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Thanks to its comprehensive and research-based quality-content, each issue of the Weekly Analysis reaches about 150000-
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readers especially students and candidates of competitive exams. This magazine aims at .providing holistic view pertaining to
Pakistans domestic, external and global affairs. The editorial team of Weekly Analysis goes through numerous leading national,
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Current issue of the magazine has brought in-depth analysis of global issues like Russias resurgence: global-regional threats
and opportunities, challenges for iranian president and Trumps Middle East Policy. Similarly, sections of Pakistans domestic and
external affairs cover critical analysis of Pakistans Foreign Policy and Emerging Geopolitical Situation: Opportunities and
Constraints, OBOR Summit: Pakistan-China Cooperation and Indias Concern, Indias Duplicity: The Case of Commander Yadav
And Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC: Efforts of Regional and International Players to Disrupt the Development in the Region,
its Ramifications and Rectifications so that readers may easily comprehend internal and external moves and threats relating to
future of Pakistan.
Along with current affairs i.e. global issues, and Pakistans external and domestic affairs, weekly current affairs MCQs,
transcripts of weeks best talk shows, research articles for CSS essay on social media and solved past papers conducted by FPSC
and PPSC are also essential part of the Weekly Analysis so that readers and candidates of competitive exams may enrich their
knowledge in order to succeed in achieving their academic and professional goals.
Patron-in-Chief
Mian Waqas Haider DR. SOBIA TAHIR
(Lecturer, GC University) Chairperson, Department of Philosophy
0345-4740019 & Interdisciplinary Studies
Mianwhaider@gmail.com Government College University, Lahore
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Global Issues
becoming President, Putin has revisited state policy and prowess and political influence to address these security
enforced three documents: the National Security Concept, the concerns. Russias stake in Ukraine is its security since it acts
Foreign Policy Concept, and the Military Doctrine that as a buffer zone between Russia and its traditional European
together highlight two important features i.e. identification of enemies.
vital areas for Russia and outlines for the countrys new Economic Concerns
foreign policy. His domestic policy is to restore internal Russia is depending on oil exports and future pipeline
stability, while his foreign policy is to regain Russias Soviet projects for its economic growth. Ukraine is a major business
era status and to restore its place in world affairs. zone for Russia because major gas pipelines pass through its
Domestic Factors eastern part. Ukraine also provides important transit
Domestic conditions play an important role in defining the locations and supply routes to Europe. Hence, Russia does not
foreign policy of a country. During the Twentieth Century, the want to lose its control over the Ukrainian market. Figure 1
Russian Orthodox Church has come back at the heart of
shows the major pipelines of Russia that transport gas to
Russian politics. The Church has passionately supported Putin
Europe through Ukraine:
since he casts Russias challenges in the light of foreign devils
versus Holy Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church and When Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, none of the NATO
Putins Russian state are now inextricably linked. Among members, including the United States, was ready to provide
Putins political emoluments are renewed claims of Moscow as military support to Georgia and risk a military conflict. This
NATO/U.S. behaviour has encouraged Russia to defend its
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
interests in the post-Soviet space. In fact, the Russian invasion Putins desire to construct the Soviet Union 2.0 and direct
underscored the spirit of Article V (collective defence) security global affairs once more.33 Nationalism has been used as a
guarantee provided by NATO to countries in the Russian tool to justify everything from Russias intervention in Syria,
periphery. NATOs lack of response in Crimea has also raised to the urgency to host mega events such as the 2014 Sochi
doubts about the effectiveness and durability of its forces and Winter Olympics and the 2018 World Cup.34 The neo-
paved the way for Russia to protect its national and security nationalist rhetoric and sentiment:
interests abroad. Takes the form of the protection of Russian interests and
citizens in Russias sphere of hegemony i.e. its Inner and
Emergence of Multipolarity Near Abroad and its self-proclaimed sphere of privileged
interests of which Chechnya, Ukraine and Georgia are a key
New powerful states are emerging in the international
part. While perhaps not seeking to necessarily restore the old
political system. The traditional power centres are changing Soviet evil empire, and have these countries under tight
and new regional political and economic blocs are being political, economic and military control as they once were, the
established. A once unipolar world is transforming into a foreign policy of the Putin/Medvedev regime does seek to keep
multipolar one. In this context, Russia and many other states these countries under strong Kremlin alignment, as in the case
such as BRICS that include Brazil, Russia, India, China, and of Chechnya (albeit a nominal part of the Russian Federation
South Africa are emerging on the political stage. The Obama already) and Ukraine (a separate nation state, if not viewed so
administration has learnt the limit of its power after failure in by the Putin/Medvedev regime).
Strengthening Strategic Alliances
Iraq and the Afghan war. Such atmosphere has created
Russia has been historically selling arms to most of
grounds for regional players and former
the Middle East states, including Algeria, Egypt,
powerful states like Russia to re-assert
Syria, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Sudan and Yemen,
themselves.26
but this industry was impaired under
Gradual Decline of the U.S. Russias interest is far from the privatisation policies of Boris
The United States no longer
purely economic. Russian Yeltsin. Saddam Husseins fall in
enjoys the political clout it once
did since over the last few
federal law states that 2003 and Muammar Gaddafi in
decades its economy has strengthening military and 2011 also led to the loss of
suffered due to the military political positions abroad is the traditional clients. Now,
interventions in Iraq and primary goal of Russian however, the Syrian war has
Afghanistan. The failings military-industrial cooperation, reinvigorated its arms exports
and failures of both these and Russia will undoubtedly Between 2011 and 2015, the
interventionist use its arms exports industry to volume of weapons contracts
misadventures have also signed between Moscow and
attempt to affect the balance of
raised questions about this Middle Eastern countries
power in the Middle East.
militarily superior nation whose increased substantially, and
ideological influence in the world included a Russian return to Egyptian
has declined. Numerous financial and Iraqi weapons markets that have
scandals/crises have impacted its economy, recently been dominated by the U.S.
reputation and influence. It has been reported The countrys alignment with the al-Assad
regime against the Syrian rebels also shows its strategic
that American power is on a downward trajectory because of
resurgence, and has cemented its role as a game changer
its overstretched military, risky financial situation and lack of in the region. It has played a key role in the P5+1 nuclear
dynamism in the face of new, influential and powerful agreement with Iran; and is extending trade and economic ties
competitors on the global stage. with the European and Central Asian states. It is also
Is a Russian Renaissance Really on the Horizon? improving its defence relations with the South Asian countries
i.e. Pakistan and India. It recently signed a defence deal with
Neo-Nationalism Pakistan in August 2015. Kozhanov points out that:
Russian nationalism has roots in several historical and Russia has a prominent role in maritime security in the
political beliefs. There is a rise in radical nationalism in Russia Asia-Pacific, it has expanded its naval presence in the region
due to the break-up of the Soviet Union and emergence of and is also a key part of the East Asia Summit.
ethnic criminal groups from South Caucus and Central Asia. 30 Under the Putin regime, Russia has improved its trade
Under, Boris Yeltsin, there were official attempts to develop a and defence relations with other countries, including North
national idea which failed, but the search continued.31 The Korea, Venezuela, Greece, Hungary, France and some far-
need to infuse a spirit of nationalism, ironically, fragmented right wing parties across Europe. It is also deepening its ties
society into religious Christian Orthodoxy and Russian radical with China and apart from trade and investment, the most
nationalists nostalgic of the Soviet past, having similar recent development is the resumption of arms sales between
imperialistic ambitions.32 The countrys new foreign policy has the two countries. Russia is also building alliances through
evoked elements of imperial and Soviet traditions. The deep multilateral organisations such as the Collective Security
Treaty Organization (CSTO), Eurasian Economic Community
sense of nationalism is manifested through domestic displays
(EurAsEc), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and
such as Putins revival of Soviet-style military parades in the
BRICS to enhance its global outreach.
Red Square. Many politicians and political scientists such as
Economic Growth
Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Zbigniew Brzezinski have argued that
the March 18, 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia showed
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
In addition to Putins leadership, Russias
economic recovery is playing a major role in
driving its resurgence. The most important pillar
of Russias economic recovery has been its boom
in earnings from oil and gas
exports. The rise of world crude oil prices in
the late 1990s and early 2000 boosted the Russian
oil industry. High energy prices allowed Russia to
build up its currency reserves and start repaying
its foreign debts. Even after the Ukrainian crisis,
Russia still controls gas and oil pipelines in
Central Europe, and Europe is dependent on its
oil and energy supply.
The effect of low oil prices, falling demand in
the European market, the July 2014 economic
sanctions on specific sectors which have been
prolonged until January 31, 2017 by the EU till the complete Russian Ruble Against the Dollar
implementation of the Minsk agreements, and increased Military Might
competition in oil export markets are critical challenges faced T122u
by Russia. However, low oil prices would not have serious Russia is the second strongest military power in the world,
impact on the energy security of Russian consumers because with the worlds largest tank fleet, the second largest aircraft
prior to the oil price decline, considerable investments in fleet behind the U.S., and the third largest submarine fleet
refineries were made. Russias weak ruble would also help the behind the U.S. and China. Kremlins military spending has
countrys national oil companies to withstand the global low increased threefold since 2008 and is expected to grow by 44
oil prices and endure low commodity rates. per cent in the next three years. The regime has created a new
To tackle lack of investment in large export infrastructure military branch, the Aerospace Forces by merging the Air
projects due to revenue decline in the public sector, Force with the Russia Aerospace Defence Forces to counter
particularly energy companies, Russia has planned to extend NATO. Russian military reforms in 2008, the introduction of a
the Eastern SiberiaPacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline capacity military doctrine in 2010 and the rapid modernisation of
Russias Pacific fleet in 2015 demonstrate
that the Russian military is reviving its
power and strength. Many analysts and
decision makers agree that the Russian
military has transformed into a force that
can rival NATOs warfare capabilities.
Table 1 indicates that despite the political
and economic setbacks, Russia stands
next to the U.S. in military strength:
Nuclear Revival
The Federation is gradually replacing
its aging stockpile of Soviet-era nuclear
weapons with an upgraded nuclear
arsenal and nuclear technology suitable
for use in the contemporary warfare
environment. Moscow continues to
maintain a strategic triad of land-based
intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs), strategic submarines (SSBN)
with long-range sea-launched ballistic
missiles (SLBMs), and long-range
bombers equipped with short-range
nuclear-armed missiles and gravity
bombs. According to the Stockholm
from the current level of 50 million tonnes annually to 80
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russia has
million tonnes annually by 2022 and to provide financing for
extensive and expensive modernisation programmes
these projects. The Russian oil industry has undertaken
underway for its current nuclear delivery systems, warheads
eastward orientation towards China and Asian partners
and production facilities. As of January 2016, Russia has
which would not only increase export volumes, but also
deployed more nuclear and other warheads than the United
establish business relations across Asia. Beside this, Russia has
States. Together, these two countries have more than 90 per
also signed many gas pipeline projects with Korea, Japan,
cent of the global nuclear weapons inventory.
China, Greece, Turkey such as Trans-Korea Gas Pipeline,
The Ukrainian Crisis
South European Pipeline, Nord Stream II, and Altai etc. On
In some ways the question of Russian identity is still
July 13, 2015, the ruble hit a new high reaching 56.38 against
predicated on the geographical extent of the old empire, rather
the dollar and 62.74 against the euro. On May 17,
than any notion of a modern state. In many ways this is
2015 the ruble had dropped to 48.67. The ruble is
recovering after losing nearly half its value against the dollar precisely Russias problem within its identity crisis; the
over the course of a year, as shown in Figures 2 and 3: Russian Federation cannot exit from this old empire without
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
risking, to a certain extent, its territorial integrity and country suffered economic decline and inflation for few years,
identity. but eventually moved towards a path of gradual growth and
The post-2013 situation in Ukraine emerged out of this stability.
identity crisis in the Federation. The Russian-West relations The Conflict
that had begun after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 became The Ukraine crisis was immediately preceded by
strained once again after the crisis. But in order to understand competition between the EU and Russia for the future geo-
the Ukrainian crisis, it is important to understand the economic orientation of Ukraine. The roots of the crisis lie in
geography of Ukraine and its geostrategic importance both for the 2008 war between Russia and Georgia, which ended the
the West and Russia. prospect of enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty
Ukraines Geography Organization (NATO) for both Georgia and Ukraine, and in
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, lying on the the beginning of the global financial crisis, which seemed to
northern shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It borders a give more credence to regional economic arrangements. Then,
number of European countries including Poland, Slovakia and
the EU and Russia drew different conclusions from the war
Hungary in the west, Belarus in the north, Moldova and
and the crisis.
Romania in the south-west and Russia in the east. Ukraine is
the second-largest country by area in Europe after Russia. Its The EU launched the Eastern Partnership Program in
border with Russia is the countrys longest one. 2009 and politically and economically wished to associate
Geostrategic Importance Ukraine along with the other five former Soviet Republics. The
Ukraines strategic location has made it a crucial player in Russian Federation, on its part, wanted Ukraine and others to
the European energy transit network. It is also an important join its flagship project of Eurasian Economic Union energised
market for both the EU and Russian made goods. in 2009 and later signed in May 2014. The truth of the matter
Economically, Ukraine was that rather
than re-creating the
is a major manufacturer
Soviet Union, as
of ballistic missiles,
suspected in the
large transport planes
West, Moscow began
and launch pads for
building a Russian-
space carriers. It is also
led community in
a major producer and Eurasia that would
exporter of steel, with give Russia certain
large natural gas economic benefits
deposits and some of the and, no less
best offshore important, better
hydrocarbon deposits in bargaining positions
the Black Sea. From a with regard to the
strategic point of view, countrys big
Ukrainian port cities continental
hold great economic and military importance. The ports of neighboursthe EU to the west and China to the east.
Odessa and Sevastopol provide both military and commercial Including Ukraine into the schemewas designed to give the
access for exports, particularly from new compact the critical mass of 200 million consumers, of
Southern Russia. In fact, its location is important for both which Ukraine would supply almost a quarter.
the West (to prevent Russia from expanding its influence Ruled from 2010-14 by the then president Viktor
westwards); and Russia (its gas supply lines pass through Yanukovych, Ukraine see sawed between the EU and Russia in
Ukraine to Eastern Europe; control of Ukraine means having search of a better economic deal, ultimately suspending a deal
a buffer state between Russia and the West; prevention of with EU in November 2013, and instead accepting a generous
NATO expansion; control of Ukraines heavy military financial and economic package from Russia a month later.
industry; access to the resources and hydrocarbons of the Russia agreed to buy $15 billion of Ukraines debt and reduce
Black Sea). As Zbigniew K. Brzezinski noted some years ago, the price of gas supplied to Ukraine by one third. This decision
without Ukraine, Russia ceases to be a Eurasian empire. led to mass protests in Kiev, turning into a permanent standoff
in the capitals Independence Square. This essentially civic
A Quick Glance at History protest, which became known as the Euromaidan, was also
joined by nationalist groups that demanded the Ukrainian
During the Nineteenth Century, Ukraine was firmly presidents immediate resignation, which he did and fled. This
controlled by Russia. However, while Russia was engaged in led to unrest, particularly in southern and eastern Ukraine
its 1918 civil war, Ukraine became independent and from where he had drawn major support. Many pro-Russians
proclaimed itself a republic for a short span of time. After the and anti-revolution activists started demonstrations in Crimea
civil war, Ukraine could not withstand Russian pressure and and other regions having pro-Russian majority. Pro-Russian
in 1922 again became one of the original constituent republics armed men took control of the Crimean peninsula and the
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Under parliament. A referendum was held in Crimea on March 16,
Stalins rule, it faced the terrible famine of 1932-1933 and 2014 after which Crimea joined Russia on March 18, 2014. The
purges from 1937-1939. Given socio-economic problems, civil war between the pro-Russian elements and the Ukrainian
Ukrainians formed the Ukrainian Peoples Movement for troops continued in the southern and eastern regions of
Restructuring (RUKH) in 1989 and demonstrations began in Ukraine called the Donbass region. Elections were held in May
the 1990s. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and collapse of 2014, and a new government under President Petro
communism, Ukraine finally became independent in 1991. The Poroshenko was installed.
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Implications
Two peace agreements were signed in September 2014 It is ironic that the EU sanctions imposed on Russia
and February 2015 respectively between the Ukrainian following Crimeas annexation affected European countries
government and the separatists to end the civil war in the whose economy is heavily dependent on Russia. Alternative
Donbass region. First, the Minsk-I Protocol was signed pipeline projects had to be proposed such as the Turkish
between representatives of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, Streamline and South Streamline projects across the Black Sea
the Donetsk Peoples Republic (DPR), and the Luhansk Peoples and Nord Stream-II that runs from Russia to Germany, under
Republic (LPR) to ensure immediate ceasefire. It was brokered theBaltic Sea and surpasses Ukraine. Russia also cancelled a
by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe gas pipeline agreement with the EU.
(OSCE), however, the Minsk-I was unable to control the For Ukraine, the crisis has led to political unrest.
security situation in Donbass and after continued violations According to the World Bank, the Ukrainian economy shrank
the Minsk Protocol ceasefire collapsed in January 2015. The by 8 per cent in 2014. There have been coal shortages because
Minsk-II Protocol was signed between the separatists and coal was present in separatist controlled regions, apart from
Russia which was brokered by Germany and France in oil and gas shortages.
As for Russia, it was ousted out of the G8, and economic
February 2015. Although minor skirmishes continued for some
sanctions were imposed. The crisis resulted in devaluation of
time, the ceasefire was largely observed with the gradual
the ruble which can have far reaching impacts on those whose
withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the combat zone. There livelihoods are remittance-based. Russias economic ties with
was a significant decrease in the casualties and ceasefire Europe have also become strained. Since NATOs response was
violations after the Ukrainian government, DPR and the LPR lukewarm during the crisis, the Eastern European countries
agreed to halt all fighting from September 1, 2015. have become concerned about their national security. The
Once again peace could not last long and the situation Baltic States are concerned about security because of Russian-
begun to deteriorate in Eastern Ukraine in 2016. It has been speaking minorities residing in these states. A newer
reported that there is absence of rule of law in Eastern Ukraine development has been Russias economic cooperation with
and the civilians have to face arbitrary detentions, torture and China. Both have started working on a Siberian pipeline
human rights abuses at the hands of both Ukrainian and project that would transport gas from Siberia and Russias Far
separatist forces. The prolonged crisis and political stalemate East to China.
has caused sense of despair and isolation among Ukrainians in Conclusion
This study has highlighted that the grounds for Russias
the conflict zone with an increase in the number conflict-
resurgence have been fertile for a while, but Russia needs to
related civilian casualties. The Normandy meeting held
compete politically and economically with other powerful
between representatives of Ukraine, France, Germany and
states in the international arena. The Ukrainian crisis has
Russia at Paris in March 2016 also proved unsuccessful and
strained Russias ties with the West and Europe, so it needs to
major disagreements still persist. There has been no significant
work on improving relations with these countries. U.S.
progress in the meeting over issues such as implementation of
domination would continue to challenge Russias rise,
the Minsk agreements and holding local elections in Donetsk
especially if the latter continues to adopt hard power
and Luhansk regions due to security concerns.86
strategies. The Federation needs to use its trade, defence and
Russias Role energy potential to build economic alliances and extra-
Russia has remained involved both politically and regional partnerships. For example in South Asia, Russia can
militarily in the Ukrainian crisis. In fact, despite the
strengthen its trade and defence relations with Pakistan.
Federations military involvement in the crisis, the West has
Pakistan is also looking to diversify its foreign policy towards
been unable to impose heavy sanctions on Russia; and their
effect has been moderate. Russia is intractably set against Russia with a decline in its U.S tilt. There is a huge market for
Ukraine becoming a NATO member or joining the EU alliance, Russian products in Pakistan. Both countries can cooperate on
since both will seriously impact Russian interests. Russia has issues of mutual interests such counterterrorism, energy,
warned NATO of consequences if Ukraine was allowed to join, infrastructure, science and technology.
thus, ending prospects of Ukrainian NATO membership for the Russian involvement in Ukraine has provided potential
foreseeable future. At the political level, the Minsk I-II gave lessons to the West that Russia has and will reassert itself and
leverage to Russia by giving it a mediator status instead of the possibility of a military conflict based on geopolitical
being party to the conflict, without bringing in Crimea and interests remains a reality that cannot be ignored. NATO as an
hence giving de-facto acceptance to Crimeas annexation. organisation will remain powerless unless a unified resolve is
Russian troops without insignia, referred to as the little achieved among member states to deter Russias hard power
green men ensured peace and order during the Crimean strategies and to provide security to its neighbours.109 The
referendum. They blockaded the Simferopol international revival of Russia has global implications but the prospects of a
airport and most military bases in Crimea. Their presence in bipolar world are less likely given the changing multipolar
Eastern Ukraine and Crimea highlight Russias military dynamics of the international system in the third millennium.
strength and capability. (Source Aymen IjazOriginally Published in IPRI JoCA
Vol. 1, Nos.1&2: 30-50)
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
This is an area where the new dealing with Western powers at the The first American reaction to Mr
president will be able to make his mark highest levels. Rouhani's election was to offer direct
more easily than on other issues he faces. talks with Tehran on Iran's nuclear
He could begin by re-establishing links
programme as well as on bilateral
He has promised to improve relations with Britain, which closed its embassy in
relations. In the new euphoric
with the outside world. He has the Tehran in 2011 after a mob attacked the
atmosphere in Tehran, many feel that
diplomatic experience, having been for compound in Tehran. Britain then
anything is possible (Source : BBC
some years Iran's top nuclear negotiator, ordered the closure of the Iranian
News).)
embassy in London.
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
some unicorn-like better deal; it instead would be no deal improvement that has come to be associated with sanctions relief
and a return to unrestricted Iranian ability to spin as many and improved external economic relations comes to pass.
centrifuges as it likes and to produce as much fissile material To undercut Rouhani with U.S. policies that center only on
as it likes. isolation and sanctions would be a gift to Iranian hardliners who
Isolating the United States and estranging it from its most support the sorts of external policies that we most dislike.
important allies. The other powers that negotiated, and are Trashing the concept of America First. To follow the nothing-
parties to, the nuclear agreement Britain, France, but-hostility-and-isolation approach to Iran is to outsource U.S.
Germany, Russia, and China are all firmly resolved to foreign policy to other states that do not have U.S. interests at
uphold the agreement and to build on it in developing more heart, and to two other states in particular: Saudi Arabia and
normal diplomatic and commercial Israel. Such outsourcing may make for
relations with Iran. To the congeniality with the local
extent the United States rulers during visits to
Whatever political, rhetorical, or visceral purposes
moves in a different those countries, but it
this hostility serves, it has major costs. The costs arise
direction, then it, diminishes Trumps
from the hostility itself and from policies that flow
not Iran, is the chances of making
from it, either directly as established by the Trump
odd one out. progress on the
administration or indirectly by encouraging
Losing very matters on
damaging actions by the U.S. Congress and setting a
American which he said
tone that sustains political support for the damaging
jobs. As the during the trip
actions. The policies in question involve rejection of
Europeans, as he wants to make
any positive cooperation with Iran and support only
well as the progress.
for isolation and punishment of, and aggressive
Russians and For Saudi Arabia,
confrontation against, Iran.
Chinese, develop their highlighting Iran as a
commercial relations with demon, besides pushing the
Iran, American companies are losing Saudis side of a local rivalry and
business. U.S. sanctions against Iran already have cost U.S. sustaining rather than lessening tension in the Persian Gulf, is an
business hundreds of billions in lost revenue. A prospective excuse for further repression of Shia populations, and such
sale by Boeing of civilian airliners to Iran a sale that repression makes terrorism and other forms of political violence
Trump has criticized and that some Republicans in Congress more, rather than less, likely.
are trying to derail would support, according to Boeing, For Israel, the constant assertion that Iran is the real source of
nearly 100,000 jobs at the company and its suppliers. all trouble in the region is the best possible diverter of attention
Directing international blame at the United States for from its occupation of the Palestinian territories. Trumps
impeding moves toward peace. As long as the U.S. singing from the same sheet of music makes it all the less likely
administration is the odd one out on issues such as the that the Israeli government will feel pressure to make the
nuclear agreement and its aftermath, the costs go beyond the decisions necessary for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ever to be
self-inflicted economic damage and specific differences with resolved, as Trump claims he wants.
the other parties to the agreement. There also is the wider Losing a channel for defusing of tensions. A useful byproduct of
opprobrium that comes from being the recalcitrant one. That the negotiations on the nuclear agreement was establishment of
opprobrium will underlie suspicion and cynicism about communications at the foreign minister level that could be used
anything else this administration says about seeking peace, to address other problems, even in the absence of full diplomatic
especially in the relations. We saw the
Middle East. value of that channel
Promoting hardline when U.S. naval craft
Iranian policies and strayed inexcusably
leaders. Iran, like into Iranian
other countries, has territorial
real politics. Also like waters. Addressing
other countries, the the situation in the
politics are influenced foreign minister
by what is inflicted on channel was key to
the country from getting quick return
abroad. It is foolish to of the U.S.
pretend that all sailors. Now that
contending politicians channel is gone, and
in Tehran constitute the Trump
an undifferentiated administration shows
mass and that Iran no interest in re-
will be horrible no establishing it. The
matter who holds next time a similar
office within the incident occurs, the
structure of the subsequent step might
existing regime. be escalation into a crisis rather than repatriation of Americans.
It is especially foolish to cling to that assumption in the wake Risking a new Middle East war. Donald Trump probably does
of the election that gave Rouhani a second term. A strong not want a new war, and during the presidential campaign he
majority and even the Supreme Leader in Iran cannot said things that suggested to some ears that he would be less
ignore the election returns supported Rouhanis rejection of likely than his opponent to get into one. But there are people who
hardline policies, but his support will be sustainable only if would welcome war with Iran and will seize on events to try to
the economic spark one. And there
President Donald Trump touches lighted globe with Egyptian President Abdel
Fattah al-Sisi and Saudi King Salman and Donald Trump at the opening of Saudi 10
Arabias Global Center for Combating Extremist Ideology on May 21, 2017.
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
are people who evidently have the Presidents ear Secretary The lack of a channel for defusing tensions and resolving
Mattis, for one who favor the sort of confrontational misunderstandingsand the overall climate of hostility that the
approach toward Iran that increases the chance of events administrations rhetoric has done so much to build up make
spinning out of control. that chance disturbingly large. (Source : Consortium news)
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Pakistans External Affairs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
announced policy to isolate Pakistan at the regional and there is a need that while Pakistan should continue to pursue its
global levels. In this regard, Pakistan should revisit its policy of a negotiated peace with India, it should also continue to
policy of rapprochement with India. highlight Indias anti-Pakistan designs to the major powers and
4. International Image: Though some segments of society other friendly countries.
in Pakistan do not accept it, but the reality is that Major Future Opportunity:
Pakistans international image has been tarnished during The drawdown of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
the war against terrorism mainly due to Indias from Afghanistan, resurgence of Russia, Chinas increased stakes
propaganda. Hence, Pakistan should make concerted in Pakistan after announcement of CPEC and Irans favourably
efforts to improve its global standing. poised behavior have reshaped regional strategic environment.
5. Economy of Pakistan: Though Pakistans economic Resultantly, Pakistan has greater diplomatic options as
situation has improved in recent years, yet the annual compared to the past, which will help it in stabilizing its economy
growth rate is not sufficient to cater for countrys and improving its international image. Furthermore, the NATOs
economic requirements. According to the State Bank of drawdown from Afghanistan has made Pakistan more
Pakistan (SBP), Pakistans Gross Domestic Product (GDP) important in the region. Currently, the US, Russia and China are
will grow by 4.8 percent in next two years, althoughthe seeking Pakistans role as a facilitator of the Afghan
World Banks recent report has estimated that Pakistans reconciliation talks. Pakistan should therefore capitalize on this
GDP will grow by 5.2 percent. Yet, the same report strategic opportunity in its favour.
estimates that Pakistan has to create more than one Major Policy Recommendations:
million jobs annually to accommodate its youth. Since,
Pakistan can only create 40,000 jobs annually with the Pakistan should pursue a policy of keeping balance in its
above mentioned growth, it needs to attract foreign direct relations with the Saudi Arabia and Iran.
investment and enhance its trade to increase its growth Pakistan is relying too much on the CPEC. The construction
rate to the desired level. Otherwise, lack of job plan of the CPEC is of longer duration and therefore it may
opportunities will create resentment among youth, which not match the requirements of Pakistans economy.
will largely affect Pakistans internal strategic Therefore, Pakistan should struggle for investments from
environment. other countries as well to boost its economy.
Major Future Challenge: Conclusion: Over the years, Pakistan has learned from its
Since its independence, Pakistan had existential threat from strategic experiences. The recent overtures of Prime Minister
India. However, in post 9/11 period, Pakistans strategic Nawaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff (COAS), General Qamar
environment had become complicated. For the last sixteen Javed Bajwa towards Afghanistan seem to be a good move to
years, Pakistan had to fight terrorism in a major way. reconcile Pakistans differences with that country. It is hoped
However, successful military campaigns against terrorists that this policy and signing of CPEC with China will prove
and signing of CPEC agreement with Chinahas made the beneficial for raising Pakistans standing at the regional and
strategic environment favourable to Pakistan. India will global level. (Source: Mr. Khurram Abbas Published in
remain a major national security threat to Pakistan as it is Islamabad Policy Research Institute 0n May 22, 2017)
busy in destabilizing the country by using Afghan soil and it
is also implementing a policy of isolating Pakistan. Therefore,
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Pakistans External Affairs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Early Harvest projects in conjunction with four projects venture of CPEC as a balancing strategic move to counter the
under construction prior to the announcement of CPEC. Indo-US strategic engagements. Gawadar Port is wrongly
Electricity from these projects will primarily be generated by perceived in India as less likely to become a vibrant economic
coal, wind and solar sources. hub than to serve as a naval base for Chinas expanded blue
Once fully developed, Gwadar port and allied facilities can water fleet and operations throughout the Indian Ocean.[14]
provide Pakistan with estimated annual revenue of US $40 Besides, India is sponsoring terrorist activities in Pakistan to
billion, besides generating two million jobs. The corridor destabilize Balochistan with the false hope that terrorist acts
through Gwadar will give China shortest access to the Middle will impede the construction of CPEC. These speculations have
East and Africa, where thousands of Chinese firms, employing turned into a clear reality after the arrest of Kulbhushan
tens of thousands of Chinese workers, are involved in Yadav, an Indian spy in Pakistan who has confessed that India
development work. The corridor also promises to open up has been destabilizing Balochistan and KPK. On numerous
remote, landlocked Xinjiang region and create incentives for occasions, Pakistani civil-military leadership has hinted about
both state and private enterprises to expand economic activity possible RAW-NDS nexus behind terrorist attacks in
and create jobs in this underdeveloped region. Balochistan, the recent Quetta carnage is considered to be a
Impediments and Internal Challenges case in point. According to media reports, a special desk has
Pakistan hopes for speedy implementation of CPEC and its been created in RAW to undermine and thwart the
projects but there are various impeding factors, challenging the implementation of CPEC. The intelligence agencies of Pakistan
CPEC development. have gathered authentic information to this effect. The RAW
1. It is believed that certain aspects of primary importance chief who reports directly to the Indian Prime Minister is
have not been cleared by the authorities dealing with CPEC personally supervising the venture. For India, CPEC means
and developmental projects falling under its framework. that China shall have the upper hand in the Arabian Sea which
The routes of highways, railways, sites of industrial zones, has prompted India to expedite work on the Iranian port of
energy projects and nodal cities have been decided but the Chabahar.
calculations of local component, its benefits and how this Afghanistan
investment will bring improvement to an individuals life CPEC is geo-strategically important for a landlocked state like
have not been made public for the understanding of Afghanistan. With the extension of CPEC to Afghanistan, the
masses. country can become a major beneficiary of this project as in
2. Currently, Pakistan is facing a significant trade deficit. future the corridor will contribute to the economic development
With a slight reduction in both export and import volume of this country by enhancing economic activities in the area,
from the previous financial year, Pakistans trade deficit which can bring the fragile economy of Afghanistan back to
has worsened in the last few years. A brief review of the normalcy.
major exported items makes it clear that at the root of this In order to linkup Afghanistan with CPEC, Pakistan has
export weakness is Pakistans lack of international pledged the construction of 256 km Peshawar-Kabul motorway
competitiveness in manufactured goods and near which will give Afghanistan an opportunity to start economic
dominance of raw materials or semi-processed goods as and commercial activities through Indian Ocean. As per the
export items. Lack of competitive manufactured goods has plans, the western alignment of the corridor, which originates
left Pakistan with no other choice but to import more than from Gwadar and runs through Khuzdar, Zhob and finally
it can export, which hampers its ability to fully enjoy the reaches Islamabad via D.I. Khan, will have an additional
economic vitality from regional economic integration. And connectivity to link Afghanistan through Chaman.
this has been a key reason behind dropping export volume However, the suspected RAW-NDS nexus, the use of Afghan soil
of Pakistan over the last few years, despite industrial against Pakistan and internal instability of Afghanistan are
growth. some of the factors raising apprehensions in Pakistan. Pakistan
3. Pakistans economy is considered among emerging wants peaceful and economically progressive Afghanistan in
economies of Asia in future. Along with a feasible plan for its neighborhood but if it remains destabilized, the above
economic uplift, it is necessary to curb the menace of mentioned factors could prove to be detrimental to the regional
corruption, nepotism and inefficiency at national level. economic integration. Afghanistan should understand the
Role of Regional and International Players to disrupt economic advantages of CPEC and ensure that its soil is not
the development used for disruptive activities against Pakistan.
The economic aspects of CPEC can transform the fate of the Iran
regional states in a positive way. With greater economic value, CPEC initially faced resistance from Iran which perceived the
CPEC provides an opportunity to all regional states to make development of Gawadar port as a competing project to
South Asia a seamless integrated region. However, the Chabahar port and accepted the Indian proposal to develop it.
divergent and conflicting interests of some regional and extra- If examined carefully, there are massive opportunities of
regional states are a threat to the construction of CPEC. cooperation for Iran in the corridor project. That is why, in
India September 2015, Iran had hinted about the consideration of
India has made false claims regarding CPEC, associating options to participate in CPEC. Iranian participation will help
territorial disputes and concerns of regional security and both countries improve connectivity through road and railway
stability with it. Modis government has termed CPEC and networks to expand the scope of trade and transportation.
related developments as unacceptable. India calls the economic
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Pakistans External Affairs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Similarly, Pakistan and Iran should outline the strategy to also has its own long-term concerns associated with CPEC, as
operationalize the proposed sister-port status of Gawadar and it represents the leading edge of Chinas expanding access to,
Chabahar in order to enhance connectivity. The proposed and likely influence within, Eurasia. Instead of transforming
Chabahar-Gwadar MoU which includes cooperation on border this competition into rivalry, US should consider accepting the
trade, ferry services, shipping lanes and initiation of Iran- positive role of China as the new economic power.
Gawadar flights may be executed. Pakistan and Iran should Pakistans Role
work on the execution of proposed energy and infrastructure Pakistan should explore and capitalize on all opportunities for
ventures such as the IP pipeline and Iran-Pakistan 1000 MW an economic revival. Pakistan should make efforts to decrease
electricity project in order to meet the energy requirements of tension with its Eastern and Western neighbors for the
Pakistan. intertwined security and economic interests. In order to
Gawadar vs. Chabahar Port achieve maximum out of CPEC, internal differences should be
With huge scope of cooperation, the only worrisome element in resolved with the realization that this project is beneficial for
Pakistan-Iran relations is the Indian strategic moves towards Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistan must consider the growing
Iran. India has announced an investment of US $500m to Chinese role in international economic affairs in a wider
develop the Chabahar port in Iran through series of projects regional and global context. CPEC will strengthen the bilateral
which both countries are considering worth hundreds of relations between China and Pakistan. Pakistan also needs to
millions of dollars.[17] Such investment in the development of focus on its own economy including various industrial and
Chabahar port will allow India to circumvent Pakistan and trade sectors so that the corridor will be utilized in the best
open up a route to landlocked Afghanistan with which it has possible way.
developed close security ties and economic interests. Indian CPEC has been considered as economic lifeline for Pakistan by
presence in Chabahar will also counterbalance Chinese the civil-military leadership of Pakistan. Chinese leadership
presence in Gwadar, and it will also get access to landlocked has been promised the security of their investment and people
CARs through this port. It can be said that the developments at in Pakistan. CPEC is destined to bring significant improvement
Chabahar port reflect Modis keen interest in forging robust in the lives of hundreds of millions of people, besides further
trade links with Central Asia, including the landlocked promoting mutual interdependence among regional states. The
Afghanistan. New Delhi has already spent US$ 100 million on security of CPEC is our national undertaking and we will not
building a 220-kilometre road in the Nimroz province of leave any stone unturned to ensure its timely completion and
Afghanistan. The road will be extended to Chabahar as per the uninterrupted success, said the COAS, Gen. Raheel Sharif.
plans. Modis sense of urgency in concluding trade pacts with In order to dispel concerns about the safety of Chinese workers
Iran is apparently driven by the CPEC. and officials to be involved in CPEC, Director General Inter-
United States Services Public Relations (ISPR) in a statement issued on April
Unlike common perceptions, United States has not opposed the 22, 2015 said, a special force of 12, 000 personnel is being
corridor project. It is said that if successful, the CPEC could raised for Pakistan-China economic projects. The new force
provide important benefits to Pakistans economy. Economic named Special Security Division would be of the size of a
growth is vital to political stability, and therefore the project division consisting of nine army battalions and six wings of
should be considered a welcome development and encouraged para-military force like Rangers and Frontier Corps. Hence,
by the United States. However, the US cannot remain totally the government of Pakistan is mindful of security threats which
unconcerned with the perceived strategic implications of CPEC. may arise once the CPEC project takes off.
Under the proposed plan of CPEC, establishment of Gawadar Conclusion
port as an international economic hub may face opposition CPEC will certainly help Pakistan in achieving an economic
from US due to increased Chinese influence in the region and turnaround but for that Pakistan has to work hard to complete
its strategic access to Arabian Sea. It is believed that US may the CPEC projects in time by ensuring its security. It is only
be working on strategies to cope with the expansion of China in through national consensus and collective efforts that Pakistan
the region; for example, it has also given its own version of the can make CPEC a reality by resisting external powers efforts
New Silk Road Project seeking to enlarge its control in rapidly of disrupting the construction of CPEC.
growing Central and East Asian regions. The United States
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Weekly Current Affairs MCQs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
15. UN Secretary General is Antonio Guterres (Portugals
former PM). But who is Deputy Secretary-General? Ms.
Weekly
Amina J. Mohammed (Nigeria)
16. On 19th May, in which Presidential elections were held?
Iran
17. Recently, rape case against Julian Assange (Founder of
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Weekly Current Affairs MCQs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
40. Worlds most populated island is? Java (135 million 62. Capital of South Korea (official name: Republic of Korea)
people) in Indonesia is: Seoul
41. Which Pakistani (first time from Punjab) has recently 63. Which Pakistani Canadian educator (from little scholars
scaled Mount Everest (8, 848 metre)? Colonel Abdul Montessori, Ottawa) has recently been recognized as one
Jabbar of top 5 educators across Canada: Sabrina Rehman
42. How many Pakistani have climbed Mount Everest till 64. Who has been appointed as Counsel General of Norway in
to date? 4 (three from Gilgit-Baltistan & fourth from Karachi? Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy
Punjab) 65. Which has become the first ever country in Asia whose
43. Name of Pakistanis who have climbed Mt. Everest are: constitutional court has declared that same-sex couples
Nazir Sabir (1st Pakistani in 2000), Hassan have right to marry legally? Taiwan (Yuan Court)
Sadpara (2nd), Samina Baig (1st Pakistan woman in 66. According to predictions of Worlds credible institutions,
2013) what Pakistan would join by 2030: G-20
44. NASAs Acting Administrator is: Robert M. 67. The G20 (or G-20 or Group of Twenty) is an international
Lightfoot Jr. forum for the governments and central bank governors
45. Which country has recently won World Ice Hockey from 20 major economies. When was it founded? 1999
Championship? Sweden 68. current chairperson of G20 is: Angel Merkel in 2017
46. Sudans current president is: Umar al Bashir ( While Mauricio Marci ( from Argentina) in 2018
47. First ever private sector wind power project (49.5 69. Pakistan's per capita income (2017 FY) is: $ 1629
megawatt) of Pakistan has been launched by? Suchal Pakistan's economy (GDP growth) has been increased in
Energy Development (with technical assistance of 2016-2017 by: 5.3 %
Chinas company Gold Wind) 70. Currently, Pakistan's national debts stand at: Rs. 20.8
48. Which famous film star has died on 23 May? Roger trillion
Moore (James Bond) 89 years age; he worked in 7 Budget for
movies of James bond series o Energy is: 619 billion
49. Current Naval chief of Pakistan is: Admiral o Defence is: 920 billion
Zakaullah o Loadshedding is: 401 billion
50. Current Air Chief Marshal is? Sohail Aman o Health sectory is: 22.4 billion
51. Where forward air bases have become operational in
response to threats from Indian air chief? Siachen 71. Chinas current Foreign Minister is: Wang Yi
52. Current Indian Air chief is? B.S Dhanoa 72. Chinas current Foreign Ministry Spokesperson is: Hua
53. Which is worlds highest battle field? Siachen Glacier Chunying
54. Operation started against Manchester has been named 73. Recently, which Pakistanis name has been given to a
as: Operation Temperer rehearsal hall of Oxford University? Rahat Fateh
55. Pakistans current attorney general is: Ashtar Ausaf 74. Which commander of Hizbul Mujahideen has recently
56. Which American singers concert was attacked by been killed iat Tral in Kashmir? Sabzar Bhat
Daesh (ISIS) on 23rd May? Arianna Grande 75. G7 summit (43rd) was held: 26-27 May
57. President Mamnoon met Secretary General SAARC 76. How many Ulemas from different sects have declared
(South Asia Association of Regional Cooperation): suicide Haram? 31
Amjad Hussain B.Sial 77. Which Pakistani-origin female has become first female
58. Which country is at top in receiving most scholarships Muslim to be mayor of Rushmoor (a Local Govt. District in
from China? Pakistan Hamphsire) Borough Council of UK? Sophia Chaudhry
59. Current foreign secretary of Pakistan is: Tehmina 78. Currently appointed Pakistans ambassador to Saudi
Janjua (first ever female foreign secretary of Arabia is: Hisham bin Siddique (Vice Admiral)
Pakistan) 79. News Agency AFP stands for: Agence France-Presse
60. Death anniversary of Rangeela (real name: Saeed (its HQ is in Paris)
Khan) is celebrated on? 24th May (died in 2005) 80. Current Chief Justice of Federal Shariat Court is: Riaz
61. Capital of North Korea (official name:Democratic Ahmed Khan
Peoples Republic of Korea) is: Pyongyang
81. Which day is known as Youm-e-Takbeer in Pakistan? 85. On 28th May 1998, Pakistan detonated 7 nuclear devices in
28 May response to: Indias five detonation of Pokhran-II
82. What happened on 28 May? Pakistan conducted (Pakistan did that after 17 days)
successfully underground nuclear tests (Chaghi-I on 86. Pakistan became nuclear power on 28th May 1998, but
28th May 1998, & Chaghi-II on 30th May, 1998) when India became nuclear power? 0n 18th May 1974
83. In Chaghi-I test, Pakistan detonated? 5 devices in (conducted Pokhran Desert-I tests)
Ras Koh Areah of Chaghi Baluchistan 1. According Economic Survey 2017, Pakistans
84. In Chaghi-II, Pakistan detonated? 2 devices in population is: 19 Crore 91 Lakh
Kharan Desert, Baluchistan
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Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
AMANPOUR: As we all know, the Saudis, the Persian Gulf But inside the hospital, there's hardly any space to move. The
States, Israel, were no big fans of President Obama. So, wards are full. Patients are being treated in the hallways. 39-
Donald Trump to all of you is a very welcome change. And year-old, Fanna Mohammad's two young daughters both have
one of the things Donald Trump didn't do was talk about cholera. In fact, this mother of five fears that her whole family
human rights and the promotion of democracy, et cetera. I could be infected. Fanna says that she fainted while walking with
wonder whether - I would like to play for you what the her children to the hospital. We are sick, she says. My children
President of Iran said today, newly re-elected by a massive, were about to die.
massive majority, who want openness and tolerance and a
step away from radicalism. Listen to the President of Iran. Keeping a watchful eye over Fanna's daughters and so many
others is Dr. Ismail Mansurrey, one of the very few on-duty here.
HASSAN ROUHANI, IRAN PRESIDENT (through He treats suspected cholera victims every day. In one two-hour
translator): Mr. Trump came to our region at a time in which period, he says 200 new patients arrive. He doesn't know where
the world saw the presence of 45 million strong Iranian to put them all. They've created makeshift wards in the open air.
voters at the ballot box in a 24-hour period, yet chose to go to The doctor tells CNN the epidemic has reached a critical turning
a nation which has never clearly seen the meaning of point. It is now three patients to a bed. The cholera outbreak in
elections, of such elections. And I do hope that one day Saudi this rebel-controlled capital is the latest crisis in a country that's
Arabia will have a similar experience. been devastated by two years of civil war; poverty, and hunger.
Just outside this hospital, piles of garbage litter the sidewalk,
AMANPOUR: So, what's your response to that? I mean, ending up in the water supply and exacerbating the epidemic.
he's right. I mean, in the relative democratic experiments of But the garbage collectors are on strike because like all
that part of the world, they have elections. They have women municipal workers, they haven't been paid in months.
who vote, and work, and drive, and are ministers and you
don't. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The health system is a typical
example of the heavy tolls this conflict has taken on the whole
AL-FAISAL: Well, you know, if you think that the elections country, on its people, but also on the system. The health, water,
in Iran mean anything, just go back to the time of Rafsanjani sanitation system.
and Khatami, when they posed as so-called "moderate,
democratic, freedom-loving leaders." And what happened? AMANPOUR: Back at the Sabine Children's Hospital, Fanna
We saw Iran embark on this very negative attitude towards comforts her two girls. It's been a difficult time for this family.
its neighbors, it sent an army into Syria. It is bombing the Like so many others, they also barely have anything to eat.
Syrian people with the Bashar al-Assad regime. It is Fanna says "once a day, we mix bread crumbs with water, and
instigating the Shia Militias in Iraq to destroying Sunni that's only on lucky days. Mostly we go to bed without having
villages and rob the - and ransacking their homes. It is eaten for the entire day." Cholera, of course, is treatable if it's
supporting the rebels in Yemen against a legitimate caught in time, but the epidemic is likely to explode if Yemeni
government. What does that mean? Does it mean that the fact hospitals continue to go without basics, like rehydration fluids,
that there were elections in Iran has made Iran a peaceful and food.
and very cooperative country? It has not. So, our internal (END VIDEOTAPE)
political and civil activities were in the process of developing
them. We don't either claim nor do we say that we are a AMANPOUR: As always, it's the people who are caught up in
democratic state. We are not. But we stick by what we do, the deadly politics. And when we come back, Iran not invited but
and we do no harm to others. definitely the elephant in the room in Riyadh. I asked the
country's Vice President whether re-electing a reformist can
calm regional tensions, that's next.
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Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
AMANPOUR: Welcome back to the program. President but also in the region, but also at the international level,
Trump's trip to Israel and Saudi Arabia comes as Iranians re- increasing trade, exchanges, cultural exchanges, diplomatic
elect by a huge margin their relatively moderate President, exchange. These are very high on the agenda for the current
Hassan Rouhani. Rouhani is a cleric, as well as the President. This is the message that the Iranian people are giving
conservative hard-line opponent, Ebrahim Raisi, but their to the global community. This is very different from some of the
visions could hardly be more different. After negotiating the fantasies that have been expressed by people like Mr. Trump.
2015 nuclear deal, Rohani promised to follow through with Also, the important point is that funding for the terrorists is
another four years of reforms, opening Iran up to the world. coming exactly from the same country where they're trying to
This afternoon, he told the press that while the Trump deliver such a very wrong and distorted message about Iran.
administration was making angry noises at Iran, Iran is not
yet sure what Washington's true policy will be. AMANPOUR: I assume you're talking - when you say funding
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) the kind of Daesh and Al Qaeda, I assume you're talking about
Saudi Arabia. Now, they counterpunch and say you, Iran, is
ROUHANI: We are still awaiting certain positions of this funding the Assad regime and all the terrorism that comes out of
U.S. administration to be solidified and properly be able to there. Funding the Houthi-backed rebels in Yemen, and et cetera,
reflect those positions, based upon which at that time, we will not to mention Hezbollah, Hamas, et cetera. Now, obviously,
be able to pass more precise judgments on the government in there are accusations and counteraccusations. Is there any way
Washington, D.C. to get beyond that, do you think? Can a new Rouhani
(END VIDEO CLIP) government actually sit down with the Saudi Arabians and the
others in the Persian Gulf, or is there now this coalition against
AMANPOUR: Masoumeh Ebtekar, is Vice President of Iran you and we're going to hear this rhetoric, and maybe even
and head of that country's Department of the Environment. I worse? Do you think there'll be some military component to them
spoke to her moments ago from Tehran. facing off against Iran?
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
EBTEKAR: No, I don't think there will be any military
AMANPOUR: Vice President Ebtekar, welcome to the component, although it is questionable why $100 billion of arms
program. EBTEKAR: Thank you. have been sold, and why Saudi Arabia is spending its money on
such military expenditures in the region, where countries should
AMANPOUR: Give me a sense of how the Iranian people work together for peace and try to resolve existing conflicts. Not
are feeling today. You know some have suggested that the through arms sales and buying arms, but through working
polls would be very tight and that it wasn't sure that through diplomacy, through improving relationships, through
President Rouhani would win re-election. And yet, it was a respecting the rights of nations and people in Syria and Yemen. I
massive and decisive yes to his re-election. hope that they all realize the reality of what is going in Iran -
EBTEKAR: The people chose who they thought would take what is going on in Iran. And the reality of the people, the
the people towards optimism and hope, and to actually mentality of the Iranian people, and the fact that they support
deliver on the promises that he was giving. They thought that their government, they support their - the Islamic republic, and
Dr. Rouhani could deliver actually and could bring about the that Iran is a very strong and democratic country. Very contrary
prosperity, the economic growth because he had already to what goes on in Saudi Arabia, I think, and the President
shown his determination and his capability and competence mentioned that as well today. That, I think, that they haven't had
during the past three and a half years. And this is very, very elections since the time of their inception. They don't know, the
meaningful. Not only for Iran, but I think for the people of Saudi Arabia don't know what an election looks like.
International Community, for the region. It's very But we've had elections, practically, every year in Iran in the
meaningful. Islamic Republic of Iran.
AMANPOUR: As you know, of course, this election came AMANPOUR: I want to get back to the domestic situation
right at the time that President Trump was gathering - for inside Iran. The young people, certainly, told our reporters and
want of a better word, an anti-Iranian coalition in Saudi producers when they were there covering the election this past
Arabia. And this is what he said to the assembled guest in weekend, that they wanted to see President Rouhani really
Riyadh. deliver on freedoms at home, not just the economic promises. But
he promised to free the jailed reform leaders. Will he actually do
TRUMP: Until the Iranian regime is willing to be a partner that now? He's been elected and re-elected. EBTEKAR: We all
for peace, all nations of conscience must work together to know that the President has, of course, limited powers. He will
isolate, deny it; funding for terrorism cannot do it. And pray do and he has made his attempts and he will do the best he can to
for the day when the Iranian people have the just and deliver on individual freedoms. His clear mandate on civil rights,
righteous government they so richly deserve. AMANPOUR: and the fact that he's always pressed on these civil liberties, the
You know, some people said that was almost tantamount to fact that we've seen a very significant growth both in the number
wanting a different government in Iran. I mean, I don't even but also in the activism of political parties in Iran. During the
want to say the word regime change, but that's what some past three and a half years, we've seen a surge in the number of
people have said. What is the view from where you sit, and non-governmental organizations in Iran. The civil society in
where President Rouhani sits? Iran is now very vibrant, and I'm sure that the President will
continue on this line, and I'm sure that he will deliver on the
EBTEKAR: I think that the people have spoken, not in promises that he's given during the Presidential campaign.
words but in deeds. It's very clear, the Iranian nation has
come to the polls. They have stood behind their President, AMANPOUR: Vice President, Masoumeh Ebtekar, thanks for
behind their country, and I think it's very clear that the joining me from Tehran tonight.
Iranian nation wants peace and prosperity. President EBTEKAR: Thank you.
Rouhani has indicated that he will work to increase and
improve relationships with not only neighboring countries (END VIDEOTAPE)
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Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Afghanistan's women are out, working, and airing their views
AMANPOUR: Well, you just heard two very divergent for all to hear. This weekend, Zan-TV hit the afghan airwaves
views from Tehran and before that from Riyadh. And today, with brand new
later in Jerusalem, President Trump again criticized the voices: female voices.
nuclear deal with Iran. But he stopped short of repeating his The first channel by women for women: In fact, "zan" means
campaign pledge to scrap it all together. And Vice President women, and the young team of 54 people powering the T.V.
Ebtekar told me, it was critical for all parties to abide by the station is mostly female, and many are students, presenting and
agreement and to implement it. More women leading the way producing a variety of shows while the men are working in more
next; we imagine the first Afghan news station by women technical roles, but also, training women to fill those positions,
and for women. Zan-TV is now open for show business, after too. And that's it for our program tonight.
this. Remember, you can always listen to our podcast, see us online
at amanpour.com and follow me on Facebook and Twitter.
AMANPOUR: And finally tonight, 16 years ago before the Thanks for watching and goodbye from London.
Taliban fell in Afghanistan, girls over eight years old could (By Editorial Team, Weekly Analysis)
not get an education. Women could not get a job. And they
could not leave their homes without a male relative. Well,
imagine a world moving in fast forward, because today,
23
Transcripts of CNN Talk shows Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
It's a criticism that's going to say now because, because clearly, rhetoric, but you know, will people, particularly young people
it seems as though Donald Trump in his speech, speaking out across the Middle East believe him/
very forcibly against Iran and very forcibly in favor of the Gulf
country speaking out very forcibly in favor of the Gulf KINKADE: President Trump spoke of a new global center for
countries, it seems that the administration is now officially combating extremist ideology. Is that hard to get your head
taking sides in what has become a very big schism, and quite around in a country that readily flogs bloggers for freedom of
frankly a historic, and quite frankly unsolvable schism that speech?
dates back 1,400 years in the Muslim world.
ROHDE: Yes. They chose Saudi Arabia as the location of his
KINKADE: All right, Muhammad Lila, some great speech. I think part of that was for domestic concerns he would
perspective there for us from the region. Thanks so much.Well, - he could announce this arms sale to Saudi Arabia. Some of the
we will have more on that speech as Donald Trump wraps up earlier commentators at CNN talked about CNN domestic, it
that visit in Saudi Arabia. We ask if actions speech louder than talked about Jordan may have been a better setting for this
words. A closer look at some of the key moments of the U.S. speech.
president's visit. Stay with us Many, many Muslims that I've spoken to do not see Saudi
Arabia as the leader of the Muslim world. Yes, the two holy
KINKADE: Well, before Donald Trump made his big speech mosques are there, but there is no papacy in Islam as
to Muslim leaders, there was a lot of anticipation about how he international viewers know. And so, you know, that's the
would be received. But he already had one ringing problem. It is the setting. (inaudible) that opulent room with all
endorsement from Egypt's president. these many, you know, wealthy and autocratic Gulf rulers, is
that the right setting to give this message from, or does that
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) actually undermine the credibility of President Trump's
ABDEL FATAH EL-SISI, EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT: Mr. message today?
President, we express our appreciation and respect. And let me
say that you have a unique personality that is capable of doing ANDERSON: Absolutely. Well, he also sort of said that
the impossible. America will not impose our way of life on others, but, rather,
TRUMP: I agree. outstretch our hands. Do you think that was his way, or at least
(END VIDEO CLIP) his speechwriter's way, of avoiding any real comment on
human rights abuses?
KINKADE: So, all the smiles as the U.S. president met with
his Egyptian counterpart. But if Donald Trump really can do ROHDE: Yeah, I think there was an intentional effort -- this
the impossible, he'll have to win over the Muslim world despite is a message to the rulers in the region that human rights will
everything he said about Islam before from his infamous travel not matter to this administration. And they've telegraphed that
ban, to telling CNN he thinks that Islam hates the U.S. by welcoming President el-Sisi of Egypt to the White House.
Mr. Trump's previous rhetoric may outweigh his latest
comments, however much of his emphasis was on the What will average people in the region, you know, how will
overriding battle between good and evil.Well, of course, they interpret that?
Donald Trump's reputation in the Middle East isn't just what He did talk about growth and jobs. And I think that is the
he says. Thanks to social media and streaming video, much of critical issue for people in the region, but there was no how in
his image will be defined by exactly that: images. And some of this speech. He talked about driving extremists out of the
what we're seeing is already come under scrutiny. mosques. He talked about creating more jobs. He talked about
First of all, there was this. Was it a bend, was it a bow, ushering a new renaissance. How? Every American president
whatever it was many on Twitter were quick to point out that has talked about his since 9/11.
Mr. Trump slammed Barack Obama for bowing to the Saudi
king in 2009.Next, there was the dancing with the Sauds. Now, The U.S. tried invasions under George W. Bush. The U.S.
Saud dancing is a Saudi tradition, just not one that tends to tried to sort of step back and do less in the region under Barack
involve uncomfortable, let's call it dad dancing, by top Obama. Neither has worked. I don't hear a new Trump sort of
American officials.And then there's Melania and Ivanka Trump doctrine for how to drive extremists from the mosques.
not wearing head scarfs. Now, we must point out out that head
scarves are not usually worn by visiting female dignitaries. But KINKADE: Of course, we heard about a lot about investment
we also have to point out that Mr. Trump criticized Michelle there. The U.S. and Saudi agreeing to this $110 billion arms
Obama for making that same decision two years ago.Well, agreement. There are, of course, concerns about financing and
David Rohde is the New Yorker online editor and a CNN global weapons getting into the hands of extremists. How can
affairs analyst. He joins us from New York. Great to have you President Trump assure that doesn't happen?ROHDE: I think
with us, David.There is no doubt that this trip was high risk, that - well, the primary concern in terms of these sales to Saudi
high reward. This is a country that can sentence a woman for Arabia is that Obama made an enormous sale to Saudi Arabia,
driving. They can give her public lashing for driving a car. It's $60 billion and the America made planes and bombs were used
a country where most of the terrorists of 9/11 came from. Is to kill as many as 2,000 civilians in Yemen.
that a little forgotten as President Trump carries out his visit to
a country, the first of his first foreign trip overseas? To be fair, military force is unquestionably, you know, one of
the things you need to use to counter extremism, but you don't
DAVID ROHDE, NEW YORKER: Well, that's the real hear much about any other efforts to counter it. And there is a
question is how will average people view this, particularly danger in Syria, as you've noted, possibly arming the Kurds, or
across the Muslim world. Well, they believe, you know, the local fighters. You know, where will those weapons end up?
rhetoric we heard today - sorry, sorry, the statements we And that's what missing here. What will the American role
heard today from President Trump versus the rhetoric during actually be? Saudi Arabia can't go in and sort of lead the fight
the campaign, it's a dramatic change. It's a much better in Syria against ISIS and, you know, the fight in Iraq as being
led by Iraqi forces.How are we going to back them? I think a
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better message would have been a clearer, stronger, more Given Rouhani has a much stronger mandate, how much
consistent U.S. equipment - sorry, U.S. support, local power does he really have, given the supreme leader ultimately
moderates, that we will stand by them consistently. The U.S. rules over him?PLEITGEN: Yeah, he certainly has a stronger
has a tendency of diving into the region and then walking mandate, and you do often see Iranian Presidents in their
away from it, but that we will consistently back moderates in a second term do a lot more than they were able to do in their
very, very long struggle against terrorism. That's what, you first. He does have a very limited capabilities and very limited
know, is needed as sort of a steady hand, not new rhetoric. powers, because in the end it is Iran's supreme leader
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei who has the final say on policy,
KINKADE: David Rohde, certainly a lot more to unpack especially when it comes to security policy and military policy
here, but we'll have to leave it there for now. Great to have here in this country.
your analysis. Thank you. However, in the sphere of economics, Hassan Rouhani does
ROHDE: Thanks. certainly wield a lot of power. And really once this election in
the end was about, was the economic way forward for this
KINKADE: Well, there was one country that was definitely country. Do they want to integrate into the world economy?
not invited to that meeting in Saudi Arabia: Iran. The hosts Are they going to welcome foreign investment and try to set the
want the White House to take a much tougher line on Iran. stage for foreign investment by, of course, entering into
Remember, the Saudis themselves have severed ties with negotiations, or do what the hard-liners wanted to do, cope
Tehran.But while those doors may be closed, Iran seems to with that isolation and say we don't necessarily need foreign
want to open them. If moderate president Hassan Rouhani was investment. We don't need outside help. We'll try to grow
just re-elected in a landslide win by voters who want to see him internally.
open up to the world.
Clearly, we'll try to grow internally. Clearly, the electorate
Well, let's cross now to Frederik Pleitgen who is in Iran's here in this country has decided they want more integration in
capital Tehran for us this hour. Fred, good to have you there the world economy and that they want more investment from
underground for us. President Trump gave the Saudis pretty abroad, and that, of course, also means they want to open up to
much what you wanted to hear, an anti-Iran message. How the world as well, Lynda.
will his words be received there? KINKADE: all right. Frederik Pleitgen, great to have you on
the ground there in Tehran for us to get perspective there. We
FREDERIK PLEITGEN, CNN INTERNATIONAL appreciate it.Well, now back to Mr. Trump's speech to the
CORRESPONDENT: Well, I think there's going to be a lot of Muslim world just a short while ago. Saudi Arabia's King
anger here in Iran at some of the things that President Trump Salman spoke before introducing the American president. Let's
said there, especially towards the end of the speech when he take a listen to what he had to
spoke about what he called the effects that Iran was having (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
here in this region, that Iran was one of the main supporters of KING KING SALMAN (through translator), SAUDI KING:
terrorism in this region. Of course, the people here, and the Islam was and will always be the religion of mercy, tolerance,
government here, have a very different take on all of that. They and co-existence as confirmed by brilliant precedence. In its
believe that it's the Saudi ideology, the Saudi Wahhabi prosperous time, Islam provided the best examples of co-
ideology, that's causing a lot of the instability in the Middle existence and harmonies among followers of religions and
East, also causing a lot of the extremism in the Middle East as cultures. However, we see today that some presumed Muslims
well. have to seek to present and a sort of picture of religion, a
picture that seeks to conflate this great religion with -- with
They are highly critical here, for instance, of the Saudi role in violence.
Yemen as well, so, you've got a lot of the bombing that's going We say to our Muslim brothers and sisters, our sons and
on in Yemen by the Saudi air force and its allies as well, is daughters, everywhere, that one of the most important goals of
killing a lot of civilians, leading to a famine in that country. So, Islamic Sharia is for protecting life. And that there is no honor
certainly, the Iranians are saying, look, we have a different in committing murder. Islam is a religion of peace and
take on things. That doesn't mean we're the source of instability tolerance that encourages its followers to develop earth and
here in this region. And the other thing that the Iranians will forbids them from corrupting it. It considers killing an innocent
pointe to is that they actually just had an election here in this soul tantamount to killing all of humanity. The Iranian regime
country, and just election, or re-elected, a moderate president, has been the spearhead of global terrorism since the Khomenei
someone who wants to engage with the west, someone who Revolution until now. We have been in this country for 300
wants to - or did engage with the U.S. to bring about and talk years and have known no terrorism or extremism until the
about the nuclear agreement. That may not be perfect, but Khomenei revolution began in 1979.Iran has turned down all
certainly did curb large parts of Iran's nuclear ambitions, and good neighborly initiatives offered by our nations with
the Iranians want sanctions relief as well. And one of the things goodwill. It has responded with expansionist aspirations,
that Hassan Rouhani is trying to integrate Iran into the criminal practices and interference in the internal affairs of
international community to make sure that there isn't these other countries, thus violating the principles of international
problems with the international community. law, good neighborlyness and mutual respect and coexistence.
The Iranian regime thought that our silence was weakness and
So, certainly the Iranians will be very, very angry at some of our wisdom was retreat.
the things that President Trump has said they will feel that
President Trump is taking sides with Saudi Arabia in a conflict Until we had enough of its hostile practices and interference
that, of course, has defined this region for quite some time, as we witness in Yemen and other countries in the region. As
Lynda. we say this, we assert at the same time, our respect and
KINKADE: And Fred, just briefly, as a result of that election appreciation for the Iranian people. We do not hold people
we saw huge celebrations there. One analyst said, you often see responsible for the actions of their regime. Mr. President, dear
days of euphoria followed by long years of disillusionment. brothers and friends, in our continued war on terrorism, we
confirm our resolve to eradicate Da'esh and other terrorist
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Transcripts of CNN Talk shows Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
organizations regardless of their religion, sect or ideology, that We emphasize achieving peace for the Palestinians and the
was the reason we all formed the Islamic military alliance to Israelis was a just and crucial demand, which requires sheer
fight terrorism which was a pioneering step to curb terrorism. sacrifice and sincere determination for the benefit of all.
Terrorism is a the result of extremism. In light of the need to
confront terrorism, we declare today launching global center The international community should intensify its efforts to
for combating extremist ideology, which aims to disseminate resolve the Syrian crisis, but shield the aspirations of the
the principles of moderation and tolerance, confront attempts Syrian people and preserve Syria's (inaudible) and
of to deceive the young, shield families and societies and refute sovereignty.
the frail claims of terrorists by cooperating peace-loving
nations and international organizations, dear brothers and Your majesties, your excellences, your honors, the hopes and
friends. aspirations of our peoples are huge and our responsibilities to
achieve them are great.
To achieve - but it is the success of (inaudible). This is what
Saudi vision 2030 is in all of But to resolve, keenness and care will enable us to face these
its aspects: (inaudible), enabling women, diversifying the duties with will and purpose, and we are committed to
economy and improving education. The king of Saudi Arabia development as a strategic goal to confront extremism and
undoubtedly supports and encourages every effort by any terrorism and provide a prosperous life.May God help us
brother or friendly nation that aims at accomplishing achieve the good for all our peoples. God bless you.
sustainable development in their countries. (END VIDEO CLIP)
Thanks so much for watching. See you another time.
END (By Editorial Team, Weekly Analysis)
When this is accomplished, the principles and criteria become Conclusion Governance opens new intellectual space. It
tools to help in developing an improvement strategy for provides a concept that allows us to discuss the role of
governance, and for assessing the gap between the current government in coping with public issues and the contribution
and desired state of governance. that other players may make. It opens ones mind to the
possibility that groups in society other than government (e.g.
In the context of Fairness, we can begin to determine where communities or the voluntary sector) may have to play a
we are now, where we want to be, how we get there the stronger role in addressing problems. The central conclusion is
strategies, priorities and techniques, how we stay there - that a universal set of principles for defining good governance
sustainability and making sure we get there- the can be fashioned and that the strength of their universality rests
implementation. to a large extent on the body of international human rights and
laws. In addition, these principles can be usefully applied to help
FAIRNESS IN A PROTECTED AREA CONTEXT deal with current governance challenges. When they are applied
it becomes apparent that there are no absolutes; that principles
Existence of a supportive judicial context characterized by often conflict; that the devil is in the detail; that context matters.
respect for the rule of law including Finally, the nature of governance both the means and the ends
needs to be understood. Only then does it make sense to
- an independent judiciary
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elaborate the principles in order to create a meaningful analytical tool.
Governance
Principles
Participation all men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either
directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their intention.
1. Legitimacy Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as
and Voice capacities to participate constructively.
Consensus orientation good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad
consensus on what is in the best interest of the group and, where possible, on policies
and procedures.
Strategic vision leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on
2
.Direction good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for
such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social
complexities in which that perspective is grounded.
Equity all men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-
5
.Fairness being.
Rule of Law legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly
the laws on human rights.
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untenable to attribute all the woes of developing countries garde. They exerted a growing influence on what once had
to outside forces beyond their control. This was been almost exclusively matters of state policy. Within
particularly the case after Mikhail Gorbachevs ascension developing and socialist bloc countries, civil society
to power in 1985 and the onset of new thinking in burgeoned after decades of repression. In particular, the
Moscow. There was no longer a geopolitical counterweight growth of NGOs is a striking dimension of contemporary
in the East to Western demands for economic liberalisation international relations whose implications for global
and political democratisation. Domestic policies and governance and social policy in the UN system are not fully
priorities were central to the dire problems faced by both understood or appreciated.
developing countries and members of the socialist bloc. In short, economic and social policy is no longer the exclusive
And it became politically more correct in international fora preserve of governments. Human rights advocates, gender
to say so and thereby begin a conversation about how state activists, developmentalists and groups of indigenous peoples
and society were structured. As Goran Hyden has written: have invaded the territory of states, literally and figuratively.
Getting politics right is different from getting policy right Fourth, the 1990s have witnessed a phenomenal
in that it calls for a restructuring of the polity itself. The transformation of the wide- spread view that the Charter is a
structural adjustment programs that are associated with Westphalian document par excellence.
getting policy right have been and could be pursued by an Although the UNs constitution prohibits actions dealing with
autocratic government as well as a democratic one. the domestic policies of member states, nonetheless
A discussion about the quality of a countrys political and humanitarian interventions have encouraged the insertion of
economic governance system became acceptable within responsibility as a necessary additional component of national
international public policy fora for four reasons. First, sovereignty, in addition to the three traditional characteristics
there was the glaring illegitimacy of regimes headed by of statehood (territory, people and authority). Leading the
such inter- national pariahs as Ugandas Idi Amin, human rights charge were none other than the last two UN
Kampucheas Pol Pot, Haitis Jean- Claude Duvalier, or secretaries-general, Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Kofi Annan,
the Central African Empires Jean-Bedel Bokassa. After who painstakingly put forward the contingent character of
having successfully lobbied the so-called international sovereignty? Francis Deng, their Special Representative on
community to consider as genuinely international the Internally Displaced Persons, labelled this approach
domestic policies of white-majority governments in sovereignty as responsibility. The acute suffering of such
Rhodesia and South Africa, it was illogical for developing failed states as Somalia, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
countries to maintain that their own domestic behaviour opened the door to scrutinizing domestic policies that had led
was out-of-bounds. Moreover, the end of the Cold War to mass displacement and even genocide. Given the need for
suddenly removed both the willingness to turn a blind-eye the international system to pick up the costly humanitarian bill
towards outlandish regimes as well as incentives for the for such tragedies, the prevention of future disasters lent
West to support authoritarian rule. ------- Second, Samuel additional weight to the argument to examine governance
Huntington correctly characterised the third wave of patterns in as-yet un-failed states.
democratic rule.30 Both the Third World and the former As a result of these four developments, probing domestic
Soviet bloc were engulfed by a tidal wave of political policies and priorities became the norm; and efforts to come
reforms, especially when the collapse of the Berlin Wall to grips with the term can be interpreted as part of an
was so closely followed by the implosion of Moscows intellectual struggle to capture the various units of governance
empire. Widespread democratization, including UN that are not instruments of the state. At the national level the
monitoring of elections in such former dictator- ships as El work of Morten Bas is particularly instructive, because
Salvador and Haiti, brought squarely into focus the governance is embedded in and interwoven with statecivil
character and quality of local governance. Regimes in the society interactions. It is the part of the public realm that
Third World and Eastern Europe adopted civilian rule, encompasses both. Essential to governance is the civic realm,
elections and multiparty democracy. They understood that which is maintained by political actors from both the state and
the form, if not always the spirit and content, of elections society, and in which access to participation in the public
were prerequisites to legitimize their rule and to attract realm is built on respected and legitimate rules. Therefore,
Western financing. Investors and aid agencies insisted, and governance is concerned with the regime which constitutes
most potential recipientswith notable exceptions like the set of fundamental rules for the organization of the public
China, North Korea, Cuba, Libya and Iraqaccepted this realm, and not with government Governance clearly
approach. embraces government institutions, but it also subsumes
Third, the proliferation of non-state actors changed the informal, non-governmental institutions operating within the
political landscape in most countries. In addition to the public realm. By conceptualizing governance in terms that
organizations of the UN system and the Washington-based transcend traditional notions of domestic politics, Bas
financial institutions, such international non-governmental treatment of the subject clarifies how national governance
organizations (NGOs) as Human Rights Watch and CARE, involves non-governmental actors exercising authority
such transnational corporations as Shell and Citibank, and legitimately in the public realm.
such global media as the BBC and CNN penetrated what Although Rosenau focuses on the dynamics of the
had formerly been something of a governmental chasse international system, his analytical lenses are helpful in
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pointing out that all governance refers to mechanisms for capital; and meaningful participation by citizens in debating
steering social systems toward their goals. As such, public policies and choices.
agency is important. At the national level then, we need to The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) leads
conceptualise governance in terms that include but also in de ning the characteristics of a population that lives within
transcend the formal government apparatus. However, and a society in which governance is good. The annual Human
in spite of the explosive growth in pro t and not-for-pro t Development Report provides as close to an authoritative
groups in civil society, governments remain the primary snapshot as we have. Following 10 years of structural
agents. The provision of public goods as well as incentive adjustment loans, the effort began in 1990 under the
structures for corporations and voluntary agencies leadership of Mahbub ul Haq and has continued since 1996
contributing to social problem solving are largely under Richard Jolly. The UNDP has sought to shed light
determined by government policy. In short, actions to foster systematically on the actual lives of people, especially those on
good governance concentrate on attenuating two the bottom of the income scale.39 In many ways the decades
undesirable characteristics that had been prevalent earlier: collection of the annual Human Development Reportswhich
the unrepresentative character of governments and the are now available on a single compact discwas a prelude to
inefficiency of non-market systems. As governance is the and a prolongation of the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen.
sum of the ways that individuals and institutions, in both Without denying the benefits of growth, these reports and the
public and private spheres, manage their affairs, the Copenhagen conference insist on cataloguing: 1) the
systems of governance in much of the Third World and aggravation of poverty and the growing divides between rich
Eastern Europe had to change. As Bas has written, the and poor, within societies as well as among them; 2)
World Bank operationalised bad governance as increasing unemployment; 3) a disintegrating social fabric
personalisation of power, lack of human rights, endemic and exclusion; and 4) environmental damage.
corruption and un-elected and unaccountable The value of the human development index (HDI) is the
governments. And so, good governance must be the modification of what constitutes an acceptable way to measure
natural opposite. a society with good governance. Economic well-being and
Since good governance has become an important human progress are not synonymous. Countries with the same
component of the international agenda, discourse about per capita income can have quite different HDIs, and
good governance was linked to new policies in those countries with the same levels of income can also have similar
countries receiving development assistance or investments HDIs. The clear message is that the content of domestic
from international lending agencies. Good governance has policies and priorities is crucial. The United Nations
become a political and economic conditionality that is Childrens Fund (UNICEF) has, since 1987, issued annual
inseparable from debates about appropriate bilateral and reports on the lives of vulnerable children and women;40 this
multilateral financing for developing and formerly socialist coincided with the pioneering earlier efforts by the
bloc countries. International efforts, in recent decades, organization to put social problems at the centre of the debate
have thus supported political democratisation (including about the impact of adjustment.41 The UN High
elections, accountability and human rights) and economic Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has published a bi-
liberalisation. Recent experience with good governance has annual overview of the beleaguered status of war victims since
led to criticism from the UN system, which seeks to balance 1993.42 One consequence of these analytical efforts is that the
assessments about costs and benefits as well as to confront World Banks informationally rich annual World Development
the political and economic conditionality viewed by many Report has gradually become more attuned to measuring the
recipient countries as unwelcome intrusions. Good softer side of living conditions within countries.
governance is definitely on the international agenda. But The second substantive criticism from the UN system is the
three types of substantive UN commentary have applied the need to strike a balance between the public and private
brakes and slowed the momentum of the Washington sectors. Again, analyses have sought to go beyond democratic
consensus. The first is the need to capture the complex symbols and portray the necessary elements of public welfare.
reality of governance, which encompasses all the structures The composite view of the UN system amounts to something of
and processes for determining the use of available a reprise of Keynesianism by pointing to the ineluctable
resources for the public good within a country. Although importance of state decisions to determine the management of
debate continues about its precise components, good both supply and demand.
governance is more than multiparty elections, a judiciary In attempting to correct the euphoria that surrounded the
and a parliament, which have been emphasised as the Washington consensus of the early 1990s, arguments have
primary symbols of Western-style democracy. The list of consistently counterbalanced the stereo- typical conservative
other attributes, with the necessary resources and culture approaches in vogue since the beginning of the Reagan and
to accompany them, is formidable: universal protection of Thatcher administrationsnamely, that anything the
human rights; non-discrimatory laws; effcient, impartial government can do, the private sector can do better; and that
and rapid judicial processes; transparent public agencies; more open markets, free trade and capital flows are
accountability for decisions by public officials; devolution necessarily beneficial. In many ways, an attentive reader of
of resources and decision making to local levels from the UN documents of the 1990s would not have been surprised by
the disruptions in Seattle of the World Trade Organizations
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Third Ministerial Summit in December 1999 or in law, access to justice and basic freedoms) have weakened the
Washington for the sessions of the Bank and the Fund in force of arguments by proponents of a minimalist state.
April 2000. An unquestioned faith in the normative Whereas the original debate about good governance was cast
principles of neoliberalism had become so widespread as the antithesis of state-dominated economic and social
among Western and transnational elites that seemingly development of previous decades, todays is less about
the only acceptable and commonsensical prescriptions jettisoning state institutions than improving and reforming the
about how to structure political and economic life were functioning of democratic institutions, including the
those of the Washington consensus. The intellectual climate deepening of democracy and exploring more active and
had changed so much that, for a decade between the mid- creative roles for non-state actors. Leaders are being held to
1980s and mid-1990s, it was almost heretical to argue that higher standards of accountability, and they have to contend
an efficient, thriving market economy and civil society with the forces of globalisation. But there is less faith in a
require an effective and strong government. Antonio blanket prescription to roll back the state. The World Banks
Gramsci would have found an apt illustration of his published stance presupposes what is good and what is not
argument that ideologies can have the same energy as good governance.
material force.45 But an artificial dichotomy had been In working to remove politics from the debate (its charter
created between state and market. The UNs incipient supposedly precludes directly addressing political issues), the
heresy against this conventional wisdom was perhaps best Banks position on governance is preoccupied with public
exemplified by analyses of the former Soviet bloc, where sector management, the reduction of transaction costs and
shrinking but not rolling back the state was the policy contract enforcement. These issues are certainly linked to
recommendation. A report from UNDPs Regional Bureau sustainable human development but are not framed as central
for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States to a conception of and strategy for governance that as a
emphasised the prerequisites for equity, legitimacy and priority seeks to maximise local participation in addressing
efficiency: A legitimately strong government can be the most pressing needs in a given community. In contrast, the
described as one that commands sufficient confidence in its UNDPs and the UN systems evolving human development
legitimacy to allow for a strong civil society, and for a approach to governance exhibits relatively greater support for
network of non-governmental institutions and regulations empowermentthat is, providing the tools of democracy and
that ensure the development of a well-functioning economic freedom that are integral to the political and civic dimensions
system, the strengthening of democratic procedures, and a of governance. The Bank may not be adverse to these issues
widespread participation by people in public life. but treats them as second order concerns, or tag ons, that
In a departure from previous orthodoxy and as a sign of the are not valuable in and of themselves but rather desirable
pendulums swing, the Banks World Development Report insofar as they contribute to ef ciency and growth. Under the
1997 emphasised that the state is capable, and indeed new political economy of the 1970s and 1980s, political
should perform the role, of producing welfare-enhancing rationality among policy makers was emphasised as a
outcomes. As the text itself argues: And there is a growing variation on the neoclassical theme of economic rationality.
recognition that some needed public goods and services This theme greatly in uenced the crafting of the international
can only be secured through inter- national cooperation. nancial institutions (IFIs) gover- nance priorities of the 1980s
Thus, building state capacity will mean building more and 1990s aimed at increasing economic ef ciency and
effective partnerships and institutions internationally as growth.
well as at home. Since the early 1990s UNDP has begun shifting away from
The reports subtitle, The State in a Changing World, was traditional public sector management (particularly civil
indicative of a reversal led by Joseph Stiglitz, until service reform) and modest decentralis- ation programmes to
December 1999 the much-discussed chief economist and addressing such sensitive governance areas as human rights,
senior vice-president.48 The controversy surrounding legislative support, judicial reform and corruption.
Stiglitzs tenure in Washington reflected the fact that, in Responding to the growth in transitional democracies,
comparison with most other officials in the Bank and the UNDPs emphasis on electoral assistance has provided an
Fund, he appeared more sympathetic towards striking a entry point to dealing with this new generation of
balance between market and state and more ambivalent governance projects. With resources to pursue this agenda,
about the potential for unfettered market forces. As such, other factors also contributed to UNDPs growing
his resignation also was predictable. involvement: fewer ideological tensions since the end of the
Thus, the UNs conceptual contribution has altered the Cold War; a growing consensus about the need for such
emphasis in the good governance debate of the mid-1980s political reforms; better information ows; and dissatisfaction
to mid-1990s. Rescuing the baby from the discarded bath with, and continual decreases in, tra- ditional development
water, todays debate about good governance has moved assistance.
away from a visceral dismantling of the state. In contrast The new frontiers of governance policy and support for
with narrower economic liberalisation programmes in institution building require trust and a perceived neutral
vogue earlier, political liberalisation programmes of the position in a target country. Capacity building for civil society
late 1990s (with greater emphasis on leadership and and the private sector mean that the UN system has a
management as well as democracy, human rights, rule of comparative advantage in many developing countries in
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relationship to the IFIs. The UNDPs approach to development, researchers at his centre in Islamabad launched
governance will continue to differ from that of the Bretton an inclusive and ambitious idea, humane governance. This
Woods institutions as long as they view good governance definition includes good political, economic and civic
in terms of strict political and economic conditionality. governance.
Given UNDPs role as the lead UN agency in the eld and Humane governance involves those structures and processes
as a prominent contributor to UN policy debates, it is likely that support the creation of a participatory, responsive and
that the rest of the UN system will gradually adopt UNDPs accountable polity (that is, good political governance)
brand of governance. This argument has particular embedded in a competitive, non-discriminatory, yet equitable
salience after the 1999 establishment of a Governance economy (that is, good economic governance). This requires
Division, along with the enthusiasm for this topic of the the resources contributed by people to be ploughed back to
new Administrator, Mark Malloch Brown. serve their own basic human needs, which will in turn expand
We are moving towards common ground that good the opportunities open to them; people must be given the
governance does not necessarily mean less but sometimes ability to self-organise (that is, good civic governance).
more appropriate government. There is no need to Bounded together by such principles as ownership,
resurrect the folly of the stereotypical hyperactive state of decency, and accountability, the components of humane
the 1960s and 1970s. However, we require processes or governance are inextricably linked. The host of definitions
rules of decision making that are more likely to result in earlier in this essay suggests the importance of ideas.
actions that are truly in the public interest, rather than Governance and its prescriptive partner of good governance
favouring the private exploitation of the public interest. have elicited not only commentary by scholars and
There is a need to balance the role of government and development practitioners but also policy changes by national
other political and economic institutions with functioning governments and international funding agencies. The forces of
markets. More than occasionally, a countervailing power democratisation and globalisation are pressuring good
to market externalities is required. And the only candidate governance proponents to reorient their priorities from the
is the state. The central challenge is not to halt the exigencies of economic growth and efficiency to those
expansion of the market but to establish proper rules and governance policies and institutions that best promote greater
institutions so that the benefits of growth are more widely freedom, genuine participation and sustainable human
beneficial. development. It is on this fundamental point that thinking at
The third and final substantive criticism from the United the UN is currently ahead of the curve, compared with the
Nations is the need to introduce subtlety into the conventional wisdom in the corridors of the Washington-
infatuation with democracy and democratization as based IFIs. Ironically, the UN would probably not have moved
surrogates for good governance. The argument that so quickly without the sea change in world politics after the
individual political rights and democratization go hand-in- end of the Cold War and without pressure from donors.
hand with good governance is not wrong. But it has been The conceptual and operational battles about governance and
expanded to reflect economic and social rights as part of a good governance are a few decades old, but the journey to
comprehensive package. explore global governance has just begun. It is hardly
In short, the initial debate over good governance was surprising then that the debate is more inchoate than the one
concerned less with improving the political leadership of about governance within countries. Thus far, the commentary
democracy and integrating economic and social goals (eg from academics and practitioners has led to more heat than
through the initiation of more active and creative roles for lightthere is no consensus about desirable changes in policy
non-state actors) than with reversing decades of state- or discourse. It is important, however, that the intellectual trek
dominated economic and social development. Now that the has started. It is to this story that we now turn.
states role has come into question, the emphasis in UN Global governance
circles has changed. Going beyond the largely empty Cold At the same time that most of Europe adopts the Euro and
War clash between first (political and civil right) and moves toward a common defence and security policy, how can
second generation (economic and social) rights, UN High the former Yugoslavia implode? Rosenau invented the term
Commissioner for Human Rights and former Irish fragmegration to capture the confusion in the simultaneous
President Mary Robinson continually emphasises integration and fragmentation of societal interactions and
integration of economic and social welfare into the bundle authority patterns.
of goods that any well governed society must have. Moreover, burgeoning information, communication, market,
As such, good governance can also entail improvements in finance, networking and business activities are producing a
governmental institutions and sound development world in which patterns are extremely difficult to discern.
management. As Bas writes, State and civil society are This has not slowed publications and speculations. One
constituted through iterated interaction, and the analyst has gone so far as to quip that we say governance
governance produced (bad or good) is an outcome of this because we dont really know what to call what is going on.
process. The rubric of global governance is akin to post-cold war,
Mahbub ul Haq went further still towards the end of his which signifies that one period has ended but that we do not as
life. Maintaining that the concept of good governance has yet have an accurate short-hand to depict the essential
so far failed to match the radicalism of the notion of human dynamics of the new epoch. Analysts are understandably
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uncomfortable with the traditional frameworks and globalisation has a long history, its present manifestation is
vocabulary used to describe international relations; fundamentally different in scale, intensity and form from what
todays conceptual tools are elementary. preceded. As David Held and others have put it,
In spite of vagueness in ongoing scholarly and policy Contemporary globalization represents the beginning of a
debates, the application of the notion of governance to the new epoch in human affairs as profound an impact as the
globe was the natural result of mounting evidence that the Industrial Revolution and the global empires of the nineteenth
international system was no longer composed simply of century.
states, but rather that the world was undergoing Students and professors, policy analysts and practitioners
fundamental change. Although such factors as the Catholic should not feel uncomfortable about admitting their
Church, General Motors and the International Committee uneasiness and ignorance about understand- ing the details of
of the Red Cross (ICRC) are hardly new to the Westphalian the contemporary political economy, and especially not about
system, the proliferation of non-state actors and their the best way to address a bewildering array of global
growing importance and power is a distinctive feature of problems.
contemporary world affairs. Global governance invokes As such, the logical link between the patterns of governance at
shifting the location of authority in the context of the national and global levels lies in solving the collective
integration and fragmentation. Rosenau describes the action puzzle to provide public goods. In both modern
process as a pervasive tendency in which major shifts in domestic political systems and the modern international
the location of authority and the site of control mechanisms system, the state has been the key structural arena within
are under way on every continent, shifts that are as which collective action has been situated and undertaken,
pronounced in economic and social systems as they are in observes Philip Cerny. And as a result of a multiplicity of
political systems. interactions, the authority, legitimacy, policy making
The essential challenge for international co-operation capacity, and policy-implementing effectiveness of the state
jumps out from the title of his edited volume, Governance will be eroded and under- mined both within and without.
Without Government. Mobilising support from the bottom Globalisation has profound consequences for the nature of
up involves increasing the skills and capacities of collective action in both domestic and international politics.
individuals and altering the horizons of identification in Cerny argues that, as market activity intensifies and economic
patterns of global life. Elsewhere, Rosenau characterises organisation becomes increasingly complex, the institutional
global governance as systems of rule at all levels of human scale of political structures is no longer capable of providing
activityfrom the family to the international a suitable range of public goods. In effect, economic
organizationin which the pursuit of goals through the globalisation is undermining the effectiveness of state-based
exercise of control has transnational repercussions.59 collective action, which was extremely weak in the rst place.
Oran Young has argued that the value of the concept is that Although the state remains a cultural force, its effectiveness as
identifiable social practices can be envisaged and a civil association has declined. The result may be a crisis of
sometimes undertaken to improve economic, social and legitimacy. State-based collective action has not reached its
environmental performance even without the formal end, but it is significantly different from in the past.
institutions capable of authoritatively taking action. Although realists and idealists who analyse international
The phenomenal economic expansion and technological organisations disagree about many issues, they agree that the
progress of the 1990s have not benefited the worlds state system is anarchic. Whatever the framers of the UN
citizens equally. The unevenness of the economic playing Charter had in mind, and whatever Keynes and his colleagues
field and the power of players on it is evident. Using the imagined at Bretton Woods, nothing like an overarching
three essential components of the human development authority for either the high politics of international peace and
ideaequality of opportunity, sustain- ability and security or the low politics of economic and social
empowerment of peoplea bleaker picture emerges from development has emerged.
UNDP and other UN reports than from conventional In one essential aspect then, global governance is quite
wisdom. For instance, income per capita and average distinct from good or bad governance at the national level. A
purchasing power in some 100 countries was lower in 1994 good (that is, accountable, efficient, lawful, representative
than in the 1980s; in 70 it was actually lower than in the and transparent) government usually leads to good
1970s, and in 35 lower than in the 1960s. governance, while bad governance is closely correlated with a
If information technologies are driving growth or are a conspicuously bad government. Prescriptions to improve
prerequisite for it, the increasing concentration of income, policy and decision making flow naturally, albeit
resources and wealth among people, corporations and controversially, from adjusting both the potential contribution
countries does not bode well. The richest 20% of the of the state as agent and the rules of the economic and social
worlds population living in the wealthiest countries game so that more contributions to the public good can be
account for over 93% of internet users while the bottom teased from non-state actors. The merits of more or less
20% account for only 0.2 percent. interventionist stances can be debated, but there is at least a
Globalisation is neither uniform nor homogeneous, but it is primary and identifiable sovereign agent at the helm.
indisputably accelerating the pace and intensity of There is no such actor for the planet. Although the glass
economic and social interactions at all levels. Although clearly is less full than we would like, Mark Zacher reminds us
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that the modest order in todays international economic decisions and goal-orientated behaviour, how can global
system results from international efforts: In short, without governance exist in the absence of a clear consensus about
these and other regimes and public goods generated by the goals? To what extent does global governance depend on
UN system, it would truly be a jungle out there. At the shared values and norms?
same time, the conceptual and operational challenges of One common reaction, especially among representatives of
global governance are formidable. governments, is to fall back on familiar ways of thought by
We require a term to signify the reality that there has never attempting to recapture the good old days of state-centric
been a world government, and there undoubtedly never will authority. Russian and Chinese reactions in the Security
be one. Thus, at both the country and global levels, Council join those of developing countries there and in the UN
governance encompasses more than government. But as General Assembly in trying to emphasise the centrality of the
there is no government at the global level, of what utility is state and forestall erosions of its prerogatives. The US
the notion? Is it, as Brian Urquhart once quipped, like the reliance upon exceptionalism and unilateralism within the
grinning but bodyless Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland, multilateral system is another illustration of related rearguard
an agreeable notion because it is without substance? impulses.
Global governance should perhaps be seen as a heuristic Sovereignty is not dead, but it is hardly as sacrosanct as it
device to capture and describe the confusing and seemingly once was. In attempting to protest too much, governmental
ever-accelerating transformation of the international representatives are highlighting daily in international fora the
system. States are central but their authority is eroding in extent to which contemporary authority patterns are in ux and
important ways. Their creations, intergovernmental quite different from those of the past. The visceral resistance
organisations, are no more in control than they ever were. to change among governments and intergovernmental
Local and international NGOs are proliferating and secretariats contrasts markedly with the greater agility of most
gaining authority and resources. And technological businesses and NGOs. There is no philosophical justification
developments are increasing the wherewithal of or constitutional specification that assigns the highest form of
corporations and criminal groups. Within this context, authority to states, but representatives from national
collective action problems associated with the provision of governments act as if there were.
global public goods have become even more of a challenge, Other analysts seek to recapture the naivet of the period just
conceptual and practical, than is their provision in the before and after the end of World War Two, when
national setting. intergovernmental organisations were panaceas that would
Purposeful activity for the planet necessitates a conceptual make the world safe from both war and economic recession.
framework to capture the reality that supranational control Larry Finkelstein, for instance, sees global governance as
or even countervailing power are not operational concepts doing internationally what governments do at home.70 But
for the time being. Ironically we are not even closer than his formulation fails to specify the agents that are supposed to
we were in 1945. One prominent group of economists has accomplish globally the numerous tasks that governments do
observed that international institutions have weakened nationally.
precisely at a time when global interdependence has Neither our understanding nor our problem-solving efforts are
increased. But who plays the role of the development- any longer served, as Rosenau cautions, by clinging to the
oriented state in the global economy? Canadian economist notion that states and national governments are the essential
Gerry Helleiner asked the Second Committee of the underpinnings of the worlds organization. With an
General Assembly. Todays global financial world is increasing diffusion of authority and a corresponding loss of
utterly different from that facing the original architects of control, states and the intergovernmental organizations
the Bretton Woods system in 1944. created by them are no longer always the only or even the
It is humbling to realise that even a relatively powerful most important players on the world stage. Depending on the
institution like the IMF is not the global monetary manager issue, member states retain many attributes of sovereignty, but
that it was supposed to be. It is a pale imitation of the they are past their prime and share the spotlight with
institution for which Keynes was such a passionate numerous other actors.
advocate. Instead of reserves equal to half of world Interestingly enough, the Commission on Global Governance
imports, the IMFs liquidity equals less than 2% of global was composed of 28 commissioners whose professional
imports. experiences were almost exclusively within governments and
In such a world, proponents and theorists of global intergovernmental secretariats. They were clear about not
governance face enormous difficulties in making hard- advocating a world government or even world federalism. In
hitting policy prescriptions. In the face of anarchy, what the light of their backgrounds, it is noteworthy that global
mechanisms should be primarily responsible for global governance for the members of the commission does not mean
governance? Is there a way to structure a reasonable a single model, nor even a single structure or set of structures.
measure of co-ordination and co-operation among Instead, it is a broad, dynamic, complex process of interactive
governments, intergovernmental organisations, non- decision-making that is constantly evolving and responding to
governmental organisations and the private sector that changing circum- stances. Global governance implies a wide
would constitute meaningful, or at least improved, patterns and seemingly ever-growing range of actors in every domain.
of global governance? If it is the product of purposeful Global economic and social affairs have traditionally been
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viewed as embracing primarily intergovernmental currents of orthodoxy. As Amartya Sen, the 1998 Nobel
relationships, but increasingly they must be framed in laureate in economics who has played a major intellectual
comprehensive enough terms to embrace local and role within the outside the United Nations, prods us to recall
international NGOs, grassroots and citizens movements, at the dawn of the twenty- rst century: The need for critical
multinational corporations and the global capital market. scrutiny of standard preconceptions and politicaleconomic
There is one notable similarity to democratisation at the attitudes has never been stronger.
national level because more inclusive and participatory Within this context, intergovernmental organisations, both
hence, truly democraticmechanisms for consultations universal and regional, should be strengthened. This is the
and ultimately governance must be created at the global most constant refrain throughout over half a century of the
level as well. They should be malleable enough to respond UNs stewardship over economic and social ideas. There is of
to an ever-changing environment. There is a crucial course more than a dollop of institutional self-interest behind
similarity in the reasoning of both theorists like Rosenau this conviction. But more important is the dramatic reality that
and practitioners like the members of the Commission on some countervailing power is required to offset the excesses of
Global Governance to distinguish governance from a decentralised system of states pursuing their national
government. At the global level there can be no single interests in combination with the private sector pursuing
model or form, nor even a single structure or set of individual gains.
structures. The need for a more cohesive and effective multilateral system
For the moment, we are unable even to describe accurately is logical and evident. At the same time that a longing for a
all the dimensions of international economic and social monolithic and top-down view of governance is
interactionswhat Rosenau has aptly described as causal comprehensible, it seems misplaced in an increasingly
chains that follow crazy-quilt patterns. The proverbial decentralised world. At a historical juncture when both
bottom line is: there is no clear-cut equivalent at the global problems and solutions transcend national borders and there
level to the national prescriptions of democratisation and is no likelihood of a central sovereign, the decibel level of
economic liberalisation as the constituent components of calls from internationalists to strengthen intergovernmental
humane governance. institutions is understandably loud but ultimately wistful. We
Conclusion should think creatively about ways to pool the collective
In light of its universality and scope, the UN will have a strengths and avoid the collective weaknesses of governments,
special role, albeit not a monopoly, on future leadership for intergovernmental organisations, NGOs and global civil
global governance. One group of UN watchers was society.
supportive of the world organisations involvement. They This irony is behind the UNs convening of the Millennium
saw global governance both in terms of the playing field Assembly in September 2000 and the growing emphases on the
and the playersas lagging behind globalization, and private sector and NGOs by the last two secretaries-general.
there was broad consensus that the United Nations should Paradoxically, this is the conceptual and operational
have a significant, but as yet undefined, role in bridging challenge for proponents of global governance and of the UN
the gap . If this is to be the case, the UN system should do in the light of a changing world political economy.
better than in the past in swimming against the powerful
HISTORY OF GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN to the heightened expectations and aspirations of a free people.
Pakistan inherited a well functioning structure of The business as usual mode of functioning, the approach and
judiciary, civil service and military but a relatively weak attitudes of the incumbents holding top and middle level
legislative oversight at the time of its independence. Over time positions in the bureaucracy and manning these institutions
the domination of civil service and military in the affairs of the did not endear them to the political leaders or to the general
state disrupted the evolution of the democratic political process public. Several Commissions and Committees were formed in
and further weakened the legislative organ of the state. The the first twenty five years after independence for reform of the
judicial arm, with few exceptions, plodded along sanctifying administrative structure and civil services. Some changes were
the dominant role of the military and the civil service. introduced during Ayub Khans regime in the 1960s to improve
The institutions inherited from the British rule, were quite the efficiency of the Secretariats but the tendencies for
relevant for the requirements of the rulers of those times. centralized controls and personalized decision making got
Following independence, those requirements expanded in scope worse in this period. The reluctance to grant provincial
and content while the level of expectations from the public and autonomy to East Pakistan the most populous province of the
their elected representatives was heightened. But these country - so remote physically from the hub of decision making
inherited institutions failed to adapt themselves to meet the i.e. Islamabad led to serious political backlash and eventual
new challenges of development and social changes and respond break up of the country into two independent nations.
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Pakistan continued to suffer from what has been termed as checks and balances implicit in the previous administrative set
Confused federalism in which weak local and provincial up have become redundant. The police as a coercive force has
bodies are unable to match the ability of the Central therefore assumed greater clout. The opportunities of collusion
Government to mobilize resources and provide services. between the Nazim and the police have multiplied and in many
Whether it is health or education or highways or agriculture instances alienated the common citizens and diluted the
the Federal Government has much larger programmes under impartiality of the administration at grass roots levels. The
implementation than the Provincial or local governments. sanctity of private property rights has been threatened in
Although the money is spent in the provinces or districts the several cases when the Nazims have given orders to make
inability to identify, design, approve and implement these unauthorized changes in the land records in the rural areas in
projects caused resentment among the provincial governments. collusion with the government functionaries to benefit
In 1973, a populist government headed by Mr. Z.A. Bhutto took themselves and their cronies. The District Administration is yet
the first step to break the steel frame of the Civil Services by to grow as autonomous institution in face of a hostile
taking away the constitutional guarantee of the security of the environment of centralizing administration, and inequitable
job. He also demolished the exclusive and privileged role of the resource distribution.
Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) within the overall structure of Reform Agenda for Pakistan
the public service. The governance reform agenda for the future
The next twenty five years witnessed a significant decline in the should therefore be designed to aim at restructuring
quality of new recruits to the Civil Services as the implicit trade government and revitalizing institutions to deliver the core
off between the job security and low compensation ceased to functions of the state i.e provision of basic services
operate and the expanding private sector including education, health, water sanitation and security to
multinational corporations offered more attractive career common citizens in an effective and efficient manner and to
opportunities. The erosion of real wages in public sector over
promote inclusive markets through which all citizens have
time also led to low morale, demotivation, inefficiency and
equal opportunities to participate in the economy. The
resort to corrupt practices among the civil servants at all
restructuring should lower transaction costs and provide
levels. The abuse of discretionary powers, the bureaucratic
access without frictions by curtailing arbitrary exercise of
obstruction and the delaying tactics adopted by the
government functionaries are all part of the maneuvering to
discretionary powers, reducing over-taxation, minimizing
extract rents for supplementing their pay. In real terms the corruption, cronyism and collusion and ensuring public
compensation paid to higher civil servants is only one half of order and security of life and property.
the 1994 package. The low wages mean that the civil service no To achieve sustained economic growth a
longer attracts the most talented young men and women. Some competitive private sector has to be nurtured and relied
of the incumbents of the Civil Services, in their instinct of self upon. Therefore a major area of reforms in Pakistan is to
preservation, fell prey to the machinations of the political create space for the growth of new entrants in the private
regimes in power and many of them got identified with one sector by removing the constraints created by the state in
political party or the other. They also benefited from the their entry and smooth operations. Despite the pursuit of
culture of patronage practised by the politicians. During the policies of liberalization, deregulation, delicencing and
1990s the replacement of one political party by the other in the disinvestment during the last fifteen years the overbearing
corridors of power was followed by changes in top burden of government interventions in business life cycle
bureaucracy. This growing tendency of informal political looms large. The difficulties faced by new businesses in
affiliation for tenaciously holding on to key jobs was also acquiring, titling, pricing, transferring and possessing of
responsible for the end of an impartial, neutral and competent land, in obtaining no objection certificates from various
civil service responsive to the needs of the common man.
agencies, in getting water and gas connections, sewerage
Loyalty to the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and Prime
facilities, reliable electricity supply, access roads, in
Minister took ascendancy over the accountability to the general
securing finances for green field projects or new enterprises
public. The frequent takeovers by the military regimes and the
using emerging technologies are still horrendous and nerve
consequential screening of hundreds of civil servants led to
subservience of the civil service to the military rulers, erosion of
wrecking. The powers of petty inspectors from various
the authority of the traditional institutions of governance and departments/ agencies are so vast that they can either make
loss of initiative by the higher bureaucracy. or break a business. The growing trend towards
The 2001 devolution plan put another major blow to the Civil informalization of the economy particularly by small and
Service of Pakistan as the posts of Commissioners, Deputy medium enterprises is a testimony to the still dominant
Commissioners(DC) and Assistant Commissioners(AC) were nature of the government. Over 96 percent of the
abolished and the reins of District Administration were establishments reported in the Economic census 2005 fall in
transferred to the elected Nazims. To ordinary citizens, the this category. The attitude of middle and lower
government was most tangibly embodied in these civil functionaries of the government in the provinces and
servants. It was the DC and AC that they approached on a districts towards private business remains ambivalent.
daily basis. The substitution of the civil servant by an elected Either the functionaries harass the business to extract
head of the administration is quite a new phenomenon and will pecuniary and non pecuniary benefits for themselves or
take some time to sink in. While this transition takes place the they are simply distrustful, hostile or hesitant towards
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private entrepreneurs. The multiple agencies involved, too i) open, transparent merit based recruitment to all
many clearances needed and avoidable delays at every level levels and grades of public services with Regional
raise the transaction costs for new entrants. Unless the ease Representation as laid down in the constitution.
of entry and exit is facilitated the competitive forces will ii) Performance based promotions and career
remain at bay and the collusive and monopolistic practices progression for all public sector employees with
of the large businesses will continue to hurt the consumers compulsory training at post induction, mid-career
and common citizens. and senior management levels.
The second area is the absence of accountability for iii) Equality of opportunities for career advancement to all
results. There is both too much and too little accountability employees without preferences or reservations for
of those involved in public affairs in Pakistan. On one hand, any particular class.
the plethora of laws and institutions such as Anti iv) Replacement of the concept of Superior Services by
Corruption Bureaus, National Accountability Bureau, equality among all cadres and non-cadres of public
Auditor Generals reports, Public Accounts Committees of servants.
the legislature, parliamentary oversight, judicial activism v) Grant of a Living wage and compensation package
and the Ombudsman system have created an atmosphere of including decent retirement benefits to all civil
fear, inertia and lack of decision making among the civil servants.
servants. On the other hand, instances of rampant vi) Strict observance of security of tenure of office for a
corruption, malpractices, nepotism and favoritism and specified period of time.
waste and inefficiency have become a common folklore in vii) Separate cadre of regular Civil Services at the Federal,
the administrative culture of the country. Too much Provincial and District levels co-existing with
emphasis on the ritualistic compliance with procedures, contractual appointments.
rules and form has taken the place of substantive concerns viii) Creation of an All Pakistan National Executive Service
with the results and outcomes for welfare and justice. (NES) for senior management positions drawn
Introducing transparency through simplification of through a competitive process from the Federal,
rules and regulations, codification and updation and wide Provincial and District level Civil Servants and
dissemination through e-governance tools such as a outside professionals.
dynamic website, information Kiosks, on-line access to the ix) Introduction of three specialized cadres under the NES
government functionaries can help in enforcing internal for Economic Management, Social Sector
accountability standards while at the same time making it Management and General Management.
convenient for the citizens to carry out hassle free
transactions. Strong pressure from organized civil society Structure of Federal, Provincial and District
advocacy groups on specific sectors or activities from the Governments.
media, the political parties, private sector and think tanks a) Devolution of powers, responsibilities and resources
can also compel the government departments and from the Federal to the Provincial Governments.
Ministries to become more accountable for the results. b) Establishing inter-governmental structures with
adequate authority and powers to formulate and
The third area of reforms has to do with the size, monitor policy formulation.
structure, scope of the Federal, Provincial and Local c) Clear separation of policy making, regulatory and
Governments; the skills, incentives and competencies of the operational responsibilities of the Ministries/
civil servants. The entire value chain of human resource Provincial departments.
policy from recruitment to compensation needs to the d) Making each Ministry/ Provincial department fully
reviewed and redesigned. Similarly the division of functions empowered, adequately resourced to take decisions
and responsibilities between the different tiers of the and accountable for results.
government has to be clarified and delineated. The e) Streamline, rationalize and transform the attached
elongated hierarchy within the Ministry/ Division has to be departments/ autonomous bodies/ subordinate
trimmed down and the relationship between the Ministry offices/ field offices etc. into fully functional arms of
and the executive departments, autonomous bodies has to the Ministries for performing operational and
be redefined. executive functions.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR REFORMS f) Reduce the number of layers in the hierarchy of each
The Government established the National Commission for Ministry/ Provincial department.
Government Reforms (NCGR) in April 2006 and mandated g) Cabinet Secretary to perform the main coordinating
it to prepare proposals for governance reforms in Pakistan. role among the Federal Secretaries on the lines of the
The Commission decided that the following broad principles Chief Secretary in the Provinces.
will underpin reforms in each area of responsibility: h) Revival and strengthening of the Secretaries Committee
at the Federal/ Provincial Governments to become
Civil Services the main vehicle for inter-ministerial coordination
and dispute resolution among various ministries.
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i) District level officers interacting with the general public ready ground realities might have changed. Political
in day-to-day affairs should enjoy adequate powers, support for reforms under this approach is most likely to
authority, status and privileges to be able to resolve wane as high costs are incurred upfront in pushing through
the problems and redress the grievances of the complex, unpopular and difficult decisions but the benefits
citizens. of the reforms do not become visible in the lifecycle of the
j) Police, Revenue, Education, Water Supply, and Health political regime in power. The advantage of this option is
are the departments which are highly relevant for that all deficiencies and weaknesses are addressed
the day-to-day lives of the Ordinary Citizen of this simultaneously in a comprehensive manner.
country. The internal governance structures of these The second option is to prepare a long term vision
departments, public grievance redressal systems and direction in which reforms should aim and move but
against these departments and checks and balances combine this with an opportunistic approach whereby easy
on the discretionary powers of the officials have to be to implement changes are taken up first and the more
introduced. difficult reforms are taken up later. The disadvantage of this
Business process re-engineering option is that the changes introduced may be imperceptible
i) All laws, rules, regulations, circulars, guidelines issued and the time taken for the whole process to complete may be
by any Government ministry/ department/ agency too long. But the advantage is that incremental changes that
should be available in its most up dated version to create a win-win situation for all the stakeholders including
the general public free of cost in a user-friendly politicians have a much better chance of getting accepted
manner on web page and in electronic and print and implemented. The Commission has adopted the second
forms at public places. option as the modus-operandi for its working.
ii) Service standards with timelines for each type of service The preference for this option which is less elegant
rendered at the District, Thana and Union level and imperfect lies in a dispassionate reading of the past
should be developed, widely disseminated and posted history of reforms in this country. A large number of erudite
at public places in each department. Commissions and Committees have spent virtually
iii) Rules of business at the Federal, Provincial and District thousands of man years in seeking out views and opinions
Governments should be revised to make them simple, from a diverse set of opinion makers and public at large,
comprehensible empowering the Secretaries/ Heads prepared elaborate diagnostic studies and presented very
of Departments/ District Coordination Officers to sensible set of recommendations. But except for some
take decisions without multiple references, tinkering here and there most of the recommendations were
clearances and back and forth movement of files. not implemented because of lack of political will and
Post-audit of the decisions taken should be used to courage.
ensure accountability rather than prior clearances.
iv) Delegation of financial, administrative, procurement, The sequencing, phasing and timing of the various reforms
human resource management powers should be and their implementation will be guided by the speed at
revisited and adequate powers commensurate with which consensus is built among the stakeholders and the
the authority should be delegated at each tier of the decisions are made by the top policy makers but it is
hierarchy. important to lay down the overall direction in which these
v) Estacode, Financial Rules, Accounting and Audit Rules, reforms will move
Fundamental Rules and all other rules in force
should be reviewed systematically and revised to While the comprehensive reforms will be
bring them in line with modern management implemented incrementally a second track will also be
practices. followed in which some quick win reforms will be
vi) E-Government should be gradually introduced in a implemented from time to time as an opportunity presents
phased manner. Technological solutions, hardware itself. For this purpose, the Commission will follow a more
and software applications are easy part of the flexible route. For example, it has decided to focus on four
process but the most difficult aspect is the training major areas where the interaction between the ordinary
and a change in the culture, attitude and practices. citizen and administrative machinery of the government is
E-Government should be driven by business needs most intense. These four areas are:
rather than crafted as an elegant technical solution. 1. Police and enforcement of laws.
PROPOSED APPROACH 2. Land Revenue Administration
There are several ways to approach the task assigned to the 3. Education
National Commission for Government Reforms (NCGR). 4. Health
One option is to spend several years in preparing a The Commission has formed four sub-committees to
comprehensive blueprint and plan for bringing about the review and examine the efforts being made by the
desired changes covering all aspects of the structure, government, private sector and civil society in each of these
processes and human resource policies of government. This areas and come up with solutions that will make the existing
option has the disadvantage that by the time the report is system more efficient and responsive to the needs of the
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public in the immediate or short run. The Commission has arts and sciences of governance. Although this may take
also formed another Sub-Committee to recommend revision decades for Pakistan but by finishing a full five year term by
in the Rules of Business for removing impediments in the the present government , perhaps we as a nation have taken
functioning of the government departments/ ministries/ the first step. Below are some concluding thoughts that can
agencies and empowering the heads of the departments to be considered to improve Good Governance in Pakistan.
deliver results. 1. Strengthening Institutions not individuals - but
The preliminary recommendations of the sub- empowering individuals to participate in the process of
committees were presented to focus groups of stakeholders improvement for sustainability.
drawn from diverse segments of society Secretaries 2. Decentralization of Power - from the center but also
Committee, political leaders, businessmen, NGOs, academic from the elite politicians and feudal lords for ensuring grass
refined civil servants etc. for soliciting their feedback and root improvements.
views. After incorporating the feedback the sub-committees 3. Right person for the right job continuous
finalized their recommendations which were then discussed professional development throughout for accountability and
by the Commission and then presented for consideration sharing of responsibility.
and decisions by the Steering Committee. The High powered 4. Sustainability by building on success The trend in
Steering Committee is co-chaired by the President and Pakistan is to abolish the previous governments good
Prime Minister and consists of the four Chief Ministers. The efforts and re-invent the step which causes hurdles in
Committee has decided to provide a legal cover to the sustainability. Governments should build on previous
Commission so that the recommendations approved by the success irrespective of whose initiative was it for
Steering Committee are implemented by the Federal and sustainability in governance. Learning from likeminded
Provincial Governments without further reviews. countries and cultures as opposed to western systems.
The Commission will also act as a facilitator and Pakistan has inherited the system from the British and have
conduit for the reforms formulated by the Federal continued to follow the same system which has caused
Ministries/ Provincial Governments and table them, after problems in managing it due to lack of knowledge and
its own analysis for the decisions by the Steering Committee capacity of human resources. Culture and tradition play a
_______________________________________ role and perhaps Pakistan can better learn from similar
Additional Recommendations developing countries like Good Governance in Pakistan:
From the above discussion it should be clear that good Problems and Possible Solutions
governance is an idea which is difficult to achieve in its Malaysia as opposed to European countries which have
totality. Plato is generally considered an all-round been the case in the past.
philosophical, mathematical and scientific genius, perhaps 6. Respecting and accepting diversity. Encouraging
best known for his work The Republic; a treatise on and promoting diversity as strength for attaining success.
society, governance and justice. Little did Plato would have Creating and respecting diversity as a dividend not divide.
known that his ideas would be adapted by future 7. Urbanization in rural areas to manage and
generations for effective and stable GOVERNANCE? facilitate population. Too much migration in urban cities for
Plutocracy government in which a small group of ultra- employment causes issues of management and population
rich oligarchs rule millionaires and billionaires that serve influx. Rural areas should be developed in order to maintain
only money working directly at the top of the political and encourage good governance through decentralization.
system and also anonymously through 3rd party proxies, 8. Do it Yourself (DIY) As opposed to waiting for
lobbyists and through financing (not at all representatives donors and other agencies to help us in various sectors
of the people, but using their money to further their which perhaps in normally considered a hindrance as
power. The scenario for Pakistan for decades now is been donors have their own set objectives. A mindset that will be
under the philosophy of Plutocracy. difficult to change but possible through strong
The kind of government Plato recommends in The Republic campaigning. Spreading the notion of Khudee / Self
is the aristocracy. Rule by the best, not necessarily land- Actualization and believe in onself
owners, or the richest, but those trained specifically in the
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45. Which of the following does not vary predictably with 4. Quasi:_____:seeming
the depth of the aquatic environment:__:Salinity 5. Vilify:_____:none of those
46. The quantity of available nutrients ..from the 6. Rigmarole:_____unnecessary
lower level of energy pyramids to the highest 7. Deign:_____:condescend
ones:__:Decreases 8. Proletariat:__:working class
47. Which of the following is not a major sub division of the 9. Ludicrous:____:comic
Biosphere:_:Stratosphere 10. Malefic:__:baleful
48. Vaccination is synonymous with.
Immunity:_:Artificial Active (b)choose the word that is nearly most opposite in
49. When a patients immune system becomes reactive to a meaning to the capitalized words
11. Languid:___:vigorous
drug this is an example of :_:Allergy
12. High-strung:___:calm
50. What is the smallest unit of heredity:_:Gene
13. Mettle:__:cowardice
14. Abridgment:_:dissect
15. Cajole:__:_none of these
MCQs of CSS English Composition & Precis Paper
16. Celibacy:__:wedlock
2013
17. Inclement:__:genial
Q-1 (a) Choose the word that is near similar in
18. Irresolute:__:sturdy
meaning to the capitalized words.
1. Bristle: _____flare up 19. Annexation:__:contraction
2. Tirade:________angry speech 20. Incure:__:shun
3. Deluge:_______over flow
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33. Which of the following leaders has recently been 59. Itar-Tass is the news agency of: Russia
elected as Head of 53 members African Union: 60. The worlds largest subway system is in: Moscow
Muammar Gaddafi of Libya 61. Under the Status of Forces Agreement with the Iraqi
34. Who is called Father of Computer? Charles government, US intend to remove all troops from Iraq
Babbage by the end of : 2011
35. Which of he P-5 countries in the UN Security 62. Philately is a: Stamp collection
Council has exercised veto power at the maximum 63. The worlds largest number of newspaper are
times so far? Russia published from: India
36. The worlds largest foreign exchange reserves 64. The most famous book of 2008, The Way of the
almost $ 2 trillion is of: China WorldA Story of Truth & Hope in an Age of
37. In computer, CPU stands for: Central Extremism is written by: Ron Sukind
Processing Unit 65. Paracel Islands in the south China sea are disputed
38. The biggest bird is: Ostrich between China and: Vietnam
39. 3 May each is observed as: Press Freedom day 66. National income is essentially composed of: Income
40. Human Rights Organization Human Rights derived from taxes by the central government.
Watch is based in: New York 67. Fleet Street London is famous for: Offices of the
41. Which of the following agencies has received Nobel newspapers and press agencies
Prize? All of these (UNICEF, ILO, UNHCR) 68. Petra an archaeological site is among the new seven
42. Almost 40% of the worlds oil supply passes wonders of the world located in: Jordan
through the strait of: Hormuz 69. Marco Polo was a famous: Traveler
43. The famous city Waterloo is in: Belgium 70. The only vitamin which cannot be stored in human
44. Which of the following Gulf States has recently body is: Viamin C
donated 320 MW gas fired power plant ot 71. Swat Valley is situated in the mountain range of:
Pakistan? UAE Hindukush
45. Who was Hemant Karkare? Indian Anti-terror 72. 1 metric ton is equal to: 1000 KG
squad chief killed during Mumbai attack in 73. In which of the following countries, 240 years old
2008 monarchy was abolished in 2008? Nepal
46. Which of the following films has won eight Oscar 74. Which of the following countries first introduced
Awards in a ceremony on 23rd February 2009? paper currency in the world? China
The Dark Knight 75. Anemometer is an instrument used for measuring:
47. Israels brutal attack on Gaza started on 27 Wind speed
December 2008, killing more than 1300 76. Green vegetables are good source of: protein
Palestinian had been given the name: Operation 77. British East India Company was established during
Cast Lead the reign of Mughal Emperor? Jahangir
48. Pakistans largest trading partner at present is: 78. The International Criminal Courts of Justice has
China recently issued arrest warrant of one of the following
49. What is Khmer Rouge? A communist sitting president of a country on Committing War
movement in Cambodia Crimes, he is: President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir
50. The UN spends the largest amount , almost $ 8 79. Pakistan and Afghanistan have Transit Trade
billion annually on: Peace Keeping Mission Agreement signed in 1965
51. The oldest search engine is? Yahoo 80. What do you understand by the disease Insomnia?
52. The headquarters of IMF is located at: Inability to sleep
Washington DC 81. On which of the following issue, Arab Israel Peace
53. The main factor attributed to the global financial process stalled? Issues of Palestine
criseis 2008 is: Collapse of housing prices and 82. The worlds famous Madame Tussauds museum is
mortgage market in the US situated in: London
54. Karachi Nuclear power plant was uitl with the 83. The worlds oldest parliament, founded in the year
assistance of: Canada 930 AD is: Althing of Iceland
55. The term :Hung Parliament: describes a situation 84. The last king of Afghanistan was: Zahir Shah
in which: No single party has a mojortiy in the 85. Ornithology is the study of: Birds
house 86. Order of Cloud and Banner is the most prestigious
56. Which of the following categories of Nobel Prizes military award of: China
was nit created by Swedish Scientist Alfred Nobel? 87. Naxalite Movement is a pro communism movement
Economics started in: India
57. Which of the following provinces of Afghanistan 88. What is meant by Petticoat Governmetn ? A
shares border with Paksitan? Ningarhar, Pakita, government runs by a woman
Ghazni 89. Which of following South Asian leaders has recently
58. Russia supplies natural gas to European counties given a proposal to form a: South Asian task force to
which transit through the state of: Ukraine
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combat terrorism in the region? PM Hasina 96. Russia criticizes American missile defence system
Wajid (Bagladesh) deployed in: Poland and Czech Republic
90. World cup football tournament 2010 will be held 97. Deficiency of vitamin C in human body leads to:
in? South Africa Teeth disease
91. The largest opium producer province of 98. Tamil in Sri Lanka are struggling for an independent
Afghanistan is: Nangarhar state in the territory of: Jaffna
92. Light travels from sun to earth in: 499 Seconds 99. The largest section of the Kurd population is living in:
93. What do you understand by the term Intifada? Turkey
Uprising 100.Which of the following is the least free country in view
94. Which of following rivers run through Paris The of poor human rights record as described by US based
Seine organization freedom House in its annual report
95. Pearl Harbour is located in American state? 2009? Myanmar
Hawaii
47
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48. The students were in the blues when they heard that the 78. The book Al Qanun Fi Tib is written by: Abu Ali Sina
examination would not be postponed after all: Cheerless 79. Chile has a longest shore along: Pacific Ocean
and depressed 80. Of the following human bones, which one is of arm:
49. To give so much importance to this dispute is to make Radius
a mountain of a molehill:To give great importance to 81. Of the following human organs tell which one is least
trifles susceptible to harmful radiations: Brain
50. The captain played with determination because the 82. Who developed the first digital computer? H.H Aiken
honor was at stake: In danger 83. Of the following human muscles, tell which one is of
51. The inspector was caught red handed: Caught in the thigh: Biceps
act of committing the crime 84 .An analgesics is taken to relieve oneself of: Pain
52. She cut a sad figure in her first performance on the 85. Which of the following is the key function of the
stage. Preformed a sad role kidneys? Removal of urea and other nitrogenous
53. He never wanted to keep her under his thumb and so he wastes from blood
let her do what she liked. Unduly under control 86. How many chromosomes are there in a body cell of
54. I have a bone to pick with you in this matter. Am human beings? 46
angry
55. The cashier wiped the nose of his employer by 87. On a sports day, if 30 children were made to stand in a
presenting false bills. Cheated olumn, then 16 columns could be formed. If 24 children
56. It is time that professors came down from their ivory were to stand in a column, then how many columns could
towers and studied the real needs of present day students. be formed? 20
Detachment and seclusion 88. In a two digit number, the digits differ by 2 10 times
57. She is quite at sea and does not know what course of the number exceeds 5 times the sum of the number formed
action to take in the matter. Perplexed by reversing tis digits and the sum of its digits by 90. Find
58. To work on this project is like flogging a dead horse. the number. 46
Dragging something too far 89. A classroom has equal number of boys and girls. Eight
59. To beg the question. To take for granted girls left to play kho-kho, leaving twice as many boys as
60. To keep ones temper. To be in a good mood girls in the classroom. What was the total number of girls
61. Which is the longest river in Europe? Volga and boys present initially? 32
62. On june21, the sun is vertically overhead the. Tropic of 90/ A rectangle has a length of 10cm & a perimeter of
cancer 30cm. Find the width of the rectangle? 5 cm
63. Altinkaya dam is located in. Turkey 91. If A = x2 - , B = 20, X + Y = 10, then: It is
64. Which of the following countries is in the continent of not possible to compare A and B as the data
Europe? Albania provided is inadequate
65. Which is the smallest continent of the world area wise? 92.5448 rounded off ot the nearest 1000 is: 5000
Australia 93. 0.26 / 100 = 0.0026
66. What is the share of urban population in the total 94. A rectangle has a perimeter of 50 meters. If its length is
population of Pakistan according to census of 1998? 32.5% 13 meters more than its breadth, then its area is: 144
67. When Ghauri missile was handed over to Pakistan 95. Two packs of cards are thoroughly mixed and stuffed
army for full operational use. January, 2003 and two cards are drawn at random, one after the other.
68. In which type of climate are coniferous forest found? What is the probability that both of them are Jacks?
Siberian
69. Which of the following is the icy continent? 96. A rectangle has a length of 16cm and a breadth of 3cm.
Antarctica What is its area?
70. The length of Suez Canal is approximately: 170 km 97.P is 300 km eastward of O and Q is 400 km north of O.
71. Khojak Pass is located between: Quetta and Chaman R is exactly in the middle of Q and P. The distance between
72. Nearest part of atmosphere to earth is called: Q and R is:
Troposphere 98 How many chromosomes are there in a body cell of
73. Colosseum an amphitheatre was built in: Rome human beings?
74. Special theory of relativity was proposed by: Albert 99. Of the following bones, tell which one is the neck?
Einstein
75. Issac Newton gave: Laws of motion and 100. Of the following computers, which one is called the
Gravitation first generation computer?
76. Composition of Alchemy is written by Jabir bin
Hayyan
.
FPSC FIA Paper 2012 for Assistant Director
English 3. The rubber chicken on the mantel from the otherwise
1. The reply that she liked chocolate didnt seem _____ to sophisticated atmosphere of the livingroom.
my question on whether Judy wanted to meet at nine or (detracted)
ten to study. (relevant) 4. The scientists ideas were so ______ that only a handful
2. The restaurant felt it had the right to ____the man when of people worldwide would comprehend them.
he started to make derogatory remarks about the (abstract)
waitress. (oust) 5. The sculptor will convert this _____ piece of clay into a
beautiful bust. (amorphous)
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6. The speakers _____ remarks about our company made 32. Baath is an Arabic word. It means (Resurrection)
several workers angry. (derogatory) 33. The Atomic Energy Comission of Pakistan was
7. The stained table cloth _____ from the fine china and established in. (1956)
lovely flowers the hostess had put on the table. 34. CTBT is of (Unlimited duration)
(detracted) 35. Kofi Annan work in UN for more than three decades,
8. The storeowners _____ didnt convince me that he knew became the first carrier UN official to be elected
nothing about what cause the fire. (testimony) Secretary General. He belongs to (Ghana)
9. The waiter told us about the specials _____ both the 36. Camp David Accord was signed by Egypt and Israel in
Selman and turkey dishes sound good to me. (1978)
(disclosed) 37. The Geneva base WORLD INTLECTUAL PROPERTY
10. The waiter told us that the pasta _____ is penne with a ORGANIZATION (WIP0) was inaugurated in 1967 and
basil-mushroom sauce I am going to order that. (dujor) became a specialized of UN in 1974 its main objectives
11. The website guaranteed that it would _____ my are. ( all of the above)
personal information, so I decided to use my credit card 38. From 1954 to 1961, which Pakistani, served as member of
to buy new clothes. (encrypt) the international Court of Justice in Hague? ( Sir
12. The western film took advantage of the landscape to Muhammad Zafrullah Khan)
show the wagons crossing the valley with the impressive 39. Which South Asian leader wrote leaders wrote letters to
_____ rising in the background. (plateaus) his counterparts and promoted idea of regional
13. The will did not require _____ of witnesses since it was cooperation which led to the formation of SAARC? ( Zia-
______ . (attestation-holographic) ul-Haq)
14. The woman couldnt meet her sales _____ so she was 40. What is the name of SAARC magazine? ( SPpectrum)
fired . (quota) 41. To resolve the Middle East Problem, Wye River Accord
15. The woman loves to show her _____ by wearing was signed in: (1998)
diamonds and furs. (affluence) 42. What is Hammas? ( a radical Palestinian group)
16. The more time I spend with Joy, I see that she is a _____ 43. The length of Karakoram Highway in Pakistan is ( 805
person. She has many interests and insightful opinions km)
on a wide variety of topics (multifaceted) 44. The Karakoram Highway in Pakistan begins from (
17. The most recent ____ from the dig indicate that the Havelain)
society was involved in farming. (artifacts) 45. When did Turkey invade Cyprus? ( 1974)
18. The morning throng was preparing for a_____. 46. Temple Trees is an official residence of the. ( Prime
(monody) Minister of Sri lanka)
19. The movie stars latest _____was captured by several 47. Faiz Ahmad Faiz died in . (1984)
photographers. Prancing around half-naked in a 48. Ahmad Nadeem Qasmee famous Urdu poet died in .(
fountain seemed tame for her. (escapade) September, 2006)
20. The musicians _____ was surprisingly varied. He 49. How many times Allah-o-Akbar came in Azan? (6
played jazz, country swestern and hip hop. (repertoire) times)
General knowledge : 50. The Holy Prophet (SAW) died on . ( 8 june 632 A.D.)
21. In 1943, Frankin D Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Maths :
Joseph Stalin met at Tehran primarily. (for creating 51. The price of suga increases by 32%. A family reduces its
an effective instrument for maintaining consumption so that the expenditure of the sugar is up by
international peace ) 10% only if the total consumption of sugar before the
22. Innocent III, who became pop in 1198 led the fourth price rise was 10 kg per month then the consumption of
crusade. (the fourth crusade) sugar per month at present (in kg ) is . (8.33)
23. In which year a resolution uniting for peace was 52. A ball pen factory decided to reduce its production by
adopted by UN general assembly. (1950) 10@ over that of previous month for next 3 months
24. In which of the following organs of human body does starting from February 1994. In January 1994, it
maximum absorption of food takes place. (small produced 3000 ball pens. How many ball pens were
intestine) produced in March 1994? ( 2187)
25. Human rights day is on. (10 December) 53. A building worth Rs. 133,100 is constructed on land
26. In the last world cup hockey finals in 2002 Germany worth Rs. 72,900. After how many years will the value of
beat. (Australia) both be the same if land appreciates at 10% p.a and
27. How much of blood does the normal human heart on building depreciates at 10% p.a? ( 3 )
each of its contraction pumps into the arteries. (60 cm) 54. A mans basic pay is for a 40 hours week is Rs.2000.
28. Hygrometer is used to measure. (relative humidity) overtime is paid for 25% above the basic rate. In a
29. India became a member of the United Nations in. ( certain week, he worked overtime and his total wage
1945) was Rs. 2500. He therefore, would for a total of: ( 48
30. If the plane of the earths equator were not, inclined in the hours)
plane of the earths orbit. (there would be no change 55. Salaries of A,B and C are in the ratio 1:2:3 salary of B
of seasons) and C together is Rs. 60000. By what percent is salary of
31. Mesopotamia is the ancient Greek name of (Iraq) C mote than that of A? ( 200)
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56. The price of a table is Rs.400 more than that of a chair. If 77. Though Mitsubishi built the VCR market from 1969
6 tables and 6 chairs together costs Rs 4800, by what onwards with its VHS standard, it was actually some
percent is the price of the chair less than that of the other company which made the first video-recorder
table? (None of these) Name it (Ampex)
57. The length and breadth of a square are increased by 40% 78. The invention of which product by Robert Noyce in 1959
and 30% respectively. The area of the resulting rectangle made the electronic equipments shrink in size?
exceeds the area of square by? ( 82%) (integrated circuits)
58. The length of a rectangle is increased by 20% and the 79. Which two companies developed compact disc
width is decreased by 20%. The area decreases by. ( 4% independently in 1979? (Sony and Philips)
) 80. Who proposed the Big Bang Theory? (George
59. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By what Lemaitre)
percent would the width have to be decreased to Pakistan Affairs
maintain the same area? ( 37%) 81. On 9th May 1857 some 50, soliders refused to use the
60. In a market survey, 20% opted for product A whereas suspicious cartridge. They were stationed in: (Meerut
60% opted for product B. The remaining individuals Cantonement)
were not certain. If the difference between those who 82. On 10th May 1857 the regiments in Meerul (Rebelled
opted for product B and those who were uncertain was against their British officer)
720 how many individuals were covered in the survey? ( 83. How many Britains were killed in the war of
1800 ) independence? (five thousand)
61. The monthly income of Peter and Paul are in the ratio of 84. The Khilji Dynasty was from (1290 to 1320)
4:3. Their expenses are in the ratio of 3:2. If each saves 85. The slave Dynasty was from (1206 to 1290)
Rs. 600 at the end of the month their monthly incomes 86. The Pakistan resolution had everlasting impacts on
respectively are (in rupees). (2400 and 1800) Indian politics and British government (all of these)
62. Out of a total of 120 musicians in a club, 5% can play all 87. The Pakistan resolution was a (political foundation
three instruments-guitar, violin and flute. It so happens of Pakistan)
that the number of musicians who can play any two and 88. What was the August offer? (both a and b)
only two of the above instrument is 30. The number of 89. The Hindu shahi ruler who burnt himself on a funeral
musicians who can play the guitar alone is 40. What is pyre after being defeated by Mahmud Ghazni was
the total number of those who can play violin alone or (Jayapala)
flute alone? (38) 90. Which one of the following was the official language of
63. If the number representing volume and surface area of a Gupta period? (Sanskrit)
cube are equal, then the length of the edge of the cube in Islamiat
terms of the unit of measurement will be (6) 91. Bait e Rizwan was made to take the revenge of (Hazrat
64. 45. X ? = 25%of 900 (5) Usman (RA)
65. 218% of 1674 = ? x 1800 (none of these) 92. Adam is the word of which language? (Synani)
66. 13937.869 + 199.54+ 15% of 201 = ? (100) 93. How much height of Hazrat Adam (AS)? (90 feet)
67. 63% of 25/7 (2.25) 94. Name the youngest son of Hazrat Adam (AS)? (Hazrat
68. If 30% of a number is 12.6, then the number is? (42) Shees (AS)
69. 5% of (25% of Rs. 1600) is? Rs. 20s 95. Hazrat Idrees (AS) is associated with (All of these)
70. (25/3) % of ? = 1800 96. How many Saheefay were revealed to Hazrat Idrees
Science (AS)? (30)
71. Who among the following invented the small pox 97. Abu-al-Bashir Sani is (Hazrat Nuh (AS))
vaccine? (Edward Jenner) 98. Which Prophet was send to nation of Samood? (Hazrat
72. Zero was discovered by (Al Khawarzmi) Saleh (AS))
73. Who invented the Doctors thermometer? (Farenheita) 99. Which lady is the wife of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) and the
74. The velocity of light was measured by (Romer) daughter of Pharaoh of Egypt? (Hazrat Sara)
75. Who proposed the chemical evolution of life? (Oparin) 100. __________ Sahifay were revealed to Hazrat
76. What product invented by William Shockley, John Ibrahim (AS) (3)
Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947
revolutionised the electronics industry? (Transistor)
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122112
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1991 22
23 2113 SIUT
SIUT 2112
SIUT SIUT
SIUT
SIUT
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