High Performance Concrete Using M Sand

High Performance Concrete Using M Sand
Mr.Magudeaswaran.P*, Dr.Eswaramoorthi.P **
* Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna
Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore -10, India.magudeaswaran@gmail.com; +91 9994511577
** Professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
Coimbatore -06, India .
easwaramoorthip@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Globally, river sand (RS) and rock-strewn extraction is becoming fewer of an option. New
mine whereabouts opportunities are rarer, more from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the
past, river sand and rock-strewn extraction has been the backbone of the construction and
concrete
industry; this is increasingly less the case. The lessening in the sources of river sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to
identify substitute material to M sand as fine aggregates in the production of concretes.
Engineers
now wish to use alternate material to river sand used to produce high performance concretes to
meet specific purposes such composite with greater workable, strength and long term properties
or
structural lightweight concrete composite. This effort focuses on the enhancement of vacuum
condition in concrete by focusing on the surface area to volume ratio phenomenon to improve
the
impermeability of concrete and thereby improving its living standard in terms of workability,
Compressive strength and durability. The mechanical parameter of concrete was tested by
inoculation of silica fume at the progressive interval of 2.5% with fully replacement of river sand
by M sand. From the observation it was inferred that rise in percentage of fractional replacement
of
silica fume, improve the compressive, tensile strength, flexure strength and revealed a better
picturesque in terms of allied standard durability indicators of High Performance Concrete.
Keywords: Durability, composites, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume, M Sand
INTRODUCTION
Common or River sand are weathered and exhausted particles of rocks and are of different
evaluations or sizes relying on the measure of wearing. Normal sand is basically uncover from
stream informal lodging contain high rate of in natural materials, chlorides, sulfates, residue and
earth that unfavorably influence the quality, toughness of cement and strengthening steel there by
Magudeaswaran & Eswaramoorthi. (2016). Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and
Humanities,
Vol. 6, Issue 6, Special Issue June 2016, pp. 372-386
373
lessening the life of structure, when cement is utilized for structures as a part of forceful
situations,
marine structures, atomic structures, burrows, precast units, and so on. Those assets are likewise
debilitating quickly .Now-a-days good fine aggregates is not promptly accessible; it is
transported
from a long separation. So it is a need of an ideal opportunity to locate some substitute to
characteristic stream sand. Interest for fabricated fine totals for making cement is expanding step
by
step as waterway sand can't take care of the rising demand of development segment. The sand
must
be of legitimate degree. At the point when fine particles are in appropriate extent, the sand will
have less voids. The cement amount required will be less. Such sand will be more sparing and it
gets to be unavoidable
High Performance Concrete (HPC) is characterized as a solid that meets uncommon execution
and
consistency necessities that can't generally be accomplished routinely by utilizing ordinary
materials and typical blending, setting and curing rehearses. For delivering HPC, Industrial
squanders, for example, silica fume, blast furnance slag, fly ash debris are being utilized as
supplementary bond substitution materials and are additionally being utilized as pozzolanic
materials as a part of cement. At the point when pozzolanic materials are fused to concrete, the
silica present in these materials respond with the calcium hydroxide discharged amid the
hydration
of cement and forms extra calcium silicate hydrate (C S H), which enhance strength and the
mechanical properties of concrete4.
Silica fume is a result of the refining procedure in the silicon and Ferro silicon industry and it
will
improve both the mechanical qualities and sturdiness of concrete. The partial replacement of
cement with silica fume lessens the substance of concrete utilized as a part of the development
business, which ensures the biological system with a little rate in the diminishment of nursery
gasses.
Compressive strength is one of the essential mechanical properties of cement utilized for solid
structure design, which has the nature to be changed with time going. Compressive strength
advancement of concrete is of awesome hugeness for the sensible course of action of
development
methodology and the reasonable estimation of development period, which is likewise identified
with the unwavering quality of structure in service life. As another green building material
utilized
for supplanting normal sand, M sand has gotten to be essential in explores, preparations and
designing utilizations of premixed cement [19]. With the progressive application, manufactured
sand has been used from partially to completely replacing the natural sand in concrete [10, 11],
and
the restriction of stone powder in M sand has changed to an affirmed appropriate substance [3
6].
In addition, it has likewise been utilized for lightweight total cement [12], built cementitious
composites [13] and brick work mortar [14].
Contrast from normal sand, fabricated sand has unique morphology elements, for example,
unpleasant surface, unpredictable molecule shape rakish edges and recognize qualities of stone
powder contained, which has some embellishments on the workability, fundamental mechanical
properties and sturdiness of concrete. For case, with the same blend extent as regular sand
concrete,
Humanities,
374
a flow ability and effectively isolated blend was gotten for cement with made sand (MSC)[15
17],
water measurement ought to be expanded if the comparative workability of new cement was
needed [1719]; commonly, proper content of stone power was beneficial to workability of fresh
concrete and mechanical properties of harden concrete [6,1921] . Compared with natural sand
concrete, M Sand had higher compressive strength [8, 14, 22, 20, 23] and fracture energy [24] ,
and
better bond property to steel rebar [25].
2. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
MATERIALS
2.1. Raw materials
2.1.1 Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade conforming to IS: 12269-1987 and the specific gravity of
cement was found to be 3.15. The physical properties of cement given in Table 1
2.1.2 Silica Fume
The Silica fume obtained from the M/s ELKEM south Asia (P) LTD, Mumbai confirming to
ASTM C1240 was used for this experimentation, Specific gravity of Silica Fume is 2.2 and its
physical and chemical properties were given in Table 1.
2.1.3 Fly Ash:
Fly ash (Class F) was obtained from Thermal power plant at Mettur in Salem district,
Tamil Nadu state, India confirming to IS: 3812-1981.Spcific gravity of Fly ash is 2.00 to 2.05
.and
the physical and chemical properties of OPC, Silica Fume (SF) and Fly Ash are given in Table 2.
2.1.4 Aggregates:
Coarse aggregates crushed from igneous basalt rock of 12.5 mm and down size having
specific gravity of 2.78, fineness Modulus of 4.03 and conforming to IS383-1970 were used.
Fine
aggregate, local sand has specific gravity of 2.56, fineness Modulus of 2.53, M sand having
specific
gravity of 2.71, fineness modulus of 2.68 and conforming to grading zone II of IS: 383-1970 was
used.
2.1.5 Super plasticizers
CONPLAST SP 430 was used obtained from Fosrac chemicals pvt Ltd, Bangalore. as a
high range water reducing admixture. Super plasticizer based on sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde was used to impart additional desired properties to the high performance concrete.
The dosage of super plasticizer was 1% by weight of cement.
2.1.6 Water
The water used for the study was free of acids, organic matter, suspended solids, alkalis
and impurities when present may have adverse effect on the strength of concrete Potable water
with
PH value of 8.2 was determined using pH meter confirming to IS 456-2000 was used for making
concrete and curing this specimen as well.
Humanities,
375
3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1Preparation of Specimens
All the ingredients of HPC were mixed in a laboratory pan mixer. During the initial
mixing 80% of the total water was added for mixing and after one minute, the remaining water
was
added and the mixing was continued for another two minutes until a homogenous mix was
obtained. The moulds such as cubes (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm), prisms (100 mm x 100 mm
x
500 mm) and cylinders (150mm diameter and 300 mm height) were cleaned thoroughly to
remove
any impurities sticking inside and oil was applied inside the moulds. The test specimens were
cast
in the processed moulds. The moulds were arranged on the vibrating table for expelling any
voids
that may be present. The mix was filled in three layers and each layer was compacted with a 16
mm
tamping rod before placing on the vibrating table. The specimens were allowed to cure for 24
hours
and then cured in water until the day of testing. The casting and curing of specimens are shown
in
Figure 3.1(a) & Figure 3.1(b).
3.2. Compressive strength
The compressive strength test on HPC cubes of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm were
tested on an AIMIL Compression Testing Machine of capacity 2000 kN as shown in Figure
3.2.Three cubes were tested for each trial mix combination at the age of 3, 7, 14,28,56 and 90
days
of curing in accordance with IS : 516-1959. Specimens were removed from the curing tank and
cleaned to wipe off the surface water. The top plate was brought in contact with the specimen by
rotating the handle. A loading rate of 2.5 kN/s was applied and the maximum load at which the
specimen breaks was noted as ultimate load. The Ultimate load divided by cross sectional area of
the specimen is equal to the compressive strength.
The compressive strength of high performance concrete with various percentages of
silica fumes, M-sand and coarse aggregate were tested at various ages. The influences of M-Sand
on compressive strength of HPC mixes are presented in Figure 3.3.Compressive strength of the
binary mixes and the control mix at various ages are presented. As expected the compressive
strength of concretes containing silica fume are higher than control concrete at all ages and with
increasing dosage of silica fume the gain in strength becomes higher. The use of the silica fume
at12.5% and 15% cement replacement level has caused a small reduction in compressive strength
compared to the control mix. For mixes containing higher amounts of silica fume especially for
the
mix incorporating 15% silica fume, the strength reduction is considerable at all ages.
3.3 Splite Tensile strength
This is an indirect test to determine the tensile strength of concrete. Split tensile strength
was determined in accordance with IS: 5816-1999. The cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm
diameter and 300 mm height were tested by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between
the loading faces of a compression testing machine of 2000KN capacity as shown in Figure 4.19
and the load was applied until failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter. The split tensile
strength was estimated by using the formula,
Split tensile strength, ft= 2P / D L
Where, P = Compressive load on the cylinder (kN)
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376
L = Length of cylinder (kN)
D = Diameter of cylinder (kN)
The graphical representation of influence of fine M-Sand and silica fume on the 28 days split
tensile strength for various M-Sand mixes are shown in Figure 3.5.
From the above results it can be observed that, split tensile strength of M-Sand increased for 100
%
replacement of river sand. For SF10MS mix the split tensile strength was 6.08 N/mm2 which
was
30% more than that of the mix control concrete. Further, with each silica fume increased the split
tensile strength of HPC mixes. For 100% replacement of fine aggregate with M-Sand with 2.5%
to
10% of silica fume the split tensile strength increased in the range of 10% to 30% when
compared
to conventional concrete mix. The maximum split tensile strength of 6.08 N/mm2 was achieved
for
the mix SF10MS when compared to control mix strength of 4.67 N/mm2 which was 30% higher.
This may be attributed to the better particle packing and reduced surface area which increased
the
binding capacity of M-Sand and silica fume with the cement paste and thereby increasing the
strength.Abdullah Almusallam et al (2004) investigated the influence of 10 to 15% silica fume
on
the split tensile strength of concrete made with low quality aggregates. They reported that the
split
tensile strength of concrete mixes containing 10% silica fume was more than that of plain
concrete
at the age of 28 days.
3.4. Flexural Strength
Flexural strength of high performance concrete was tested as per IS : 516- 1959 using prism
of size 100 100 500 mm. Two points loading was adopted by providing two steel rollers of
diameter 38 mm at a distance of 40 mm centre to centre. The prism specimen was mounted on
these
rollers for testing as shown in the Figure3.6. The axis of the testing specimen was adjusted
carefully to coincide with the loading device axis. The rate of loading was 1.8 kN/minute and the
maximum load applied to the specimen till failure was recorded. The flexural strength was
calculated using the formula,
Flexural strength, fr = PL/bd
Where, P = maximum load applied to the specimen in kN
L = length of the span on which the specimen was supported in mm
b = measured width of the specimen in mm
d = measured depth of the specimen at the point of failure in mm.
The results of 28 days flexural strength of various high performance concrete mixes with
M-Sand is presented in 3.7.
The results showed that the flexural strength for the mix SF10MS was 8.3N/mm2 which was 22
%
higher than the control mix. The values of flexural strength for 100% M-Sand mixes with 2.5%,
5%, 7.5%, and 10% are 7.1 N/mm2, 7.3 N/mm2, 7.6 N/mm2 and 8.3 N/mm2 respectively and
that of
control mix is 6.8 N/mm2. Further, increase in the percentage of silica fume decreased the
flexural
strength. The increase in the strength upto 10% of silica fume with M-Sand when compared to
control concrete mix is due to improved bond between the hydrated cement matrix and M-Sand
in
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377
the mix. Also due to better particle size distribution and reduced micro fines percentage in M-
Sand,
the concrete mix becomes more cohesive.
3.4. Modulus of Elasticity
Cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long were tested using
compression testing machine of capacity 2000kN at the age of 28 days. The modulus of elasticity
of
concrete was determined by the cylinder specimen placed in a compress meter, and the compress
meter was fixed on the plate of the Compression Testing Machine of loading rate of14
N/mm2/min
was applied and the compress meter reading was recorded at regular intervals.
The stress and strain plot was drawn and the modulus of elasticity was calculated. The
modulus of elasticity setup is shown in Figure 3.8.
The modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes at 28 days are presented in Figure 3.9.
From the results it was found that the modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes with M-Sand was
marginally increasing with respect to control concrete mix. Further an increase in modulus of
elasticity was rapid while incorporating 2.5% to10% silica fume and there after it decreases. For
12.5% of silica fume with various percentages of M-Sand the modulus of elasticity decreased
considerably. The percentage of increase for M-Sand mixes with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% silica
fume was 3%,5%,6% and 17%respectively. This may be due to the action of silica fume on
calcium
hydroxide and more gel might be formed. In addition to this M-Sand has better interlocking
between the particles as it was processed through the VSI crusher which can produce particle
with
isometric shapes and greater integrity particularly when compared to natural fine aggregate
(Hudson1999). The M-Sand played a vital role in increasing the Modulus of Elasticity.
4.CONCLUSION
The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and
modulus of elasticity increased with increase in silica fume in the concrete mix upto 10%
replacement. After this percentage of replacement the mechanical properties decreased.
Therefore,
an optimum replacement of 10% silica fume can be considered.
For all replacements of silica fume when M-Sand was incorporated there was an
increase in mechanical properties. The mix of 10% silica fume with M-Sand achieved a
maximum
of 32% increase in compressive strength when compared to control concrete mix at the age of 28
days.
The split tensile strength of mix 10% silica fume with M-Sand was found to
increase to a maximum of 30% when compared to the control mix. While for the mixes
incorporating M-Sand with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of silica fume the increase in split tensile
strength
at the age of 28 days was in the range of 14 to 30%.
There is an increase in flexural strength with the addition of M-Sand and the mix
of 10% silica fume with M-Sand achieved a maximum flexural strength of 22% higher than the
control mix.
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378
The modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes increased with the addition of M-Sand.
The highest modulus of elasticity was shown by the mix 10% silica fume with 100% M-Sand,
which is 17% more than the control concrete.
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Humanities,
High Performance Concrete Using M Sand
Mr.Magudeaswaran.P*, Dr.Eswaramoorthi.P **
* Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna
Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore -10, India.magudeaswaran@gmail.com; +91 9994511577
** Professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
Coimbatore -06, India .
easwaramoorthip@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Globally, river sand (RS) and rock-strewn extraction is becoming fewer of an option. New
mine whereabouts opportunities are rarer, more from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the
past, river sand and rock-strewn extraction has been the backbone of the construction and
concrete
industry; this is increasingly less the case. The lessening in the sources of river sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to
identify substitute material to M sand as fine aggregates in the production of concretes.
Engineers
now wish to use alternate material to river sand used to produce high performance concretes to
meet specific purposes such composite with greater workable, strength and long term properties
or
structural lightweight concrete composite. This effort focuses on the enhancement of vacuum
condition in concrete by focusing on the surface area to volume ratio phenomenon to improve
the
impermeability of concrete and thereby improving its living standard in terms of workability,
Compressive strength and durability. The mechanical parameter of concrete was tested by
inoculation of silica fume at the progressive interval of 2.5% with fully replacement of river sand
by M sand. From the observation it was inferred that rise in percentage of fractional replacement
of
silica fume, improve the compressive, tensile strength, flexure strength and revealed a better
picturesque in terms of allied standard durability indicators of High Performance Concrete.
Keywords: Durability, composites, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume, M Sand
INTRODUCTION
Common or River sand are weathered and exhausted particles of rocks and are of different
evaluations or sizes relying on the measure of wearing. Normal sand is basically uncover from
stream informal lodging contain high rate of in natural materials, chlorides, sulfates, residue and
earth that unfavorably influence the quality, toughness of cement and strengthening steel there by
Humanities,
373
lessening the life of structure, when cement is utilized for structures as a part of forceful
situations,
marine structures, atomic structures, burrows, precast units, and so on. Those assets are likewise
debilitating quickly .Now-a-days good fine aggregates is not promptly accessible; it is
transported
from a long separation. So it is a need of an ideal opportunity to locate some substitute to
characteristic stream sand. Interest for fabricated fine totals for making cement is expanding step
by
step as waterway sand can't take care of the rising demand of development segment. The sand
must
be of legitimate degree. At the point when fine particles are in appropriate extent, the sand will
have less voids. The cement amount required will be less. Such sand will be more sparing and it
gets to be unavoidable
High Performance Concrete (HPC) is characterized as a solid that meets uncommon execution
and
consistency necessities that can't generally be accomplished routinely by utilizing ordinary
materials and typical blending, setting and curing rehearses. For delivering HPC, Industrial
squanders, for example, silica fume, blast furnance slag, fly ash debris are being utilized as
supplementary bond substitution materials and are additionally being utilized as pozzolanic
materials as a part of cement. At the point when pozzolanic materials are fused to concrete, the
silica present in these materials respond with the calcium hydroxide discharged amid the
hydration
of cement and forms extra calcium silicate hydrate (C S H), which enhance strength and the
mechanical properties of concrete4.
Silica fume is a result of the refining procedure in the silicon and Ferro silicon industry and it
will
improve both the mechanical qualities and sturdiness of concrete. The partial replacement of
cement with silica fume lessens the substance of concrete utilized as a part of the development
business, which ensures the biological system with a little rate in the diminishment of nursery
gasses.
Compressive strength is one of the essential mechanical properties of cement utilized for solid
structure design, which has the nature to be changed with time going. Compressive strength
advancement of concrete is of awesome hugeness for the sensible course of action of
development
methodology and the reasonable estimation of development period, which is likewise identified
with the unwavering quality of structure in service life. As another green building material
utilized
for supplanting normal sand, M sand has gotten to be essential in explores, preparations and
designing utilizations of premixed cement [19]. With the progressive application, manufactured
sand has been used from partially to completely replacing the natural sand in concrete [10, 11],
and
the restriction of stone powder in M sand has changed to an affirmed appropriate substance [3
6].
In addition, it has likewise been utilized for lightweight total cement [12], built cementitious
composites [13] and brick work mortar [14].
Contrast from normal sand, fabricated sand has unique morphology elements, for example,
unpleasant surface, unpredictable molecule shape rakish edges and recognize qualities of stone
powder contained, which has some embellishments on the workability, fundamental mechanical
properties and sturdiness of concrete. For case, with the same blend extent as regular sand
concrete,
Humanities,
374
a flow ability and effectively isolated blend was gotten for cement with made sand (MSC)[15
17],
water measurement ought to be expanded if the comparative workability of new cement was
needed [1719]; commonly, proper content of stone power was beneficial to workability of fresh
concrete and mechanical properties of harden concrete [6,1921] . Compared with natural sand
concrete, M Sand had higher compressive strength [8, 14, 22, 20, 23] and fracture energy [24] ,
and
better bond property to steel rebar [25].
2. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
MATERIALS
2.1. Raw materials
2.1.1 Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade conforming to IS: 12269-1987 and the specific gravity of
cement was found to be 3.15. The physical properties of cement given in Table 1
2.1.2 Silica Fume
The Silica fume obtained from the M/s ELKEM south Asia (P) LTD, Mumbai confirming to
ASTM C1240 was used for this experimentation, Specific gravity of Silica Fume is 2.2 and its
physical and chemical properties were given in Table 1.
2.1.3 Fly Ash:
Fly ash (Class F) was obtained from Thermal power plant at Mettur in Salem district,
Tamil Nadu state, India confirming to IS: 3812-1981.Spcific gravity of Fly ash is 2.00 to 2.05
.and
the physical and chemical properties of OPC, Silica Fume (SF) and Fly Ash are given in Table 2.
2.1.4 Aggregates:
Coarse aggregates crushed from igneous basalt rock of 12.5 mm and down size having
specific gravity of 2.78, fineness Modulus of 4.03 and conforming to IS383-1970 were used.
Fine
aggregate, local sand has specific gravity of 2.56, fineness Modulus of 2.53, M sand having
specific
gravity of 2.71, fineness modulus of 2.68 and conforming to grading zone II of IS: 383-1970 was
used.
2.1.5 Super plasticizers
CONPLAST SP 430 was used obtained from Fosrac chemicals pvt Ltd, Bangalore. as a
high range water reducing admixture. Super plasticizer based on sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde was used to impart additional desired properties to the high performance concrete.
The dosage of super plasticizer was 1% by weight of cement.
2.1.6 Water
The water used for the study was free of acids, organic matter, suspended solids, alkalis
and impurities when present may have adverse effect on the strength of concrete Potable water
with
PH value of 8.2 was determined using pH meter confirming to IS 456-2000 was used for making
concrete and curing this specimen as well.
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3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1Preparation of Specimens
All the ingredients of HPC were mixed in a laboratory pan mixer. During the initial
mixing 80% of the total water was added for mixing and after one minute, the remaining water
was
added and the mixing was continued for another two minutes until a homogenous mix was
obtained. The moulds such as cubes (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm), prisms (100 mm x 100 mm
x
500 mm) and cylinders (150mm diameter and 300 mm height) were cleaned thoroughly to
remove
any impurities sticking inside and oil was applied inside the moulds. The test specimens were
cast
in the processed moulds. The moulds were arranged on the vibrating table for expelling any
voids
that may be present. The mix was filled in three layers and each layer was compacted with a 16
mm
tamping rod before placing on the vibrating table. The specimens were allowed to cure for 24
hours
and then cured in water until the day of testing. The casting and curing of specimens are shown
in
Figure 3.1(a) & Figure 3.1(b).
3.2. Compressive strength
The compressive strength test on HPC cubes of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm were
tested on an AIMIL Compression Testing Machine of capacity 2000 kN as shown in Figure
3.2.Three cubes were tested for each trial mix combination at the age of 3, 7, 14,28,56 and 90
days
of curing in accordance with IS : 516-1959. Specimens were removed from the curing tank and
cleaned to wipe off the surface water. The top plate was brought in contact with the specimen by
rotating the handle. A loading rate of 2.5 kN/s was applied and the maximum load at which the
specimen breaks was noted as ultimate load. The Ultimate load divided by cross sectional area of
the specimen is equal to the compressive strength.
The compressive strength of high performance concrete with various percentages of
silica fumes, M-sand and coarse aggregate were tested at various ages. The influences of M-Sand
on compressive strength of HPC mixes are presented in Figure 3.3.Compressive strength of the
binary mixes and the control mix at various ages are presented. As expected the compressive
strength of concretes containing silica fume are higher than control concrete at all ages and with
increasing dosage of silica fume the gain in strength becomes higher. The use of the silica fume
at12.5% and 15% cement replacement level has caused a small reduction in compressive strength
compared to the control mix. For mixes containing higher amounts of silica fume especially for
the
mix incorporating 15% silica fume, the strength reduction is considerable at all ages.
3.3 Splite Tensile strength
This is an indirect test to determine the tensile strength of concrete. Split tensile strength
was determined in accordance with IS: 5816-1999. The cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm
diameter and 300 mm height were tested by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between
the loading faces of a compression testing machine of 2000KN capacity as shown in Figure 4.19
and the load was applied until failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter. The split tensile
strength was estimated by using the formula,
Split tensile strength, ft= 2P / D L
Where, P = Compressive load on the cylinder (kN)
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L = Length of cylinder (kN)
D = Diameter of cylinder (kN)
The graphical representation of influence of fine M-Sand and silica fume on the 28 days split
tensile strength for various M-Sand mixes are shown in Figure 3.5.
From the above results it can be observed that, split tensile strength of M-Sand increased for 100
%
replacement of river sand. For SF10MS mix the split tensile strength was 6.08 N/mm2 which
was
30% more than that of the mix control concrete. Further, with each silica fume increased the split
tensile strength of HPC mixes. For 100% replacement of fine aggregate with M-Sand with 2.5%
to
10% of silica fume the split tensile strength increased in the range of 10% to 30% when
compared
to conventional concrete mix. The maximum split tensile strength of 6.08 N/mm2 was achieved
for
the mix SF10MS when compared to control mix strength of 4.67 N/mm2 which was 30% higher.
This may be attributed to the better particle packing and reduced surface area which increased
the
binding capacity of M-Sand and silica fume with the cement paste and thereby increasing the
strength.Abdullah Almusallam et al (2004) investigated the influence of 10 to 15% silica fume
on
the split tensile strength of concrete made with low quality aggregates. They reported that the
split
tensile strength of concrete mixes containing 10% silica fume was more than that of plain
concrete
at the age of 28 days.
3.4. Flexural Strength
Flexural strength of high performance concrete was tested as per IS : 516- 1959 using prism
of size 100 100 500 mm. Two points loading was adopted by providing two steel rollers of
diameter 38 mm at a distance of 40 mm centre to centre. The prism specimen was mounted on
these
rollers for testing as shown in the Figure3.6. The axis of the testing specimen was adjusted
carefully to coincide with the loading device axis. The rate of loading was 1.8 kN/minute and the
maximum load applied to the specimen till failure was recorded. The flexural strength was
calculated using the formula,
Flexural strength, fr = PL/bd
Where, P = maximum load applied to the specimen in kN
L = length of the span on which the specimen was supported in mm
b = measured width of the specimen in mm
d = measured depth of the specimen at the point of failure in mm.
The results of 28 days flexural strength of various high performance concrete mixes with
M-Sand is presented in 3.7.
The results showed that the flexural strength for the mix SF10MS was 8.3N/mm2 which was 22
%
higher than the control mix. The values of flexural strength for 100% M-Sand mixes with 2.5%,
5%, 7.5%, and 10% are 7.1 N/mm2, 7.3 N/mm2, 7.6 N/mm2 and 8.3 N/mm2 respectively and
that of
control mix is 6.8 N/mm2. Further, increase in the percentage of silica fume decreased the
flexural
strength. The increase in the strength upto 10% of silica fume with M-Sand when compared to
control concrete mix is due to improved bond between the hydrated cement matrix and M-Sand
in
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the mix. Also due to better particle size distribution and reduced micro fines percentage in M-
Sand,
the concrete mix becomes more cohesive.
3.4. Modulus of Elasticity
Cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long were tested using
compression testing machine of capacity 2000kN at the age of 28 days. The modulus of elasticity
of
concrete was determined by the cylinder specimen placed in a compress meter, and the compress
meter was fixed on the plate of the Compression Testing Machine of loading rate of14
N/mm2/min
was applied and the compress meter reading was recorded at regular intervals.
The stress and strain plot was drawn and the modulus of elasticity was calculated. The
modulus of elasticity setup is shown in Figure 3.8.
The modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes at 28 days are presented in Figure 3.9.
From the results it was found that the modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes with M-Sand was
marginally increasing with respect to control concrete mix. Further an increase in modulus of
elasticity was rapid while incorporating 2.5% to10% silica fume and there after it decreases. For
12.5% of silica fume with various percentages of M-Sand the modulus of elasticity decreased
considerably. The percentage of increase for M-Sand mixes with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% silica
fume was 3%,5%,6% and 17%respectively. This may be due to the action of silica fume on
calcium
hydroxide and more gel might be formed. In addition to this M-Sand has better interlocking
between the particles as it was processed through the VSI crusher which can produce particle
with
isometric shapes and greater integrity particularly when compared to natural fine aggregate
(Hudson1999). The M-Sand played a vital role in increasing the Modulus of Elasticity.
4.CONCLUSION
The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and
modulus of elasticity increased with increase in silica fume in the concrete mix upto 10%
replacement. After this percentage of replacement the mechanical properties decreased.
Therefore,
an optimum replacement of 10% silica fume can be considered.
For all replacements of silica fume when M-Sand was incorporated there was an
increase in mechanical properties. The mix of 10% silica fume with M-Sand achieved a
maximum
of 32% increase in compressive strength when compared to control concrete mix at the age of 28
days.
The split tensile strength of mix 10% silica fume with M-Sand was found to
increase to a maximum of 30% when compared to the control mix. While for the mixes
incorporating M-Sand with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of silica fume the increase in split tensile
strength
at the age of 28 days was in the range of 14 to 30%.
There is an increase in flexural strength with the addition of M-Sand and the mix
of 10% silica fume with M-Sand achieved a maximum flexural strength of 22% higher than the
control mix.
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The modulus of elasticity of HPC mixes increased with the addition of M-Sand.
The highest modulus of elasticity was shown by the mix 10% silica fume with 100% M-Sand,
which is 17% more than the control concrete.
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Testing
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Table 1
Chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of cement.
Chemical properties (%,by weight)
LOI
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
2.48
19.65
5.65
5.4
61.55
.91
2.62
Physical and mechanical properties
Specific
gravity
Fineness
m2/kg
Soundness
(Lechatlier) mm
setting time
Compressive
strength(Mpa)
Initial
Final
3 days
7 days
28 days
3.15
322.2
0.5
104
220
36.7
43.3
59.5
Table 2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Cement and Admixtures
Chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of Fly Ash and Silica
Fume.
Chemical properties (%,by weight)
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Fly Ash*
54.92
23.04
4.5-4.8
3.84
2.82
Silica Fume**
90-96
0.5-0.8
0.2-0.8
0.1-0.5
0.5-1.5
Fly ash*: Mettur Thermal power plant
Silica Fume**: ELKEM
Figure 3.1 (a) Casting of specimens Figure 3.1 (b) Curing of specimens
Table 3. Details of sieve analysis for natural sand and M-sand
Sieve
Size
Natural
sand
M-Sand
%
IS Grading limits for
Zone II
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%
Passing
Passing
4.75mm
97
99.2
90-100
2.36mm
92.2
93.6
75-100
1.18mm
77
56.6
55-90
600m
52.2
38.6
35-59
300 m
10.6
18.4
8-30
150 m
2
7.4
0-10
Conforming to grading
Zone II of IS 383
-
Figure 3.2 Test setup for compressive strength
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Figure 3.3 Influence of M-Sand on compressive strength of HPC
Figure 3.4 Test setup for split tensile strength
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Compressive Stength ,N/mm2
MIX IDENTY
1 day
3 days
7 days
14 days
28 days
56 days
90 days
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Figure 3.5 Influence of M-Sand on split tensile strength of HPC
y = 4.746e0.0376x
R = 0.966
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Control
SF2.5MS
SF5MS
SF7.5MS
SF10MS
SF12.5MS
SF15MS
Splite tensile strength,Mpa
Mix Identy
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Figure 3.6 Test setup for flexural strength
Figure 3.7 Influence of M-Sand on flexural strength of HPC
R = 0.873
y = 6.711e0.030x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Control
SF2.5MS
SF5MS
SF7.5MS
SF10MS
SF12.5MS
SF15MS
Flexural Strength,Mpa
Mix Identy
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Figure 3.8 Test setup for modulus of elasticity
Figure 3.9 Influence of M-Sand on modulus of elasticity of HPC
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