
C) projective test.
D) Oedipus complex.
Ans: D

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed

that girls experienced unconscious sexual
33.
desires for their father during the phallic
stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected
A) reaction formation.
B) an Electra complex.
C) an anal fixation.
D) a weak superego.
Ans: B

Freud suggested that a boy's identification

34. with his father during the phallic stage
illustrates
A) latency development.
B) the benefits of immediate gratification.
C) free association.
D) the process of conflict resolution.
Ans: D

Freud suggested that the process of

35. identification is most directly responsible for
strengthening
A) the Oedipus complex.
B) free association.
C) the superego.
D) erogenous zones.
Ans: C

The theory that would most likely predict that

boys raised without a father figure will have
36.
difficulty developing a strongly masculine
gender identity was proposed by
A) Carl Jung.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Sigmund Freud.
Ans: D
 The theory that would most likely predict that
boys raised without a father figure will have
36.
difficulty developing a strongly masculine
gender identity was proposed by
A) Carl Jung.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Sigmund Freud.
Ans: D

37. Gender identity refers to

A) our biological sex.
the sense of being male, female, or a
B)
combination of the two.
the set of socially expected behaviors for
C)
males and females.
internalized ideals for appropriate sexual
D)
behavior.
Ans: B

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging

about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud
38.
would have suggested that Gene is fixated at
the ________ stage.
A) oral
B) latency
C) phallic
D) anal
Ans: C

Freud referred to a lingering focus of

39. pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier
psychosexual stage as
A) projection.
B) fixation.
C) displacement.
D) repression.
Ans: B

Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are

40.
especially likely to exhibit
A) passive dependence.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) an Electra complex.
D) a strong superego.
Ans: A
 Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are
40.
especially likely to exhibit
A) passive dependence.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) an Electra complex.
D) a strong superego.
Ans: A

According to Freud, an adult who exhibits

biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of
41.
his or her dependence on others shows signs
of a(n)
A) free association.
B) identification.
C) self-transcendence.
D) fixation.
Ans: D

Arjean's opinions are so dependent on what

her friends think that she will swallow just
42.
about anything they tell her. Freud would
have suggested that Arjean demonstrates a
A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) reaction formation.
D) collective unconscious.
Ans: A

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms

43.
protect an individual from
A) anxiety.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) the collective unconscious.
D) erogenous zones.
Ans: A

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are

44.
used by the
id to defend against the accusations and guilt
A)
feelings produced by the superego.
ego to prevent threatening impulses from
B)
being consciously recognized.
superego to prevent expression of sexual and
C)
aggressive drives.
id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence
D)
of internal conflicts.
 According to Freud, defense mechanisms are
44.
used by the
id to defend against the accusations and guilt
A)
feelings produced by the superego.
ego to prevent threatening impulses from
B)
being consciously recognized.
superego to prevent expression of sexual and
C)
aggressive drives.
id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence
D)
of internal conflicts.
Ans: B

Repression refers to the defense mechanism

45.
by which people
offer self-justifying explanations in place of
A) the real but threatening unconscious reasons
for action.
retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a
B)
more infantile stage of development.
disguise threatening impulses by attributing
C)
them to others.
banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from
D)
consciousness.
Ans: D

When she was 4 years old, Inge was sexually

abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt
uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle
46. but was unable to understand why she felt this
way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to
suggest that Inge is using the defense
mechanism of
A) repression.
B) rationalization.
C) regression.
D) displacement.
Ans: A

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue

47.
illustrate an incomplete
A) fixation.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) repression.
Ans: D
 Freud suggested that slips of the tongue
47.
illustrate an incomplete
A) fixation.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) repression.
Ans: D

Freud believed that ________ are the royal

48.
road to the unconscious.
A) projective tests
B) dreams
C) erogenous zones
D) psychosexual stages
Ans: B

Freud believed that the manifest content of

49.
dreams consisted of
A) repressed memories.
B) sexual and aggressive images.
archetypes derived from our species' universal
C)
experiences.
D) censored expressions of unconscious wishes.
Ans: D

Freud suggested that the remembered events

50. and images in our dreams were a censored
expression of the dream's
A) psychosexual stages.
B) latent content.
C) reality principle.
D) collective unconscious.
Ans: B

Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly

fell off a horse. His therapist suggested that
his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of
51.
affection and resentment toward his own
father. According to Freud, the therapist was
attempting to reveal the dream's
A) factor analysis.
B) latent content.
C) erogenous zone.
D) psychosexual stage.
Ans: B
 father. According to Freud, the therapist was
attempting to reveal the dream's
A) factor analysis.
B) latent content.
C) erogenous zone.
D) psychosexual stage.
Ans: B

Regression is a defense mechanism that

52.
involves
consciously expressing feelings that are the
A)
opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
disguising threatening impulses by attributing
B)
them to others.
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual
C)
stage.
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward
D)
less-threatening targets.
Ans: C

Freud would have suggested that an excessive

53.
fixation is most likely to contribute to
A) regression.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) free association.
Ans: A

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for

over a year. However, he started bed-wetting
54.
again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's
behavior best illustrates
A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) denial.
Ans: C

Reaction formation refers to the process by

55.
which people
disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses
A)
by attributing them to others.
consciously express feelings that are the
B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious
impulses.
retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a
C)
more infantile stage of development.
offer self-justifying explanations in place of
 Reaction formation refers to the process by
55.
which people
disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses
A)
by attributing them to others.
consciously express feelings that are the
B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious
impulses.
retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a
C)
more infantile stage of development.
offer self-justifying explanations in place of
D) the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons
for action.
Ans: B

Parents who disguise hostility toward their

children by becoming overly protective of
56.
them are very likely using the defense
mechanism of
A) projection.
B) regression.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: D

The defense mechanism by which people

57. disguise threatening impulses by attributing
them to others is called
A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) fixation.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: A

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates

are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the
most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the
58.
school. According to psychoanalytic theory,
Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile
is a
A) regression.
B) projection.
C) denial.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: B
 is a
A) regression.
B) projection.
C) denial.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: B

Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously

in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends
that most Blacks prefer to live in residential
59.
neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by
Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory,
Mrs. Smith best illustrates
A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) regression.
Ans: B

The defense mechanism in which self-

60. justifying explanations replace the real,
unconscious reasons for actions is
A) projection.
B) denial.
C) rationalization.
D) displacement.
Ans: C

Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her

husband is a better cook than she is. Recently,
she refused his offer to prepare dinner
61.
because, said she, You could better spend the
time playing with your kids. Melissa's
comment best illustrates
A) projection.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: B
 While Professor Gomez was going through a
painful divorce, he tended to create
unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his
62. students unusually low grades. A
psychoanalyst would be most likely to view
the professor's treatment of students as an
example of
A) reaction formation.
B) displacement.
C) projection.
D) regression.
Ans: B

Children who release unexpressed anger

63. toward their parents by kicking the family pet
illustrate the defense mechanism of
A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) regression.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: B

Refusing to believe or even to perceive

64. painful realities constitutes the defense
mechanism known as
A) regression.
B) denial.
C) displacement.
D) projection.
Ans: B

A refusal to believe direct and highly credible

65. evidence that your spouse is suffering from a
terminal illness best illustrates
A) denial.
B) displacement.
C) fixation.
D) projection.
Ans: A
 Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most
66. likely to disagree with Freud about the
importance of
the unconscious dynamics underlying
A)
behavior.
B) childhood sexual instincts.
C) anxiety and defense mechanisms.
D) distinguishing between id, ego, and superego.
Ans: B

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who

67.
proposed the concept of
A) an oral fixation.
B) identification.
C) an inferiority complex.
D) penis envy.
Ans: C

Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she

is homeless and squanders any money she can
68.
find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have
suggested that Hasina suffers from
A) an Electra complex.
B) a collective unconscious.
C) an inferiority complex.
D) an oral fixation.
Ans: C

Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian,

69.
disputed Freud's assumption that women
A) have weak superegos.
B) perceive an internal locus of control.
C) have stronger sexual instincts than men.
never experience a phallic stage of
D)
development.
Ans: A
 Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of
70.
memory traces from our species history as the
A) false consensus effect.
B) pleasure principle.
C) collective unconscious.
D) erogenous zone.
Ans: C

Carl Jung believed that the collective

71. unconscious contains ________ derived from
our species' universal experiences.
A) archetypes
B) free associations
C) defense mechanisms
D) erogenous zones
Ans: A

Which personality theorist would have

suggested that many ideas about good and
72. evil that are shared across many different
cultures are expressions of universally
experienced archetypes?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Karen Horney
C) Carl Jung
D) Alfred Adler
Ans: C

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the

73. influence of the collective unconscious in
personality development?
A) Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler
C) Karen Horney
D) Henry Murray
Ans: A
 Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are
74. most likely to disagree with Freud's
assumption that
much of our mental functioning is
A)
unconscious.
B) people often struggle with conflicting wishes.
childhood experiences influence our
C)
adulthood relationships.
sexual drives are central to personality
D)
development.
Ans: D

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists agree

75.
that childhood experiences shape our
A) Electra complex.
B) collective unconscious.
C) ways of becoming attached to others.
D) erogenous zones.
Ans: C

Henry Murray found that children's

perceptions of photographs were biased by
76. their previous participation in a frightening
game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly
highlighted the potential value of
A) projective tests.
B) free association.
C) identification.
D) archetypes.
Ans: A

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist

to look at some ambiguous pictures and make
77.
up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most
likely completing the
A) Thematic Apperception Test.
B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
C) MMPI.
D) Rorschach inkblot test.
Ans: A
 likely completing the
A) Thematic Apperception Test.
B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
C) MMPI.
D) Rorschach inkblot test.
Ans: A

The famous test introduced by Hermann

78.
Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
A) frightening pictures.
B) ambiguous stories.
C) meaningless inkblots.
D) incomplete sentences.
Ans: C

The major reason for criticism of the

79.
Rorschach test is that
no computer-aided tool has been designed to
A)
facilitate scoring of the test.
only a few of the many Rorschach-derived
B)
scores have demonstrated validity.
the test discourages individuals from
C)
communicating openly in clinical interviews.
the test can be used effectively only with
D)
individuals who are severely maladjusted.
Ans: B

Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many

80. normal adults as disordered. This indicates
that the test has little
A) consensus.
B) interpretive value.
C) genuineness.
D) validity.
Ans: D

Contemporary psychologists are LEAST

81.
likely to agree with Freud's belief that
conscience and gender identity form during
A)
the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
conscious awareness of our own mental
B)
processes is very limited.
C) memories are often distorted and incomplete.
defense mechanisms help protect individuals
D)
from anxiety.
Ans: A
 conscience and gender identity form during
A)
the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
conscious awareness of our own mental
B)
processes is very limited.
C) memories are often distorted and incomplete.
defense mechanisms help protect individuals
D)
from anxiety.
Ans: A

According to some scholars, Freud thought

that stories of childhood sexual abuse
82.
reported by his adult female patients reflected
their
A) erogenous zones.
B) inferiority complexes.
C) childhood sexual wishes.
D) social standing.
Ans: C

Freud's theory of personality has been

83.
criticized because it
underestimates the importance of biological
A)
contributions to personality development.
is contradicted by recent research
B) demonstrating the human capacity for
destructive behavior.
is overly reliant upon observations derived
C)
from Freud's use of projective tests.
offers few testable hypotheses that allow one
D)
to determine its validity.
Ans: D

Freud emphasized that emotional healing is

84.
associated with the
A) fixation of repressed sexual desires.
B) projection of repressed fears.
C) recovery of repressed wishes.
D) displacement of repressed hostilities.
Ans: C

Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death

85. camp experiences most clearly challenge
Freud's concept of
A) fixation.
B) repression.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) motivational conflict.
Ans: B
 Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death
85. camp experiences most clearly challenge
Freud's concept of
A) fixation.
B) repression.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) motivational conflict.
Ans: B

Years after his participation in terrifying

military combat, Gordon continues to suffer
intrusive anxiety-arousing images of his war
86.
experiences, which he wishes he could forget.
Gordon's experience is most clearly
inconsistent with Freud's concept of
A) erogenous zones.
B) free association.
C) archetypes.
D) repression.
Ans: D

Subliminal stimuli can briefly prime our

87. responses to subsequent events. This best
illustrates the importance of
A) the false consensus effect.
B) repression.
C) unconscious thought.
D) identification.
Ans: C

Right-hemisphere brain activity enables a

split-brain patient's left hand to carry out
88.
instructions the patient cannot verbalize. This
best illustrates the importance of
A) erogenous zones.
B) unconscious thought.
C) reaction formation.
D) the false consensus effect.
Ans: B
 Preliminary evidence suggests that those who
unconsciously identify as homosexualbut
who consciously identify as straightreport
89.
more negative attitudes toward gays than
most people do. This best illustrates the
defense mechanism known as
A) projection.
B) regression.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.
Ans: D

Freud's concept of projection is most similar

90.
to what today's researchers call
A) schemas.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) an inferiority complex.
D) priming.
Ans: B

Rusty is a heavy drinker who overestimates

the extent to which other people also engage
91.
in heavy drinking. Rusty's overestimate best
illustrates
A) the false consensus effect.
B) identification.
C) a superiority complex.
D) priming.
Ans: A

Terror-management theory emphasizes that

92.
anxiety is triggered by an awareness of one's
A) impending death.
B) erogenous zones.
C) fixations.
D) Oedipus complex.
Ans: A
 According to terror-management theory,
93. anxiety about our own mortality motivates us
to enhance our
A) self-esteem.
B) collective unconscious.
C) erogenous zones.
D) free association.
Ans: A

The humanistic perspective emphasized the

94.
value of
A) empirically derived tests.
B) self-determination.
C) social norms.
D) factor analysis.
Ans: B

Maslow placed ________ at the base of his

95.
hierarchy of needs.
A) cognitive needs
B) social needs
C) bodily needs
D) spiritual needs
Ans: C

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who

96. fulfill their potential have satisfied the need
for
A) trait heritability.
B) immediate gratification.
C) self-actualization.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: C

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life

that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential
97.
for growth and self-actualization. According
to Maslow, Jin is striving for
A) acceptance.
B) self-transcendence.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) reciprocal determinism.
Ans: B
 Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life
that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential
97.
for growth and self-actualization. According
to Maslow, Jin is striving for
A) acceptance.
B) self-transcendence.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) reciprocal determinism.
Ans: B

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people

98. such as Abraham Lincoln in order to
understand the nature of
A) empathy.
B) factor analysis.
C) self-actualization.
D) extraversion.
Ans: C

Self-actualized people, as described by

99.
Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly
A) compassionate.
B) religious.
C) conforming.
D) self-accepting.
Ans: C

Which theorist emphasized that an

individual's personal growth is promoted by
100.
interactions with others who are genuine,
accepting, and empathic?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Carl Rogers
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Hans Eysenck
Ans: B

According to Carl Rogers, people who are

101. self-disclosing and open with their own
feelings are demonstrating
A) self-transcendence.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) genuineness.
Ans: D
 According to Carl Rogers, people who are
101. self-disclosing and open with their own
feelings are demonstrating
A) self-transcendence.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) genuineness.
Ans: D

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total

102.
acceptance toward another person as
A) extraversion.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) self-actualization.
D) the ideal self.
Ans: B

Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should

accept and try to understand their children's
feelings and should honestly disclose their
103.
own inner feelings to their children. Her
approach to parent-child interaction was most
explicitly recommended by
A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Gordon Allport.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Carl Jung.
Ans: C

Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a

104.
central feature of personality.
A) extraversion
B) emotional stability
C) agreeableness
D) self-concept
Ans: D

Mario doesn't feel very positive about himself

because he often fails to measure up to his
105. unrealistically high performance aspirations.
Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed
by an assessment strategy utilized by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Starke Hathaway.
C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck.
D) Carl Rogers.
Ans: D
 because he often fails to measure up to his
105. unrealistically high performance aspirations.
Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed
by an assessment strategy utilized by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Starke Hathaway.
C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck.
D) Carl Rogers.
Ans: D

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many

of the defense mechanisms described by
106.
Freud are used to minimize the perceived
discrepancy between
A) emotional stability and instability.
B) introversion and extraversion.
C) the actual self and the ideal self.
D) self-esteem and self-actualization.
Ans: C

Which psychologists are most likely to

criticize standardized personality tests for
107.
failing to capture the unique subjective
experience of the individual personality?
A) psychodynamic theorists
B) trait theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) humanistic theorists
Ans: D

Which of the following have been criticized

the most for offering concepts that are vague
108.
and based on the theorists' personal opinions,
rather than on scientific methods?
A) trait theorists
B) humanistic theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) terror-management theorists
Ans: B

Maslow's description of self-actualized

109. individuals was said to reflect his own
personal values because he
selectively studied people with qualities he
A)
admired.
interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as
B)
self-serving.
overemphasized the value of their loyalty to
 Maslow's description of self-actualized
109. individuals was said to reflect his own
personal values because he
selectively studied people with qualities he
A)
admired.
interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as
B)
self-serving.
overemphasized the value of their loyalty to
C)
cultural norms.
D) used projective tests to assess their motives.
Ans: A

Humanistic psychologists would most likely

110.
be criticized for underestimating the value of
A) the self-concept.
B) individualism.
C) social obligations.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: C

111. Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

overestimating the impact of childhood
A)
experiences on adult personality.
underestimating the inconsistency of behavior
B)
from one situation to another.
overestimating the degree of similarity among
C)
people.
underestimating the inherent human capacity
D)
for destructive and evil behaviors.
Ans: D

Freud is to psychoanalytic theory as Allport is

112.
to ________ theory.
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) trait
D) social-cognitive
Ans: C
 A characteristic pattern of behavior or
113. tendency to act and feel in a certain way is
called
A) a self-concept.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) introversion.
D) a trait.
Ans: D

A consistent tendency to be shy is best

114.
described as
A) a trait.
B) empirically derived.
C) self-actualization.
D) a person-centered perspective.
Ans: A

Trait theorists are more concerned with

115.
________ personality than with ________ it.
A) predicting; assessing
B) describing; explaining
C) changing; analyzing
D) interpreting; observing
Ans: B

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies

116. people according to personality types
identified by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Carl Rogers.
Ans: B

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a

117. person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and
tactful as a(n) ________ type.
A) thinking
B) judging
C) feeling
D) intuitive
Ans: C
 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a
117. person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and
tactful as a(n) ________ type.
A) thinking
B) judging
C) feeling
D) intuitive
Ans: C

Factor analysis has been used to identify the

118.
most basic
A) needs on Maslow's hierarchy.
B) self-concepts.
C) personality traits.
D) situational factors.
Ans: C

119. Personality factors are best described as

clusters of behavior tendencies that occur
A)
together.
B) a hierarchy of needs.
C) internalized standards of judgment.
D) empirically derived tests.
Ans: A

Hans and Sybil Eysenck described personality

120.
differences by identifying
A) genetic markers.
B) a hierarchy of needs.
C) self-actualized people.
D) basic factors.
Ans: D

Which of the following is a basic personality

121. factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire?
A) emotional stability
B) self-transcendence
C) individualism
D) self-actualization
Ans: A
 Coretta is typically quiet, thoughtful, and
reserved. In terms of the Eysencks' basic
122.
factors, she would most clearly be classified
as
A) defensive.
B) introverted.
C) narcissistic.
D) emotionally unstable.
Ans: B

The Eysencks believed that extraversion and

123.
emotionality are
A) higher-level needs.
B) genuine and empathic.
C) genetically influenced.
D) aspects of self-esteem.
Ans: C

A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is

124. ________ active in extraverts than in
introverts.
A) inhibiting behavior; less
B) addictive cravings; more
C) empathy; less
D) aggression; more
Ans: A

By selective breeding, researchers can

produce bold or shy birds. This best illustrates
125.
that some personality differences among birds
are
A) among the Big Five.
B) empirically derived.
C) genetically influenced.
D) situational.
Ans: C
 Children respond to stress with greater
126.
anxiety if they
A) are pessimistic.
B) have a hierarchy of needs.
C) exhibit unconditional positive regard.
D) have a reactive autonomic nervous system.
Ans: D

In Western cultures, introversion is belittled in

127. part because people tend to equate
introversion with
A) selfishness.
B) self-transcendence.
C) shyness.
D) narcissism.
Ans: C

One classic study found that ________ people

128. were especially likely to salivate a lot when
tasting lemon juice.
A) open-minded
B) extraverted
C) close-minded
D) introverted
Ans: D

When employees voice their ideas and

challenge existing workplace norms, they are
129.
especially likely to receive a receptive hearing
from employers with the trait of
A) extraversion.
B) narcissism.
C) introversion.
D) pessimism.
Ans: C

Personality inventories are designed to assess

130.
several ________ at once.
A) possible selves
B) basic needs
C) repressed motives
D) traits
Ans: D
 Personality inventories are designed to assess
130.
several ________ at once.
A) possible selves
B) basic needs
C) repressed motives
D) traits
Ans: D

131. The MMPI is an example of a(n)

A) projective test.
B) personality inventory.
C) hierarchical test.
D) self-esteem test.
Ans: B

Which of the following tests was empirically

132.
derived?
A) the Eysenck Personality Inventory
B) the Rorschach inkblot test
C) the MMPI
D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Ans: C

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to

which a client is suffering from depression,
social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an
133.
emotional disorder. Which personality
inventory would be most helpful for this
purpose?
A) the MMPI
B) the Rorschach
C) the TAT
D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Ans: A

People who take personality inventories can

lie in order to create a good impression. This
134. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring
personality inventories does not guarantee
that they
A) have validity.
B) are empirically derived.
C) assess several different traits.
D) have been subjected to factor analysis.
Ans: A
 People who take personality inventories can
lie in order to create a good impression. This
134. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring
personality inventories does not guarantee
that they
A) have validity.
B) are empirically derived.
C) assess several different traits.
D) have been subjected to factor analysis.
Ans: A

Which of the following statements would

135.
most likely appear on a lie scale?
A) I am usually fairly happy.
B) I constantly worry about my health.
Most people are willing to lie in order to get
C)
ahead.
D) I have never disliked anyone.
Ans: D

Assessing an individual's standing on the Big

136. Five today has the advantage of providing
a(n) ________ personality description.
A) empathic
B) flattering
C) hierarchical
D) comprehensive
Ans: D

The Big Five trait dimensions were identified

137.
by means of
A) the MMPI.
B) selective breeding.
C) projective tests.
D) factor analysis
Ans: D

A person who is careless and disorganized

138. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait
dimension of
A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: D
 138. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait
dimension of
A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: D

Emotional instability is most closely related

139.
to the Big Five trait dimension of
A) openness.
B) neuroticism.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: B

Being highly imaginative is most closely

140.
related to the Big Five trait dimension of
A) extraversion.
B) openness.
C) neuroticism.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: B

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She

prefers to be around other people most of the
141.
time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big
Five trait dimension known as
A) openness.
B) individualism.
C) extraversion.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: C

The Big Five traits show their greatest

142.
stability during
A) early childhood.
B) late childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthood.
Ans: D
 Heritability generally runs about ________
143. percent or a tad more for each of the Big Five
trait dimensions.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90
Ans: B

Those who score high on the Big Five trait of

144. _____ tend to have a larger frontal lobe area
that aids in planning and controlling behavior.
A) extraversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) neuroticism
Ans: C

Cultural changes over time within the United

States and the Netherlands have been
145.
accompanied by ________ in extraversion
and ________ in conscientiousness.
A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; increases
D) decreases; decreases
Ans: C

Features of the Big Five traits are common to

146.
people
A) from industrialized countries only.
B) from individualist cultures only.
C) from democratic cultures only.
D) from all human groups.
Ans: D
 The use of positive-emotion words in text
147. messaging is best predicted by the Big Five
trait of
A) openness.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: C

The person-situation controversy involves a

148. debate regarding the influence of ________
and ________ on behavior.
A) self-concept; self-esteem
B) factor analysis; emotions
C) environments; traits
D) extraversion; introversion
Ans: C

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is

more strongly influenced by temporary
149.
external influences or by enduring inner
influences best characterize the
A) psychodynamic perspective.
B) person-situation controversy.
C) hierarchy of needs.
D) biopsychosocial approach.
Ans: B

Studies have correlated early trait scores with

scores for the same traits seven years later.
150.
The weakest correlations were observed
among
A) children.
B) college students.
C) 30-year-olds.
D) 70-year-olds.
Ans: A
 Which theorists are most likely to be
151. criticized for underestimating the variability
of behavior from situation to situation?
A) social-cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) trait
Ans: D

Studies of college students' conscientiousness

revealed only a modest relationship between a
student being conscientious on one occasion
152. and being similarly conscientious on another
occasion. This should make psychologists
more cautious about overestimating the
impact of ________ on behavior.
A) extraversion
B) personality traits
C) self-actualization
D) unconditional positive regard
Ans: B

Sheen is usually animated and talkative when

he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet
and reserved at home. He actively participates
in many class discussions but frequently
153. seems reluctant to talk with friends at the
campus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should
make us more cautious about
overemphasizing the impact of ________ on
behavior.
A) personality traits
B) self-actualization
C) factor analysis
D) the self-concept
Ans: A
 People's scores on a test of extraversion are
________ predictors of how agreeable they
will act in one particular situation. Their
154.
scores are ________ predictors of how
agreeable they will act on average over many
different situations.
A) poor; poor
B) good; good
C) poor; good
D) good; poor
Ans: C

People's scores on a test of extraversion are

likely to be most strongly correlated with the
155.
number of social conversations they initiate
during the course of a single
A) hour.
B) day.
C) week.
D) month.
Ans: D

Unlike country, pop, and religious music

lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues,
156.
and folk music tend to score high on the Big
Five trait dimension known as
A) extraversion.
B) openness.
C) neuroticism.
D) conscientiousness.
Ans: B

Our personality traits are most likely to

157. remain hidden as we carefully attend to social
cues in
A) unfamiliar, informal situations.
B) familiar, informal situations.
C) unfamiliar, formal situations.
D) familiar, formal situations.
Ans: C
 cues in
A) unfamiliar, informal situations.
B) familiar, informal situations.
C) unfamiliar, formal situations.
D) familiar, formal situations.
Ans: C

The stability of personality traits is best

158.
illustrated by the consistency of
A) factor analysis.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) expressive styles.
D) self-transcendence.
Ans: C

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes

159.
the interactive influences of our traits and our
A) temperaments.
B) situations.
C) fixations.
D) self-concepts.
Ans: B

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes

160. that our personalities help create the situations
to which we react?
A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the social-cognitive perspective
C) the humanistic perspective
D) the trait perspective
Ans: B

According to Bandura, reciprocal

161. determinism involves multidirectional
influences among
A) thoughts, emotions, and actions.
behaviors, internal personal factors, and
B)
environmental events.
C) id, ego, and superego.
self-concept, self-actualization, and self-
D)
transcendence.
Ans: B
 Randy's substandard academic performance is
both a result and a cause of his feelings of
162.
academic inferiority. This best illustrates the
importance of
A) self-serving bias.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) free association.
Ans: C

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees,

he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them
to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn
163.
increases his trust in them. This pattern of
trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust
illustrates what is meant by
A) a fixation.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) free association.
D) reciprocal determinism.
Ans: D

Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently

goes to parties where she is encouraged to
laugh and socialize with her friends. Because
164. Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends
weekends in the library where it's easy to
quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best
illustrate what is meant by
A) free association.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) the spotlight effect.
Ans: B
 Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain
responses in others, which lead us to develop
165.
specific social-interaction skills. This best
illustrates the impact of
A) free association.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) gene-environment interactions.
Ans: D

Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple

166. levels of analysis because people are best
understood as
A) unconscious information processors.
B) biopsychosocial organisms.
C) demonstrating self-serving bias.
D) possible selves.
Ans: B

An integrated understanding of Tara's

consistent cheerfulness in terms of her
167. supportive peer relationships, her calm
temperament, and her optimistic expectations
best illustrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) a humanistic perspective.
Ans: C

In assessing candidates for spy missions

during World War II, U.S. Army
psychologists subjected them to simulated
168.
undercover conditions. This best illustrates
the use of an assessment strategy favored by
________ theories.
A) trait
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic
Ans: C
 the use of an assessment strategy favored by
________ theories.
A) trait
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic
Ans: C

Many colleges assess potential faculty

members' teaching abilities by observing
169. them teach. This best illustrates the use of an
assessment strategy favored by ________
theorists.
A) social-cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) trait
Ans: A

Social-cognitive theorists would suggest that

the best way to predict a political candidate's
170.
performance effectiveness after election is to
assess that individual's
A) self-esteem.
B) specific political goals for the future.
C) general feelings of optimism about the future.
past performance in situations involving
D)
similar responsibilities.
Ans: D

Which personality theories have most clearly

171. been developed through psychological
research on learning and cognition?
A) trait theories
B) humanistic theories
C) psychodynamic theories
D) social-cognitive theories
Ans: D

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to

172.
be criticized for neglecting the importance of
A) environmental influences.
B) unconscious motives.
C) personality traits.
D) genetic influences.
Ans: A
 Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to
172.
be criticized for neglecting the importance of
A) environmental influences.
B) unconscious motives.
C) personality traits.
D) genetic influences.
Ans: A

Contemporary psychologists are most likely

173. to consider ________ to be of pivotal
importance to personality.
A) the superego
B) unconditional positive regard
C) the sense of self
D) free association
Ans: C

In contemporary psychology, the self is

174.
considered to be the
part of personality that represents our
A)
internalized standards of morality.
totality of our feelings of unconditional
B)
positive regard.
organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and
C)
actions.
inherited reservoir of memory traces from our
D)
species' history.
Ans: C

Larry studies diligently because he is haunted

by an image of himself being unable to get a
175.
job after graduation. Larry's diligence best
illustrates the motivational impact of
A) free association.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) possible selves.
D) the spotlight effect.
Ans: C

The concept of possible selves is to ________

176. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to
________.
A) Allport; Bandura
B) Bandura; Allport
C) Bandura; Markus
D) Markus; Bandura
Ans: D
 The concept of possible selves is to ________
176. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to
________.
A) Allport; Bandura
B) Bandura; Allport
C) Bandura; Markus
D) Markus; Bandura
Ans: D

Overestimating the extent to which others

177. notice and evaluate our appearance and
performance is called
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) self-serving bias.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) a fixation.
Ans: C

If we are nervous about our personal

appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we
are likely to ________ the extent to which
178.
others notice our nervousness and we are
likely to ________ the extent to which they
notice our new hairstyle.
A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) overestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate
Ans: C

Although we are nervous about giving a talk

in psychology class, simply imagining how
179. much our classmates empathize with us can
reduce the threat associated with our
experience of
A) self-efficacy.
B) free association
C) self-serving bias.
D) the spotlight effect.
Ans: D
 180. A sense of personal self-worth is called
A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-monitoring.
D) self-disclosure.
Ans: A

Self-efficacy refers to our experience of our

181.
own
A) fixations.
B) superego.
C) competence.
D) self-serving bias.
Ans: C

Janet attributes her good grade on a difficult

algebra test to her high level of mathematical
182.
skills. This most clearly indicates that she
experiences a high level of
A) self-efficacy.
B) narcissism.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: A

Individuals with high self-esteem are more

183.
likely than those with low self-esteem to
A) work persistently at difficult tasks.
B) experience the spotlight effect.
dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves
C)
as untrue.
underestimate the accuracy of their own
D)
beliefs.
Ans: A

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily

184.
threatened is especially likely to
demonstrate an independence from social
A)
pressure to conform.
B) criticize others.
C) experience narcissism.
D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization.
Ans: B
 A person whose self-esteem is momentarily
184.
threatened is especially likely to
demonstrate an independence from social
A)
pressure to conform.
B) criticize others.
C) experience narcissism.
D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization.
Ans: B

Compared with European-American students,

Asian-American students express a somewhat
185. greater ________ about their future
performance, which may help to explain their
impressive academic achievements.
A) unconditional positive regard
B) self-serving bias
C) fixation
D) pessimism
Ans: D

Most college students perceive themselves as

less likely than their average classmate to
186.
develop drinking problems. This best
illustrates
A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) unrealistic optimism.
D) low self-efficacy.
Ans: C

Some sexually active college students do not

consistently use contraceptives because they
187. see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted
pregnancy than the average college student.
This best illustrates the impact of
A) low self-esteem.
B) free association.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) unrealistic optimism.
Ans: D
 Unrealistic optimism about future events in
188.
one's life best illustrates
A) self-serving bias.
B) unconditional positive regard
C) a fixation.
D) the spotlight effect.
Ans: A

Throughout a National Football League

season, fans of all teams incorrectly guessed
189. on average (across teams and weeks) that
their own team stood about a 2 in 3 chance of
winning their next game. This best illustrated
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) illusory optimism.
D) narcissism.
Ans: C

Our ignorance of what we don't know helps to

190.
sustain
A) confidence in our own abilities.
B) a pessimistic attitude.
C) learned helplessness.
D) free association.
Ans: A

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad

191.
officiating. This best illustrates
A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) free association.
Ans: C

Research on self-perception indicates that

192.
most people
feel more personally responsible for their
A)
failures than for their successes.
view themselves very favorably in
B)
comparison to most others.
underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs
 Research on self-perception indicates that
192.
most people
feel more personally responsible for their
A)
failures than for their successes.
view themselves very favorably in
B)
comparison to most others.
underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs
C)
and judgments.
are unrealistically pessimistic about their
D)
personal future.
Ans: B

Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which

of the following conclusions would be most
193.
representative of a self-serving bias on
Jacinda's part?
I really didn't prepare well enough for that
A)
test.
I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should
B)
have during the test.
C) I lack ability in history.
I think the test questions were ambiguous
D)
and confusing.
Ans: D

194. The better-than-average effect best illustrates

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) free association.
D) self-serving bias.
Ans: D

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom

tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously
195. thinking that most other students cheat even
more than he does. His mistaken belief best
illustrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) self-serving bias.
Ans: D
 illustrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) self-serving bias.
Ans: D

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed,

people typically expressed self-esteem above
196. the midpoint of the most widely used self-
esteem scale. This best illustrates the
pervasiveness of
A) extraversion.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: C

Which of the following is MOST likely to be

197.
associated with high self-esteem?
A) the spotlight effect
B) self-serving bias
C) free association
D) reciprocal determinism
Ans: B

Researchers have found that personal insults

198. are especially likely to trigger a response of
aggression from those who experience
A) high self-efficacy.
B) reaction formation.
C) inflated self-esteem.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: C

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's

199. new generation as Generation Me because it
expresses high levels of
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) narcissism.
C) free association.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Ans: B
 200. Narcissism is associated with
A) less gambling and less cheating.
B) less gambling and more cheating.
C) more gambling and less cheating.
D) more gambling and more cheating.
Ans: D

Alexis brags excessively about her good looks

and frequently deceives others in order to
201.
establish romantic relationships with them.
Her behavior most clearly illustrates
A) the false consensus effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) narcissism.
Ans: D

People are more critical of their ________

202.
selves than of their ________ selves.
A) past; current
B) current; past
C) possible; impossible
D) impossible; possible
Ans: A

A person who experiences defensive self-

esteem is ________ to demonstrate self-
203.
serving bias and is ________ to feel angry
when criticized.
A) unlikely; likely
B) likely; unlikely
C) unlikely; unlikely
D) likely; likely
Ans: D
 Kelly loves to boast about her
accomplishments and becomes very upset
204.
when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly
demonstrates
A) the spotlight effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) defensive self-esteem.
D) free association.
Ans: C

Accepting ourselves without excessive

205. dependence on the approval of others best
illustrates
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) free association.
C) self-serving bias.
D) secure self-esteem.
Ans: D

Julie's positive feelings about herself are very

consistent and do not depend on her frequent
206. athletic and academic successes or on her
level of popularity among friends and
classmates. Julie best illustrates
A) narcissism.
B) low self-efficacy.
C) excessive optimism.
D) secure self-esteem.
Ans: D